Hydraulics Course for Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, 2022
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, AAiT, AAU
Ceng 2161: Hydraulics I
Home Work No. 1:
1. Descriptive type question
a) Describe how density differs from specific weight.
b) For what fluids can we (usually) assume density to be nearly constant? For what
fluids must we be careful to calculate density as a function of temperature and
pressure?For gaseous fluid their density highly vary with temperature and
pressure,
2. Write at least 5 page essay on fluid viscosity.
3.
a) The sliding plate viscometer shown below is used to measure the viscosity of a
fluid. The top plate is moving to the right with a constant velocity of 10m/s in
response to a force of 3N. The bottom plate is stationary. What is the viscosity of
the fluid? Assume a linear velocity distribution.
b) The velocity distribution for water (20°C) near a wall is given by u = a(y/b) 1/6,
where a = 10 m/s, b = 2 mm, and y is the distance from the wall in mm.
Determine the shear stress in the water at y = 1 mm.
4.
a) The bulk modulus of elasticity of ethyl alcohol is 1.06 × 10 9Pa. For water, it is
2.15×109Pa. Which of these liquids is easier to compress? Why?
b) A pressure of 2×106N/m2 is applied to a mass of water that initially filled a
2000cm3 volume. Estimate its volume after the pressure is applied.
c) Calculate the pressure increase that must be applied to water to reduce its
volume by 2%.
5. Advanced texts define the surface tension σ as an energy/area. Use primary
dimensions to show that energy/area equals force/length.
6.
a) A spherical soap bubble has an inside radius R, a film thickness t, and a surface
tension σ. Derive a formula for the pressure within the bubble relative to the
outside atmospheric pressure. What is the pressure difference for a bubble with a
4mm radius? Assume σ is the same as for pure water.
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Hydraulics Course for Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, 2022
b) A water bug is suspended on the surface of a pond by surface tension (water
does not wet the legs). The bug has six legs, and each leg is in contact with the
water over a length of 5mm. What is the maximum mass (in grams) of the bug if
it is to avoid sinking?
c) A water column in a glass tube is used to measure the pressure in a pipe. The
tube is 1/4 in. (6.35mm) in diameter. How much of the water column is due to
surface-tension effects? What would be the surface tension effects if the tube
were 1/8 in. (3.2mm) or 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) in diameter?
7. By measuring the capillary rise in a tube, one can calculate the surface tension. The
surface tension of water varies linearly with temperature from 0.0756 N/m at 0°C to
0.0589 N/m at 100°C. Size a tube (specify diameter and length) that uses capillary
rise of water to measure temperature in the range from 0°C to 100°C. Is this design
for a thermometer a good idea?
8.
a) If a liquid reaches the vapor pressure, what happens in the liquid?
b) How does vapor pressure change with increasing temperature?
c) At a temperature of 60°F, what pressure must be imposed in order for water to
boil?
d) Water is at 20°C, and the pressure is lowered until bubbles are noticed to be
forming. What must the magnitude of the pressure be?
9. A student in the laboratory plans to exert a vacuum in the head space above a
surface of water in a closed tank. She plans for the absolute pressure in the tank to
be 10,400 Pa. The temperature in the lab is 20°C. Will water bubble into the vapor
phase under these circumstances?
10. The vapor pressure of water at 100°C is 101kN/m 2, because water boils under these
conditions. The vapor pressure of water decreases approximately linearly with
decreasing temperature at a rate of 3.1kN/m2/°C. Calculate the boiling temperature
of water at an altitude of 3000m, where the atmospheric pressure is 69kN/m 2
absolute.
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