October University for Modern Sciences and Arts

FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

PRACTICAL PHYSICS
SGS 113
By
Prof: Mohamed Ghoneim
TA: AbdulWaneis A. AbdulAziz

The Best of British higher Education in the Best Environment

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Evaluation sheet

Subject Page degree Signature

Introduction 3

Experiment 1: Density of a solid 16

Experiment 2: Statistics 19

Experiment 3: Simple Pendulum 23

Experiment 4: Hook's law 28

Experiment5: Vibrating spring 31

Experiment 6: Viscosity 35

Experiment 7: Specific heat 39

Experiment 8: Ohm's law 42

Experiment 9: Series and parallel 46

resistors

Experiment10: Kirchoff’s laws 49

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Introduction
Basic Concepts

Equation of straight line Y aX C

When Y and X are variables and a is gradient (slope) and c is intercept.

A line would pass through the origin if only c=zero.

Slope=a
Intercept=0

For a line not passing through the origin, c is not equal to zero and intercept y at c.

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The gradient (Slope) of a line

The gradient of a line is the degree of steepness of the slope of the line. It is given
by the vertical change divided by the horizontal change.

y2 y1
a
x2 x1

Various types of gradient (slope):

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Example: Given the points A (-1, 3) and B (2, 4), find the
(I) distance between A and B
(ii) Midpoint of AB
(iii) Gradient of line segment AB.

Solution:

(I) Distance

(ii) Midpoint

(iii) Gradient

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Requirements for practical work

(I)Measurement and observation
1-The range over which the readings are to be taken, is always specified
in the procedure of each experiment. The student should use reasonable
intervals between each reading in the range.
2-the students should repeat readings and calculate an average. All the
raw readings should be recorded. This means that it is only to repeat
readings so that two sets of values are obtained.
3- At least one mark is reserved for the students who have done the
experiment carefully. The scatter of points about a line of best fit usually
judges this.
The student should use an appropriate number of significant figures and
he should also use the appropriate number of significant figures in a final
calculated quantity. Consider the following example: In the following
table, a measured value x is recorded and from this value a value x3 is
calculated:

x X3
6.52 277.17
6.53 278.45
6.54 279.73

It is to be noticed in the table that there are too many significant figures in
the x3 values (5 sf from 3 sf data).
Clearly both sets of values for x and x3 are given to two decimal places.
However, values of x3 are given to 5 sf, which is not justified from the
accuracy of the values of x. changing the third sf in the value for x(2,3 or
4) changes the third sf in x3 (7,8 and 9). Hence, the values for x3 should
be quoted to three sf to be consistent with the values of x from which they
were derived, as follows:

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X X3
6.25 277
6.53 278
6.45 279

Similar difficulties apply when the large numbers are involved. Consider
the case of a voltmeter having a resistance of 50,000 Ohms. It is unclear
as to whether this value is correct to 1, 2, 3 ,4 or 5 sf. In this case the
student would use the scientific notation or multiplying prefixes to
indicate how many sf are intended to be shown. This means;

R=50 000 Ohms could be 1,2,3,4 or 5 sf.

R= 5 x 104 1 sf

R= 5.0 x 104 2 sf and 1 decimal point (dc)

R= 5.00 x 104 3 sf and 2 dc

The student would have an advantage of using any of the above forms
except the first one in order to make it clear how many sf he wants to give.
Significant figures in logarithmic quantities can be also given properly if one
considers the following example:

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X Log x
2.53 0.403
25.3 1.403
253 2.403
2.53 x 106 6.403
2.52 x 106 6.401
2.54 x 106 6.405

All values of x have been given to 3 sf. It can be seen that changing the last
figure in the value of x will change the third decimal place in the value of
log x. Therefore it would be reasonable in this case to quote the log x to
three decimal places if the values of x are correct to three sf.
Calculated quantities should be given to the same number of sf as the
measured quantity of least accuracy. Consider the table of readings below:

V/V I/A R/ Ohm

3.0 1.43 2.1
4.0 1.57 2.5
5.0 1.99 2.5
6.0 2.45 2.4
7.0 3.02 2.3

If the values of V and I are measured to two sf and 3 sf respectively, we

would expect R to be given to 2 sf. This is because a value of 3.1V in the
first row of figures would give R=2.2 Ohms. This means that changing the
second sf in the value of V will change the second sf in the value of R.

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(II) Graphical work:
Graphical work usually fall into five categories:
1-Choice of scale.
2-Plotting of points
3-Line of best fit.
4-Calculation of gradient.
5-Determination of the y- intercepts.

Choice of scale:
Scales should be chosen so that the plotted points occupy at least half the
graph grid in both the x and y directions.
It is expected that each axis will be labeled with the quantity plotted.
Each quantity also should be given a unit.
The scale direction must be conventional. This means that it should be
increasing from left to right on the x- axis and from down to up on the y-
axis.
The scales chosen should be easy to work with.
Scales should be labeled reasonably frequently. Do not leave more than
two empty squares between each scale label on either axis.
There should be no holes in the scale.( example: 5,10,15,20 and 25 NOT
5,10,20 and 25).

Plotting of points:

1-Plots in the margin area are not allowed, because this is a bad practice.
2-All observations should be plotted.
3-Plots must be clear and not be obscured by the line of best fit or other
work.
4-Thick plots are not a good practice.
Line of best fit:
There must be at least 5 points on the graph grid for a straight- line -1
best fit, and at least 9 points for a curve.

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There must be a reasonable balance of the plotted points around the line.
For this purpose a use of a transparent ruler would help.
The line should be thin and clear. Thick, hairy, point to- point, kinked -2
lines are not accepted.

Calculation of gradient:
1-All the working must be shown. The triangle used to find the gradient
should be drawn on the graph grid and co-ordinates of the vertices should
be labeled.
2-The length of the hypotenuse of the triangle drawn for calculating the
gradient should be greater than half the length of the line that has been
drawn.
3-If the plots are used for calculating the gradient have been taken from
the table then they must lie on the line of best fit
.
Determination of the y- intercept:
1-The y- intercept must be read from an axis where x = 0. If one of the
two scale (on x or y) is not started from 0, then the student should use
the equation of the line (curve of best fit).

Uncertainties and error:

Errors can be divided into two main classes, random error and systematic
errors. Mistakes on the part of the individual such as:
-Misreading scales.
-Poor arithmetic and computational skills.
-Wrongly transferring raw data to the final report.
Are definite sources of error but they are not considered as an
experimental error.
Systematic error
It is a system or instrument error.

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Systematic errors can result from:
-Badly made instruments
-Poorly calibrated instrument
-An instrument having a zero error.
-Poorly timed actions.
-Instrument parallax error.
-When you click a stopwatch, your reaction time for clicking at the start and
at the finish of the measurement interval is a systematic error. The timing
instrument and you are part of the system.

Random errors:
Are due variations of performance of the instrument and the operator. Such
things can cause random errors:
-Vibration and air convection currents in mass readings.
-Variations in the thickness of a surface being measured (thickness of a
wire).
-Not collecting enough data.
-Using a less sensitive instrument when a more sensitive one is available.
-Human parallax error.
Taking enough large sample of measurement helps to reduce the random
error. Consistent experimental procedure can minimize random error.

Accuracy and precision:

Accuracy: is an indication of how close a measurement is to the accepted
value indicated by the relative or percentage error in the measurement. An
accurate experiment has a low systematic error.

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Precision: is an indication of the agreement among a number of
measurements made in the same way indicated by the absolute error. A
precise experiment has a low random error

Limit of reading, uncertainties and absolute error:

Limit of reading of a measurement is equal to the smallest graduation of the
scale of an instrument.
Absolute error is the size of an error and its units.
Relative error equals the absolute error divided by the measurement.
Relative error = absolute error / measurement
Percentage error is the relative error multiplied by 100 to have it in
percent.
Percentage error = relative error x 100 %
Example:
A measurement written as 9.8 ± 0.2 m has a:
Limit of reading = 0.1 m
Uncertainty = 0.05 m
Absolute error =0.2 m
Relative error =0.2 / 9.8 = 0.02
And a percentage error =0.02 x 100 = 2 %

(accepted value - experimental value)

Percentage discrepancy =%
accepted value
Addition and subtraction involving error:
1-When adding (or subtracting) measurements, the error in the sum is the
sum of the absolute error in each measurement. For example, the
sum of 2.6 ± 0.5 cm and 2.8 ± 0.5 cm is 5.4 ± 1.0 cm.

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2-when multiplying and dividing, add the relative or percentage errors of
the measurements being multiplied or divided. Then the absolute error is
the fraction or the percentage of the most probable answer.
Example:
What is the product of 2.6 ± 0.5 cm and 5.4 ± 1.0 cm?
Solution
1st the product 2.6 x 2.8 = 7.3 cm2
Then: relative error 1 = 0.5 / 2.6 = 0.192
& Relative error 2 = 0.5 / 2.8 = 0.179
So, the sum of relative errors = 0.192 + 0.179 = 0.371 or 37.1 %
The absolute error then is = 37.1 x 7.28 = 2.70 cm2
Thus, the product is 7.3 ± 2.7 cm2

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Some devices which could be used in the lab

A-Multi-meter

A multi-meter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several

functions in one unit. The most basic instruments include an ammeter,
voltmeter, and ohmmeter.

B-MICROMETER

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C- Vernier Calliper

A device used to measure short lengths and it consists of two scales

1-Fixed or main scale which measure by cm
2-Vernier scale measure by mm

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Experiment 1: Density

1-Aim
Measurement the density of regular and irregular solids

2-Theory:
Density :
The density of a material is defined as “the mass contained in unit volume
of the material”. So, a body of a mass M and volume V will have a density
given as:

M
Density = Mass V
Kg/m3
Volume

3-Procedures:
I-Volume of regular shaped solids:

This is done by measuring the dimensions of the given solid; one uses the
proper formula to calculate its volume

For example: The volume of a:

3
-Cube of side length = (a)
-Cuboids of dimensions a, b, and c = abc (b)
-Cylinder of a base radius r, and height h = r2 h (c)
Sphere of radius r = (4/3) r3 (d)
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(iii)Volume of an irregular shaped solid:
Pour some liquid in a dry empty measuring cylinder and measure its volume
V1, fig.1(a), and then tie the solid using a thin thread and dip it gently into the
cylinder and measure the new volume V2, fig.1(b). Thus the volume of the
solid V will be given as: V = V2 - V1

V1 V2

(a) Fig.1 (b)

To get reliable accurate results:
1-The cylinder should be put on a horizontal surface.
2-The reading should be taken while looking perpendicular to the scale at
the liquid meniscus.
3-The solid should be completely immersed in the liquid.
4-The solid should be inserted gently into the liquid to avoid splashes.
5-The solid should not be solvable in the liquid.
6-Shake the solid gently using the thread to get rid of any air bubbles
sticking to the solid.
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Determination of the density of a regularly shaped solid:
(1) Measure the mass M of the solid body by means of a balance.
(2)Calculate the volume V of this solid by, after measuring its dimensions,
using one of the equations 1, 2, 3, or 4,
(3) Estimate the value of the density of this solid using the density equation.
Determination of the density of an irregularly shaped
solid:
(1)Measure the mass M of the body by using a balance.
(2)Find the volume of the solid as described before.
(3)Estimate the density of this body by using the density equation.
4-Results

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Experiment 2: Statistics
1-Aim
Calculate: Mean value, Deviation, Variance, Standard deviation
Then Draw the Histogram

2-Theory
Vernier calliper is a device used to measure short lengths and it consists of
two scales
1-Fixed or main scale which measure by cm
2-Vernier scale measure by mm

n
xi
- Mean value i x1 x2 x3 xn
n n

-Deviation Xi Xi

s tan dardeviation var iance

xi =0

Example
For following value of X=5, 6, 7, 4,3,2,8
Find the mean Value, deviation, variance and standard deviation
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Observe
Class include group of members with successive increments and its width
called class interval
Range =maximum length-minimum length
Interval width = Range since 5 is the chosen number and represents the
5
Number of columns of the histogram
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Histogram gives information about the frequency distribution of the
observed magnitudes. As shown in the Fig. (2)

Frequency

Class

3-Procedures
Study the vernier caliper as tool to measure length
Determine length of 15 beans
Determine the range
Determine the interval width
Classify the result to class intervals
Count frequency of each class
Do table between class interval and frequency
Draw histogram
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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4- Results and Calculations

N X (X ) (X )2

Range=

Interval width=

Class interval Frequency

Variance =

Standard deviations=

Then draw the histogram

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Experiment 3: Simple Pendulum
1-Aim
Determination of acceleration due to gravity (g)
2-Theory
Simple Harmonic Motion: is the motion which repeats itself every
constant time called the Periodic time
Periodic time: is time required to make one complete cycle and its unit is
the second.
Frequency: is number of complete cycles in one second and its unit is
Hertz
Relations between the Periodic time and Frequency
T= (1/F)
When T is Periodic time and F is Frequency
In our experiment we assume that that's pendulum of mass (m) attached to
string of length L

From the above figure we can conclude that

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Net restoring force equal F=-mgsin , and the Tension force T=mgcos
For small angle sin
Therefore the restoring force F=-mg
Restoring Force: is a force equal in magnitude and opposite in directions to
original force
-X where F is the restoring force and X is displacement
F=-constant. X
F=-KX
When K is a constant force and X is displacement
The periodic time of simple pendulum is given by following equations

Where T is the periodic time, l is the length of pendulum. l =L+r when L is

length of string and r is radius of sphere. The Periodic time of simple
pendulum is independent of the mass of the pendulum
by squaring each side of above equation we can obtain
T2

T is periodic time
l is length of pendulum l

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g is acceleration due to gravity
Now, if we draw a relation between T2 and l we get a straight line
2
passing through the origin with a Slope = T2 / l = 4 then we
g

can find g.
3- Procedures
-Measure radius of sphere by using the veriner caliper.
-Choose the initial length of string L and add it to radius of sphere to get
length of pendulum l
-Start the pendulum vibrating through small angle and measure T20 which
means the time of twenty vibrations.
-Find the periodic time T = T20 /20.
-Repeat above steps for different lengths: 40 cm to 80cm.
-Tabulate your results
-Plot graph between (T2 on the Y-axis and l on the x-axis)
-From graph you can find the slope and then g.

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4-Results and calculations

r= m
L/m l =L+r /m T20 /s T=T20/20 s T2 /s2

2
2 4
Slope= T / l = =----------------------------------------------------------
g

g=-------------- m/ s2

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Experiment 4: Hook's law
1-Aim
1- Verification of Hook’s.
2- Determination of the Extension per unit mass.
3- Determination of the spring constant.
2-Theory
Hook's law states that: “in elastic region; the force applied to the
spring is directly proportional to the extension”.
If a mass m is hung to the spring of initial length l 0
an extension l would be produced and a final length
l would be reached, so:
The gravitational force Fg = mg

Where g is the acceleration due to gravity

so Fg l where l is elongation produced due to
the applied force
Fg
Fg
So Fg Fg const. l =K l

K is spring constant
So the relation between Fg and l is a
Straight line passing through the origin l
With a slope K = Fg / l N/cm
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3-Procedure:
-Find the original length of the spring l0 m

-Put suitable mass in the pan as 25 g

-Find the length of spring and then the extension produced l l lo

-Repeat above step with 50, 75, 100 g and find the extension produced in
each case.
-Put your result in a table.
-Plot a graph between l on the X-axis and mg on the Y-Axis. If you --get a

straight line passing through the origin; then hook’s law is verified.
- Find the slope Y / X= spring constant
4-Results and calculations
lo cm

.mg /N l /cm l l lo /cm

i- Slope =spring constant K= mg/ l N/cm.

ii- Extension per unit hung mass n = l m=g/slope cm / g

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Experiment 5: Vibrating spring
1-Aim
-Determination the acceleration due to gravity by a vibrating spring.
-Determination the mass of ban of given spring
2-Theory
A loaded spring with a mass m vibrates in a simple harmonic motion with a
periodic time given as:

(m M )n
T 2
g

Where:
T is the periodic time of the vibration.
M is the mass of pan.
m is the load mass.
n is the extension per unit mass.
By squaring the above equation:

(M m )n
T2 4 2
g
Mn mn
4 2 4 2
g g

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This is an essential equation of the second part

T2

m
3-Procedures
1-Put a suitable mass (25g) in the pan and give it a small displacement to
make simple harmonic motion.
2- Record the time of 20 vibrations T20 and then the periodic time as
T
T 20
20

3-Calculate T 2 .
4-Repeat the above step for different masses; 50, 75, 100 and 125 g.
5- Make a table to record m, T20 , T and T2.

6-Plot graph between m(on.the.x axis) & T 2 (on.the. y axis).

2
7-From graph find the slope T2 / m = 4 n
g

4 2
8-Then find the acceleration due gravity as: g n
slope

9-From the x- intercept of the graph get the mass of pan M.

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4-Results

2
m/ g T20 /s T
T20
/s T 2 /s
20

2
Slope = 4 n
g

4 2
g n =-------
slope

Mass of pan =--------------------g

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Experiment 6: Viscosity
1- Aim
Determination of the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid
2-Theory
Viscosity: is resistance of liquid to the flow of liquid layers over each
other due to the presence of frictional shearing force between different layers
of liquid.
Stock's law states that:
When a small sphere of radius (r) falls through a viscous fluid, it will reach a
terminal velocity after some distance of falling in this fluid.
The terminal velocity v is reached as a result of reaching equilibrium
between the acting forces on the sphere while falling. These forces are:
weight mg downward, the up thrust (buoyancy) B and the viscous force F.

F B A

mg
B

Fig (1)

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The relation between these forces gives:

2 r2( )g
9v (1)

Where:
g
is density of sphere =7.7
cm 3
g
- is density of liquid =1.26
cm 3

- is the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid.

- g is the acceleration due gravity
- r is the radius of sphere
-v is the terminal of velocity

3-Procedures:
-Measure the distance between the two marks (A) and (B) as shown in fig
(1)
Length L =------------cm
-Record the times of falling of the Spheres through falling the distance L.
-Tabulate your result in the table below.
-Plot a graph between r2 on the Y-axis and v on the X-axis
- find the slope of the obtained line: r2 / v .
From value of slope we substitute in eq 1 to get value of .

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4-Results and calculations

r /cm r 2 / cm 2 T /s l
v /cm/s
t

Slope=--------------cm.s

------------------ Poise

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Experiment 7: Specific heat of solid

1-Aim:
Determination the specific heat of solid substance by method of mixture

2- Theory
Heat is energy transfer due to temperature difference and measure in Calorie
or Joule
Specific heat is amount of heat required to increase temperature of mass m
by temperature T and has unit calorie0
gm.c
H ms T
H
S
ms T

calorie is quantity of heat required to raise temperature of one kilogram of

water by one degree
*if we drop a hot solid body of mass ( ms ) and specific heat ( ss )and
temperature T1 into a calorimeter containing water with temperature
T2 (room temperature) so heat will transfer from hot solid to calorimeter
+ water till arrive equilibrium which assumed to be T3

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from conservation laws of energy
heat lost from solid = heat gained by (water + calorimeter)

ms s s (T1 T3 ) (m w s w mc s c )(T3 T2 )

(m w s w mc s c )(T3 T2 )
sc
m s (T 1 T3 )

When sc specific heat of solid

sw Specific heat of water
mw
Mass of water & mc mass of calorimeter
T1 Temperature of solid & T2 temperature of mixture (calorimeter + water)
T3 Equilibrium temperature

3- Procedures
1-Place sphere inside boiler and boil the water and get T1 by using
thermometer
2-Weight both of water mw and calorimeter mc by using balance and take T2
3-Quickly transfer hot solid body to calorimeter and stir the mixture and
record maximum temperature T3

4-Calculate the specific heat of solid

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4. Results and calculation
m c

m
T 1

T 2

T 3

calorie
s w 1
gm . c

m s s s (T1 T3) (m w s w m c s c )( T 3 T 2 )

(m w s w m c s c )( T 3 T 2 )
sc
m s (T 1 T 3 )

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Experiment 8: Ohm's law
1-Aim
Verifications of Ohm's law
Find value of unknown resistance
2-Theory
Ohm's law state that:
“The current I passed through a conductor is directly proportional to
the voltage V across that conductor at constant temperature”
The mathematical expression for the law is that

I, V=RI
V

I
Ohm's circuit

(Potential Difference)Voltage: is the work done to move one

coulomb from one point to the other through the conductor and its unit is the
Volt.
Electric current is a mount of charge passing through certain section of
conductor per second and its unit is the Ampere.

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Apparatus:
Ammeter is a device connected in series in the electric circuit and used to
measure the electric current intensity.
Voltmeter is a device connected in parallel in the electric circuit and used
to measure the voltage (potential difference).
Resistance is the degree of opposition that a material body opposes the
passage of an electric current. Resistance is measured by the ratio between
the voltage across a conductor and the passing current through it and its unit
is the ohm (or volt/ampere).
Variable Resistance: Is a resistance the value of which can be varied
to control the current passing through the circuit.
3-Procedures:
1-Connect the circuit as shown in the above figure.
2-By using the variable resistance; vary the electric current I and record
value of the voltage V across the conductor.
3-Repeat step 2 for about fife or six times and record the values of I and V in
each case.
4- Tabulate your results in a table.
5- Draw graph between I (on the X-axis) and V (on the Y-Axis). If you get a
straight line passing through the origin then Ohm’s law is verified.
6- Find the value of the resistance R of the conductor by calculating the
value of slope of the straight line.

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4-Result and Calculations

Current I/A Voltage V/V

Slope = V/ I = --------------------

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Experiment 9: parallel and series connections

1-Aim
The objective of this lab is to study resistances connected in series, parallel,
and combination circuits

2-Theory:
In the previous experiment you constructed a circuit that contained only one
resistive element, a resistor or a light bulb. In this experiment you will
construct circuits using multiple resistors

The first type of circuit you will construct is a series circuit (Fig a)

In a series circuit the resistors are connected end-to-end such that the
current is the same through each resistor;

The current has only one path available.

The voltage drop across each resistor depends on the resistor value.

For a series circuit the total equivalent resistance, Req

V V I V2 V3
IReq IR1 IR2 IR3
Req R1 R2 R3

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The second type of circuit you will construct is a parallel circuit (Fig.b)

Resistors are said to be in parallel when they are connected at both ends,
such that the potential difference applied across the combination is the same
as the potential difference applied across an individual resistor. The current
through each resistor depends on the resistor value.
The current has more than one path available, and takes all available paths.
For a parallel circuit the total equivalent resistance, Req, is

I I1 I2 I3
V V V V
Req R1 R2 R3
I 1 1 1
Req R1 R2 R3

3-Procedures
a- connect the circuit as shown in fig a

b- Measure the current by using ammeter and voltage v through each

V1 V2 V3
resistance by using voltameter then determine Req
I
experimentally

C-measure value of each resistance by using ohmmeter and determine

value of Req theoretically

d- Compare between value of Req theoretically and experimentally

f- Connect the circuit as shown in fig b

g- Measure the voltage V across circuit by voltameter

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h- Measure the current through each resistance and hence determine
V
value of Req experimentally
I1 I2 I3

i- Calculate value of Req theoretically and compare between it and

theoretical reading

4- Results

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Experiment 10: Kirchoff's law

1-Aim
Verification of Kirchoff’s first and second laws.
2-Theory
Kirchoff's current law (first law
The Sum of current arriving at any point in a network is equal to sum
of currents flowing away from it. This law represents a conservation of
electric charge.

i1 = i2 + i3
Kirchoff's Voltage Law (second law)
In any closed loop the algebraic sum of the products of the resistances
and currents passing through it in a certain direction is equal to the
algebraic sum of the electromotive forces. This law represents a
conservation of energy

R1, I1

E
R2, I2 I3, R3

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From kirchoff’s first law: I1 = I2 + I3

E=I1 R1 + I2 R2
From Kirchoff's second law
0= I3 R3 - I2 R2

Using the above three equations we can find the values of the
unknown currents and voltages.
3- Procedures
-Connect the circuit as shown in above figure.
-Measure the currents I1, I2, I3 by using the ammeter.
-Measure the value of electromotive force bye using voltammeter
-Measure value of R1, R2, and R3 bye using Ohmmeter
-from loop 1 and 2 verify kirchoff's first and second law

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4-Results and Calculations
kirchoff’s first law:
I1=-------------Ampere
I2=------------ Ampere
I3=------------Ampere
Then verify kirchoff’s first law
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kirchoff second law
Electromotive force E= -------------Volt
R1=------------------------------------------
R2=------------------------------------------
R3=------------------------------------------
Then verify kirchoff’s second law

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MSA University
Faculty of Dentistry
Question on Ohm's Experiment
Answer the following questions
1-State ohm's law
2-Define
-Voltage
-Electric current
-Resistance
3-complete
-Ammeter is connected in electric circuit in --------- and used to measure-----
-Voltammeter is connected in electric circuit in ---------and used to measure-
4-Put true or false
-Ohm's law state that in certain conductor at certain temperature, the voltage
V is directly proportional to current I
-Ammeter is device used to measure electric current in electric circuit and it
connected in parallel in circuit
-Voltammeter is device used to measure electric current and it connected in
parallel in electric circuit
5-Solve following problems by using given circuit

-If V=3.07 volt, I=0.023 Amp. What's value of V if I =0.052 Amp

-When we draw graph between I & V we find slope =125 Ohm
What's value of I in Amp if V=10.96 volt
-By following readings draw graph between I & V and then find slope

I Amp V volt
0.016 3.28
0.028 5.53
0.038 7.58
0.049 9.61
0.059 11.61
0.080 15.58

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MSA University
Faculty of Dentistry
Questions on Kirchoff's Experiment
Answer the following Questions
1- State Kirchoff current law
2- State Kirchoff voltage law
3- Solve the following problems

R1, I1

E
R2, I2 I3, R3

When I1 22 A, I3 14 A, R1 12 , E = 300 V
Find I 2 , R2 , R3
Solution
I1 I2 I3
I2 I1 I3
=22-14=8 A
In the first closed loop
E I1R1 I 2 R2
300 (22 X 12) (8R2 )
R2 4.5
In the second closed loop
I 3 R3 I 2 R2 0
(14 x R3 ) – 36 = 0
R3 = 2.5

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MSA University
Faculty of Dentistry
----------------------------------------------------------------
Questions on Simple Pendulum Experiment
Answer the following Questions
A- Put true or false
1- Simple Harmonic motion is a motion which repeats itself in any time
( )
2- Periodic time is a time required for one complete cycle
( )
3-Restoring force is a force equal in magnitude and direction to original force
( )
4-Frequency in number of complete cycles in one second and it equal to a
periodic time ( )
l
5- Periodic time of simple pendulum is given by T 2 when T is periodic
g
time and g is acceleration due to gravity and l is length of pendulum
( )
6-Unit of velocity is cm/s ( )
7-Unit of periodic time is hertz ( )
8-Periodic time of simple pendulum depends on mass of pendulum ( )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B- Solve following problem

1- By following results for simple pendulum experiment find g by drawing

graph between T 2 & l

I =L+r T20
31.725 23.06
41.725 25.44
51.725 28.88
61.725 31.38
s2
2-Slope obtained from simple pendulum graph =0.03875 , find g
cm
2-If you have pendulum of mass=10 gm, length =31.725 cm and T 2 =1.329 s 2
Find g for this pendulum, also find g for pendulum of same material but of
mass=20 gm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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MSA University
Faculty of Dentistry
Physics Department
Name of student---------------------------------------------------------------
ID-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quiz (1)
Put true or false

1-Kirchoff first law state that sum of current arriving at any point in network
is equal to sum of currents flowing away from it ( )
2-Resistance is the opposition that material body offers to the passage of
electric current ( )
3-voltage is work done to move the charges from one point to other through
the wire and its unit is amper
4-Voltammeter is device used to measure the voltage and it connected in
series in electric circuit
5- in the following electric circuit

R1, I1

E
R2, I2 I3, R3

When I1 22 A, I 3 14 A, R1 12 , E = 300 V,
I 2 = 8A, R3 = 2.5
So by using Kirchoff's second law we find R2 =4.5 , ( )
---------------------------------------------------------------------

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MSA University
Faculty of Dentistry
Quiz (1)
Put true or false
1-Kirchoff second law state that in any closed loop the algebraic
sum of electromotive forces is equal to the product of currents and
resistances ( )
2- Ohm's law state that if current I passed through resistance R the
voltage V across resistance is inversely proportional to current I
( )
3-Resistance is opposition offers by material against passage of
electric current ( )
4- Ammeter is device used to measure the electric current and it
connected in series in electric circuit
( )
5-voltage is work done to move the charge from one point to other
( )

Dr AbdulWaneis A. AbdulAziz

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Faculty of Dentistry, Physics department Time: 20 minute

Name: ID:
Quiz (1)

Answer the following questions

A-complete

1-Ohm's law state that

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-Kirchoff's second law state that
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3-Voltammeter is connected in--- ------------------- and used to

Measure-------------------------------------------------- in circuit

B-Solve the following problems

1-When aslope obtained from a graph of Ohm's experiment equal 4 Ohm's.
Find current I when Voltage V equal 8 V

2-By using Kirchoff's law .find values of I1 , R1 , R3 .

When E 96volt, I 2 4amper, I 3 8amper, R2 12ohm

I1 , R1

I 3 , R3

E
I2 ,R2

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Faculty of Dentistry Time: 20 minute

Name: ID:

A-Define
1- Restoring force----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- Periodic time-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
3-Hook'slaw-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-Put true or false
1-Periodic time of simple pendulum depends on mass on pendulum and its
length ( )
2-it's necessary in simple pendulum experiment that angle o to be very small ( )
3-extension per unit mass is n=g/k where g is acceleration due to gravity and k is
spring constant ( )
C-what's factor which effect on
-extension per unit mass of certain spring------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
-periodic time for Simple pendulum of given sphere of mass m----------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------
D- Solve
1-If you know that T =1.392 sec for pendulum of mass =10 gm and length
=31.725cm find g for this pendulum. Also find g for pendulum of same T and
length but mass equal 20 gm

2- If you know that n=0.178 cm/gm and load mass =25 gm find the extension
produced, do you think that n is changing if we change the l

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Title degree signature

Theory
Procedure
Faculty of Dentistry
Physics Department Results
Experiment number (1) Total degree
1. student name
2. student ID

-----------------------------------------------
Experiment : Ohm

1. Aim
verifications Ohm's law
find value of unknown resistance
2. Theory

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3. Procedures

4. Results

Current I Voltage V

Slope=

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Title degree signature

Theory
Faculty of Dentistry Procedure
Physics Department Results
Experiment number (2) Total degree
1. Student name
2. Student ID
-------------------------------------
Experiment :Kirchoff's
1. Aim:
From this electric circuit which identical with given experimental circuit
R1, I1

E
R2, I2 I3, R3

Find
I 1 , I 2 , I 3 then verify the kirchoff's first law
R1 , R 2 , R3 , E then verify kirchoff's second law
2. Theory

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3. Procedures

4. Results

For kirchoff first law

I1=-------------Ampere
I2=------------ Ampere
I3=------------Ampere
Then verify kirchoff first law
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kirchoff second law
Electromotive force E= -------------Volt
R1=------------------------------------------
R2=------------------------------------------
R3=------------------------------------------

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Title degree signature

Theory
Faculty of Dentistry Procedure
Physics Department Results
Experiment number (3) Total degree
1. Student name
2. Student ID
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
o Experiment : Simple pendulum

1. Aim
Determination the acceleration due to gravity
2. Theory

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3. Procedures

4. Results
r =---------------------------------- cm

L l =L+r T20 T= T20 /20 T2

2
2 4
Slope= T / l= =----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

g=-------------- cm/ sec2

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Faculty of Dentistry
Physics Department Title degree Signature
Experiment number (4) Theory
Procedure
1. student name Results
2. student ID Total
degree
-----------------------------------
Experiment: Hook's
1. Aim
Find extension per unit
mass of given spring by plotting
( m- l ) graph

2. Theory

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3-Procedures

4-Results

lo cm

M l l l lo

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Title degree Signature

Faculty of Dentistry Theory
Physics Department Procedure
Experiment number (4) Results
1. Student name Total degree
2. Student ID
--------------------------------------------------
Experiment : vibrating spring
1. Aim

Determine the extension per unit mass of the given

spring by plotting (m- T 2 ) graph
When m is load mass , T is periodic time
g (acceleration due to gravity ) = 980 cm/ s 2

2. Theory

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3. Procedures

4. Results

M T20 T20 T2
T
20

2
4
Slope = n
g
slopexg
n =------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 2

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Title degree Signature

Theory
Faculty of Dentistry Procedure
Physics Department Results
Experiment number (4) Total degree
1. Student name
2. Student ID
--------------------------------------------------
Experiment : specific heat of solid
1. Aim

Determination the specific heat of certain solid

2. Theory

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3. Procedures

4. Results

m c

m
T1
T2
T3
calorie
sw 1
gm . c

m s s s (T 1 T 3 ) (m w s w m c s c )( T 3 T 2 )

(m w s w m cs c )( T 3 T 2 )
s c
m s (T 1 T3 )

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Title degree Signature
Theory
Procedure
Faculty of Dentistry Results
Physics Department Total degree
Experiment number (6)
1. Student name
2. Student ID
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Experiment : Viscosity

Detrmine the coefficient of viscosity of the given fluid by using stock's

method
when
2
g ( acceleration due to gravity ) = 980 cm/ s
l 1.26 gm / cm 3 ( density of fluid)
s 7.7 gm / cm 3 (density of sphere)

1. Aim

2. Theory:

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3. Procedures:

4. Results
L=80 cm
R cm r 2 cm 2 t sec l
v
t

Slope=--------------cm/s

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------ Poise

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Title degree Signature
Theory
Procedure
Results
Faculty of Dentistry Total degree
Physics Department
Experiment number (4)
1. Student name
2. Student ID
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Experiment: statistics
1. Aim
Calculate :mean value ,variance ,standard deviation
draw histogram
2.Theory

3. Procedures

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4. Results
In MSA physics lab, certain students of gp A1 obtain the following
lengths of ten beans

N x (X ) (X )2
1 1.201
2 1.190
3 1.300
4 1.180
5 1.230
6 1.050
7 1.270
8 1.400
9 1.250
10 1.130

Range=

Interval width=

Class interval Frequency

Variance =

Standard deviations=

Then draw the histogram

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