Name:_________________________________ Chapter 8 Problem Set

SECTION 8.1 PROBLEM SET: SAMPLE SPACES AND PROBABILITY

In problems 1 - 6, write a sample space for the given experiment.

1) A die is rolled. 2) A penny and a nickel are tossed.

3) A die is rolled, and a coin is tossed. 4) Three coins are tossed.

5) Two dice are rolled. 6) A jar contains four marbles numbered 1, 2, 3,

and 4. Two marbles are drawn.

In problems 7 - 12, one card is randomly selected from a deck. Find the following probabilities.

7) P( an ace) 8) P( a red card)

9) P( a club) 10) P( a face card)

11) P(a jack or a spade) 12) P(a jack and a spade)

SECTION 8.1 PROBLEM SET: SAMPLE SPACES AND PROBABILITY

For problems 13 – 16: A jar contains 6 red, 7 white, and 7 blue marbles. If one marble is chosen at
random, find the following probabilities.
Chapter 8 Problem Set Name:_________________________________

13) P(red) 14) P(white)

15) P(red or blue) 16) P(red and blue)

For problems 17 – 22: Consider a family of three children. Find the following probabilities.

17) P(two boys and a girl) 18) P(at least one boy)

19) P(children of both sexes) 20) P(at most one girl)

21) P(first and third children are male) 22) P(all children are of the same gender)
Name:_________________________________ Chapter 8 Problem Set

SECTION 8.1 PROBLEM SET: SAMPLE SPACES AND PROBABILITY

For problems 23 – 27: Two dice are rolled. Find the following probabilities.
23) P(the sum of the dice is 5) 24) P(the sum of the dice is 8)

25) P(the sum is 3 or 6) 26) P(the sum is more than 10)

27) P(the result is a double) (Hint: a double means that both dice show the same value)

For problems 28-31: A jar contains four marbles numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Two marbles are drawn
randomly WITHOUT REPLACEMENT. That means that after a marble is drawn it is NOT replaced in
the jar before the second marble is selected. Find the following probabilities.

28) P(the sum of the numbers is 5) 29) P(the sum of the numbers is odd)

30) P(the sum of the numbers is 9) 31) P(one of the numbers is 3)

For problems 32-33: A jar contains four marbles numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Two marbles are drawn
randomly WITH REPLACEMENT. That means that after a marble is drawn it is replaced in the jar
before the second marble is selected. Find the following probabilities.

32) P(the sum of the numbers is 5) 33) P(the sum of the numbers is 2)
Chapter 8 Problem Set Name:_________________________________

SECTION 8.2 PROBLEM SET: MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS AND THE ADDITION RULE
Determine whether the following pair of events are mutually exclusive.

1) A = {A person earns more than $25,000} 2) A card is drawn from a deck.

B = {A person earns less than $20,000} C = {It is a King} D = {It is a heart}.

3) A die is rolled. 4) Two dice are rolled.

E = {An even number shows} G = {The sum of dice is 8}
F = {A number greater than 3 shows} H = {One die shows a 6}

5) Three coins are tossed. 6) A family has three children.

I = {Two heads come up} K = {First born is a boy}
J = {At least one tail comes up} L = {The family has children of both sexes}

Use the Addition Rule to find the following probabilities.

7) A card is drawn from a deck. 8) A die is rolled. The events E and F are:
Events C and D are: E = {An even number shows}
C = {It is a king} D = {It is a heart} F = {A number greater than 3 shows}
Find P(C or D). Find P(E or F).

9) Two dice are rolled. Events G and H are: 10) Three coins are tossed> Events I and J are:
G = {The sum of dice is 8} I = {Two heads come up}
H ={Exactly one die shows a 6} J = {At least one tail comes up}
Find P(G or H). Find P(I or J).
Name:_________________________________ Chapter 8 Problem Set

SECTION 8.2 PROBLEM SET: MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS AND THE ADDITION RULE
Use the Addition Rule to find the following probabilities.

11) At a college, 20% of the students take Finite 12) This quarter, there is a 50% chance that Jason
Mathematics, 30% take Statistics and will pass Accounting, a 60% chance that he will
10% take both. What percent of students take pass English, and 80% chance that he will pass
Finite Mathematics or Statistics? at least one of these two courses. What is the
probability that he will pass both Accounting
and English?

Questions 13 – 20 refer to the following: The table shows the distribution of Democratic and Republican
U.S by gender in the 114th Congress as of January 2015.
MALE(M) FEMALE(F) TOTAL
DEMOCRATS (D) 30 14 44
REPUBLICANS(R) 48 6 54
OTHER (T) 2 0 2
TOTALS 80 20 100
Use this table to determine the following probabilities.

13) P(M and D) 14) P(F and R)

15) P(M or D) 16) P(F or R)

17) P(Mc or R) 18) P(M or F)

19) Are the events F, R mutually exclusive? 20) Are the events F, T mutually exclusive?
Use probabilities to support your conclusions. Use probabilities to support your conclusion.
Chapter 8 Problem Set Name:_________________________________

SECTION 8.2 PROBLEM SET: MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS AND THE ADDITION RULE
Use the Addition Rule to find the following probabilities.

21) If P(E) = .5 , P(F) = .4 , E and F are mutually 22) If P(E) = .4 , P(F) = .2 , E and F are mutually
exclusive, find P(E and F). exclusive, find P(E or F).

23) If P(E) = .3, P(E or F) = .6 , P(E and F) = .2, 24) If P(E) = .4, P(F) = .5 , P(E or F) = .7,
find P(F). find P(E and F).

25) In a box of assorted cookies, 36% of cookies 26) At a college, 72% of courses have final exams
contain chocolate and 12% of cookies contain and 46% of courses require research papers.
nuts. 8% of cookies have both chocolats and 32% of courses have both a research paper and
nuts. Sean is allergic to chocolate and nuts. a final exam. Let F be the event that a course
Find the probability that a cookie has chocolate has a final exam and R be the event that a
chips or nuts (he can’t eat it). course requires a research paper.
Find the probability that a course requires a
final exam or a research paper.

Questions 25 and 26 are adapted from Introductory Statistics from OpenStax under a creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Unported License, available for download free athttp://cnx.org/content/col11562/latest u
Name:_________________________________ Chapter 8 Problem Set

SECTION 8.3 PROBLEM SET: PROBABILITIES USING TREE DIAGRAMS AND COMBINATIONS
Two apples are chosen from a basket containing five red and three yellow apples.
Draw a tree diagram below, and find the following probabilities.

1) P( both red) 2) P(one red, one yellow)

3) P(both yellow) 4) P(First red and second yellow)

A basket contains six red and four blue marbles. Three marbles are drawn at random.
Find the following probabilities using the method shown in Example 2. Do not use combinations.

5) P( All three red) 6) P(two red, one blue)

7) P(one red, two blue) 8) P(first red, second blue, third red)

Three marbles are drawn from a jar containing five red, four white, and three blue marbles.
Find the following probabilities using combinations.

9) P(all three red) 10) P(two white and 1 blue)

11) P(none white) 12) P(at least one red)

Chapter 8 Problem Set Name:_________________________________

SECTION 8.3 PROBLEM SET: PROBABILITIES USING TREE DIAGRAMS AND COMBINATIONS
A committee of four is selected from a total of 4 freshmen, 5 sophomores, and 6 juniors.
Find the probabilities for the following events.

13) At least three freshmen. 14) No sophomores.

15) All four of the same class. 16) Not all four from the same class.

17) Exactly three of the same class. 18) More juniors than freshmen and sophomores
combined.

Five cards are drawn from a deck. Find the probabilities for the following events.

19) Two hearts, two spades, and one club. 20) A flush of any suit (all cards of a single suit).

21) A full house of nines and tens (3 nines and 2 22) Any full house.
tens).

23) A pair of nines and a pair of tens 24) Any two pairs (two cards of one value, two
(and the fifth card is not a nine or ten). more cards of another value, and the fifth card
does not have the same value as either pair).
Name:_________________________________ Chapter 8 Problem Set

SECTION 8.3 PROBLEM SET: PROBABILITIES USING TREE DIAGRAMS AND COMBINATIONS
Jorge has 6 rock songs, 7 rap songs and 4 country songs that he likes to listen to while he exercises.
He randomly selects six (6) of these songs to create a playlist to listen to today while he exercises.

Find the following probabilities:

25) P(playlist has 2 songs of each type) 26) P(playlist has no country songs)

27) P(playlist has 3 rock, 2 rap, and 1 country song) 28) P(playlist has 3 or 4 rock songs and the rest are
rap songs)

A project is staffed 12 people: 5 engineers, 4 salespeople, and 3 customer service representatives.

A committee of 5 people is selected to make a presentation to senior management.

Find the probabilities of the following events.

29) The committee has 2 engineers, 2 salespeople, 30) The committee contains 3 engineer and 2
and 1 customer service representative. salespeople.

31) The committee has no engineers. 32) The committee has all salespeople.

Do the following birthday problems.

33) If there are 5 people in a room, what is the 34) If there are 5 people in a room, find the
probability that no two have the same birthday? probability that at least 2 have the same birthday.
Chapter 8 Problem Set Name:_________________________________

SECTION 8.4 PROBLEM SET: CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY

Questions 1 – 4: Do these problems using the conditional probability formula: P(A | B) = .

1) A card is drawn from a deck. Find the 2) A card is drawn from a deck. Find the
conditional probability of P(a queen | a face conditional probability of P(a queen | a club).
card).

3) A die is rolled. Find the conditional probability 4) If P(A) = .3 , P(B) = .4, P(A and B) = .12, find:
that it shows a three if it is known that an odd a) P(A | B)
number has shown.

b) P(B | A)

Questions 5 – 8 refer to the following: The table shows the distribution of Democratic and Republican
U.S. Senators by gender in the 114th Congress as of January 2015.
MALE(M) FEMALE(F) TOTAL
DEMOCRATS (D) 30 14 44
REPUBLICANS(R) 48 6 54
OTHER (T) 2 0 2
TOTALS 80 20 100
Use this table to determine the following probabilities:

5) P(M | D) 6) P(D | M)

7) P(F | R) 8) P(R | F)
Name:_________________________________ Chapter 8 Problem Set

SECTION 8.4 PROBLEM SET: CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY

Do the following conditional probability problems.

9) At a college, 20% of the students take Finite 10) At a college, 60% of the students pass
Math, 30% take History, and 5% take both Accounting, 70% pass English, and 30% pass
Finite Math and History. If a student is chosen both of these courses. If a student is selected at
at random, find the following conditional random, find the following conditional
probabilities. probabilities.
a) He is taking Finite Math given that he is a) He passes Accounting given that he passed
taking History. English.

b) He is taking History assuming that he is

taking Finite Math.
b) He passes English assuming that he passed
Accounting.

11) If P(F) = .4 , P(E | F) = .3, find P(E and F). 12) P(E) = .3, P(F) = .3; E and F are mutually
exclusive. Find P(E | F).

13) If P(E) = .6 , P(E and F) = .24, find P(F | E). 14) If P(E and F) = .04 , P(E | F) = .1, find P(F).

At a college, 72% of courses have final exams and 46% of courses require research papers.
32% of courses have both a research paper and a final exam. Let F be the event that a course has a
final exam and R be the event that a course requires a research paper.

15) Find the probability that a course has a final 16) Find the probability that a course has a research
exam given that it has a research paper. paper if it has a final exam.
Chapter 8 Problem Set Name:_________________________________

SECTION 8.4 PROBLEM SET: CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY

Consider a family of three children. Find the following probabilities.

17) P(two boys | first born is a boy) 18) P(all girls | at least one girl is born)

19) P(children of both sexes | first born is a boy) 20) P(all boys | there are children of both sexes)

Questions 21 – 26 refer to the following:

The table shows highest attained educational status for a sample of US residents age 25 or over:
based on data from http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/education/data/cps/2010/Table1-01.xls

(D) Did not (H) High (C) (A) (B) (G)

Complete School Some Associate Bachelor Graduate TOTAL
High School Graduate College Degree Degree Degree
25-44 (R) 95 228 143 81 188 61 796
45-64 (S) 83 256 136 80 150 67 772
65+ (T) 96 191 84 36 80 41 528
Total 274 675 363 197 418 169 2096
Use this table to determine the following probabilities:

21) P(C | T) 22) P(S | A) 23) P(C and T)

24) P(R | B) 25) P(B | R) 26) P(G|S)

Name:_________________________________ Chapter 8 Problem Set

SECTION 8.5 PROBLEM SET: INDEPENDENT EVENTS

The distribution of the number of fiction and non-fiction books checked out at a city's main library and at
a smaller branch on a given day is as follows.

MAIN (M) BRANCH (B) TOTAL

FICTION (F) 300 100 400
NON-FICTION (N) 150 50 200
TOTALS 450 150 600
Use this table to determine the following probabilities:

1) P(F) 2) P(M | F)

3) P(N | B) 4) Is the fact that a person checks out a fiction

book independent of the main library?
Use probabilities to justify your conclusion.

For a two-child family, let the events E, F, and G be as follows.

E: The family has at least one boy
F: The family has children of both sexes
G: The family's first born is a boy

5) Find the following. 6) Find the following.

a) P(E) a) P(F)

b) P(F) b) P(G)

c) P(E F) c) P(F G)

d) Are E and F independent? d) Are F and G independent?

Use probabilities to justify your conclusion. Use probabilities to justify your conclusion.
Chapter 8 Problem Set Name:_________________________________

SECTION 8.5 PROBLEM SET: INDEPENDENT EVENTS

Do the following problems involving independence.

7) If P(E) = .6, P(F) = .2, and E and F are 8) If P(E) = .6, P(F) = .2, and E and F are
independent, find P(E and F). independent, find P(E or F).

9) If P(E) = .9, P(F | E) = .36, and E and F are 10) If P(E) = .6, P(E or F) = .8, and E and F are
independent, find P(F). independent, find P(F).

11) In a survey of 100 people, 40 were casual 12) It is known that 80% of the people wear seat
drinkers, and 60 did not drink. Of the ones who belts, and 5% of the people quit smoking last
drank, 6 had minor headaches. Of the non- year. If 4% of the people who wear seat belts
drinkers, 9 had minor headaches. Are the quit smoking, are the events, wearing a seat belt
events "drinkers" and "had headaches" and quitting smoking, independent?
independent?
Name:_________________________________ Chapter 8 Problem Set

SECTION 8.5 PROBLEM SET: INDEPENDENT EVENTS

13) John's probability of passing statistics is 40%, 14) Jane is flying home for the Christmas holidays.
and Linda's probability of passing the same She has to change planes twice. There is an
course is 70%. If the two events are 80% chance that she will make the first
independent, find the following probabilities. connection, and a 90% chance that she will
make the second connection. If the two events
a) P( both of them will pass statistics)
are independent, find the probabilities:
a) P( Jane will make both connections)

b) P(at least one of them will pass statistics)

b) P(Jane will make at least one connection)

For a three-child family, let the events E, F, and G be as follows.

E: The family has at least one boy
F: The family has children of both sexes
G: The family's first born is a boy

15) Find the following. 16) Find the following.

a) P(E) a) P(F)

b) P(F) b) P(G)

c) P(E F) c) P(F G)

d) Are E and F independent? d) Are F and G independent?

Chapter 8 Problem Set Name:_________________________________

SECTION 8.5 PROBLEM SET: INDEPENDENT EVENTS

17) P(K|D) = 0.7, P(D) = 0.25 and P(K)=0.7 18) P(R|S) = 0.4, P(S) = 0.2 and P(R)=0.3
a. Are events K and D independent? a. Are events R and S independent?
Use probabilities to justify your conclusion. Use probabilities to justify your conclusion.

b. Find P(K D) b. Find P(R S)

19) At a college: 20) At a college:

54% of students are female 54% of all students are female
25% of students are majoring in engineering. 60% of all students receive financial aid.
15% of female students are majoring in 60% of female students receive financial aid.
engineering.
Event A = student receives financial aid
Event E = student is majoring in engineering Event F = student is female
Event F = student is female
a. Are events A and F independent?
a. Are events E and F independent? Use probabilities to justify your conclusion.
Use probabilities to justify your conclusion.

b. Find P(E F) b. Find P(A F)

Name:_________________________________ Chapter 8 Problem Set

SECTION 8.6 PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER REVIEW

1) Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that the sum of the dice is
a) four b) five
2) A jar contains 3 red, 4 white, and 5 blue marbles.
If a marble is chosen at random, find the following probabilities:
a) P(red or blue) b) P(not blue)
3) A card is drawn from a standard deck. Find the following probabilities:
a) P(a jack or a king) b) P(a jack or a spade)
4) A basket contains 3 red and 2 yellow apples. Two apples are chosen at random.
Find the following probabilities:
a) P(one red, one yellow) b) P(at least one red)
5) A basket contains 4 red, 3 white, and 3 blue marbles. Three marbles are chosen at random.
Find the following probabilities:
a) P(two red, one white) b) P(first red, second white, third blue)
c) P(at least one red) d) P(none red)
6) Given a family of four children. Find the following probabilities:
a) P(All boys) b) P(1 boy and 3 girls)
7) Consider a family of three children. Find the following:
a) P(children of both sexes | first born is a boy) b) P(all girls | children of both sexes)
8) Mrs. Rossetti is flying from San Francisco to New York. On her way to the San Francisco Airport
she encounters heavy traffic and determines that there is a 20% chance that she will be late to the
airport and will miss her flight. Even if she makes her flight, there is a 10% chance that she will
miss her connecting flight at Chicago. What is the probability that she will make it to New York as
scheduled?
9) At a college, twenty percent of the students take history, thirty percent take math, and ten percent
take both. What percent of the students take at least one of these two courses?
10) In a T-maze, a mouse may run to the right (R) or may run to the left (L). A mouse goes up the maze
three times, and events E and F are described as follows:
E: Runs to the right on the first trial F: Runs to the left two consecutive times
Determine whether the events E and F are independent.
11) A college has found that 20% of its students take advanced math courses, 40% take advanced
English courses and 15% take both advanced math and advanced English courses. If a student is
selected at random, what is the probability that
a) he is taking English given that he is taking math? b) he is taking math or English?
12) If there are 35 students in a class, what is the probability that at least two have the same birthday?
13) A student feels that her probability of passing accounting is .62, of passing mathematics is .45, and
her passing accounting or mathematics is .85. Find the probability that the student passes both
accounting and math.
Chapter 8 Problem Set Name:_________________________________

SECTION 8.6 PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER REVIEW

14) There are nine judges on the U. S. Supreme Court. Suppose that five are conservative and four are
liberal. This year the court will act on six major cases. What is the probability that out of six cases
the court will favor the conservatives in at least four?
15) Five cards are drawn from a deck. Find the probability of obtaining
a) four cards of a single suit
b) two cards of one suit, two of another suit, and one from the remaining
c) a pair(e.g. two aces and three other cards)
d) a straight flush(five in a row of a single suit but not a royal flush)
16) The following table shows a distribution of drink preferences by gender.
Coke(C) Pepsi(P) Seven Up(S) TOTALS
Male(M) 60 50 22 132
Female(F) 50 40 18 108
TOTALS 110 90 40 240
The events M, F, C, P and S are defined as Male, Female, Coca Cola, Pepsi, and Seven Up,
respectively. Find the following:
a) P(F | S) b) P( P | F)
c) P(C | M) d) P(M | P U C)
e) Are the events F and S mutually exclusive? f) Are the events F and S independent?
17) At a clothing outlet 20% of the clothes are irregular, 10% have at least a button missing and 4% are
both irregular and have a button missing. If Martha found a dress that has a button missing, what is
the probability that it is irregular?
18) A trade delegation consists of four Americans, three Japanese and two Germans. Three people are
chosen at random. Find the following probabilities:
a) P(two Americans and one Japanese) b) P(at least one American)
c) P(One of each nationality) d) P(no German)
19) A coin is tossed three times, and the events E and F are as follows.
E: It shows a head on the first toss F: Never turns up a tail
Are the events E and F independent?
20) If P(E) = .6 and P(F) = .4 and E and F are mutually exclusive, find P(E and F).
21) If P(E)=.5 and P(F)=.3 and E and F are independent, find P(E U F).
22) If P(F)=.9 and P(E | F)=.36 and E and F are independent, find P(E).
23) If P(E)=.4 and P(E or F) =.9 and E and F are independent, find P(F).
24) If P(E) = .4 and P(F | E) = .5, find P(E and F).
25) If P(E) = .6 and P(E and F) = .3, find P(F | E).
26) If P(E ) = .3 and P(F) = .4 and E and F are independent, find P(E | F).