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OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

OFDM converts a high-rate data stream into multiple low-rate streams transmitted over subcarriers. Each subcarrier is modulated with a portion of the data and overlaps with other subcarriers, but the subcarriers are orthogonal to prevent interference. At the receiver, an inverse FFT combines the subcarriers to reconstruct the original data stream. A cyclic prefix is added to each symbol to mitigate inter-symbol interference caused by channel delay spread. However, the combination of subcarriers can result in high peak-to-average power ratios in OFDM signals.

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77 views14 pages

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

OFDM converts a high-rate data stream into multiple low-rate streams transmitted over subcarriers. Each subcarrier is modulated with a portion of the data and overlaps with other subcarriers, but the subcarriers are orthogonal to prevent interference. At the receiver, an inverse FFT combines the subcarriers to reconstruct the original data stream. A cyclic prefix is added to each symbol to mitigate inter-symbol interference caused by channel delay spread. However, the combination of subcarriers can result in high peak-to-average power ratios in OFDM signals.

Uploaded by

Manimegalai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency

om
Division Multiplexing)

.c
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

ul
(OFDM) is a modulation scheme that is especially

pa
suited for high-data-rate transmission in delay
dispersive environments.
jin
• It converts a high-rate data stream into a number
.re
of low-rate streams that are transmitted over
parallel, narrowband channels that can be easily
w

equalized.
w
w
om
Principle of OFDM

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
om
Principle of OFDM
• The spectra of different modulated carriers

.c
overlap, but each carrier is in the spectral nulls of

ul
all other carriers.

pa
• The data streams of any two subcarriers will not
interfere.
jin
.re
w
w
w
Implementation of transceivers

om
.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
Implementation

om
• Let us first consider the analog interpretation. Let

.c
the complex transmit symbol at time instant i on

ul
the nth carrier be Cn,i . The transmit signal is then

pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
om
Implementation
• consider the signal for i = 0, sample it at

.c
instances

ul
pa
• The input to IFFT is made up of N samples (the symbols
jin
for the different subcarriers), and therefore the output
.re
from the IFFT also consists of N values.
• These N values have to be transmitted, one after the
w

other, as temporal samples – this is the reason why we


w

have a P/S (Parallel to Serial) conversion directly after


w

the IFFT.
om
Implementation
• At the receiver, we can reverse the process:

.c
sample the received signal, write a block of N

ul
samples into a vector – i.e., an S/P (Serial to

pa
Parallel) conversion and perform an FFT on this
vector.
jin
• The result is an estimate of the original data
.re
Cn.
• OFDM can also be interpreted in the time–
w
w

frequency plane.
w
om
Cyclic Prefix(CP)
• The OFDM transmitter and receiver work in an

.c
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)

ul
channel

pa
• Which leads to delay dispersion also leads to a
jin
loss of orthogonality between the subcarriers,
and thus to Inter Carrier Interference (ICI).
.re
• Both these negative effects can be eliminated
w

by a special type of guard interval, called the


w

cyclic prefix (CP).


w
Cyclic Prefix(CP)

om
• Base function for transmission

.c
• W/N is the carrier spacing,

ul
• Ts =

pa
• For duration , normal OFDM symbol is
transmitted
• During time
jin a copy of the last part of the
.re
symbol is transmitted
• Total signal s(t) transmitted during time
w

is a copy of s(t) during the last part


w
w
om
Cyclic Prefix(CP)
• Cyclic Prefix converts linear convolution into a cyclical

.c
convolution

ul
pa
• is the number of samples in the cyclic
prefix jin
• During the time period, the received signal suffers from Inter
.re
Symbol Interference (ISI), as echoes of the last part of the
preceding symbol interfere with the desired symbol.
w

• ISI is eliminated by discarding the received signal during this


w

time interval.
w
Peak to Average Power

om
Ratio(PAPR)
• Drawback of OFDM

.c
• When the signals of all the sub-carriers are

ul
added, the peak power can be the number of

pa
sub-carriers times the average power
jin
• It is very high compared to the whole system
• The ratio of peak to average power value is
.re
called PAPR
w

• Addition of N signals of same phase produces


w

a peak which is N times the average signal


w
Peak to Average Power

om
Ratio(PAPR)

.c
• OFDM signals have high PAPR.

ul
• It is passed through High Power Amplifier at the

pa
transmitter
jin
• Large PAPR – ADC (large dynamic range)
.re
• Increase in complexity
• Efficiency is reduced
w
w
w
om
PAPR in OFDM systems
• OFDM signal consists of N data symbol

.c
• Transmitted signal s(t), N −1

ul
1
x (t ) =  n
X  e j 2 nft
,0  t  T

pa
N n =0
• The PAPR of the transmit signal is defined as
jin
ratio between instantaneous power to its average
.re
power during the OFDM symbol period
max x ( t )
2
w

PAPR = 0t T

1/ T   x ( t ) dt
T 2
w

0
w
om
PAPR in OFDM systems

.c
• PAPR reduction is achieved by minimizing the

ul
maximum instantaneous signal power

pa
• Maximum PAPR can be expressed as
jin
MAX PAPR[x(t)] = N
.re
• PAPR increases with the number of sub-carriers
• Best way is to reduce the number of sub-carriers
w
w
w

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