QUESTION 1

In 1867, the British established Malaya as a colony. The Federated Malay States, located in southern
Malaya, were established in 1895 after the British intervened in the sultans' fratricidal wars.

The first impact of British colonization to our country is the decline in Malay Rulers’ power. The British
had complete control over Malaya as a colonized country. The Malayan Union was first proposed by
the British people in 1946. The Malay Rulers' ruling power will be taken over by the King of England,
and the British will administer the Malayan Union directly through an appointed Governor, according
to the Malayan Union's constitution. The Malay rulers in their state lost power as a result of the
introduction of this constitution. The Malay Rulers only had power in the field of Islam and Malay
customs.

The next impact is the creation of plural society. Prior to 1848, Malays made up the majority of the
population in Malaya, with only a small number of Chinese arriving as traders and a small number of
Indians working as laborers. Due to British colonial policy, which brought in these races to work in
mining sites and in the economic sector, there was a mass migration of Chinese and Indians to Malaya
in the mid-nineteenth century. The original population structure of Malaya has been altered as a result
of this massive migration. Immigrants are allowed to keep their own identities and cultures. As a
result, our country has developed a plural society.

Thirdly is the use of English language. When the British colonized our country, they brought their
language with them. When the Penang Free School opened in 1816, it was the first English school in
Malaya. In primary and secondary schools, the English language was introduced as a medium of
instruction. English schools were divided into two types during the British Colonial era. The first is the
Free School, which received government funding and operated under its auspices until the
government took control. The second type is the Great-in-Aid English School, which was founded and
funded by missionary organizations with government funding. The school curriculum is based on the
British Grammar School curriculum, which is designed to develop Lower Administrative Officers to
satisfy the needs of British Metropolitan Policy.

Lastly is the segregated education system. Due to the British colonialism, 4 school systems for the
Malay, Chinese, Tamil and English were introduced. After independence in 1957, vernacular schools
continued to develop according to their respective races. Foon Yew High School, for example, is a
Chinese independent high school in Malaysia. The British aim to provide education to a group of
people in order for them to meet the needs of the workforce and economy, which is why there are
segregated education systems. Multiracial citizens have different points of view because of the
segregated educational system.

In conclusion, there are benefits and drawbacks to the British colonisation of our country today.
Malaysia was able to gain independence as a result of British colonisation, as the people fought for
their rights to be restored.
QUESTION 2

a) Plural society, also known as multi-racial society, refers to an environment in which different races
coexist and live in the same country. According to the dictionary, a plural society is one that is made
up of people of various races. A plural society is made up of various types of human beings who are
mixed but not united. They live in the same political system but are geographically separated. Each
has its own culture, religion, language, ideas, and procedures. They only interact in certain situations,
such as the market, before returning to their respective groups. In a country like Malaysia, a plural
society usually consists of several majority groups, followed by minority groups.

b) The first mechanism of conflict reduction proposed by Horowitz is to create a proliferation of points
of power in order to divert attention away from a single focal point. This means to increase the points
of power in order to avoid having only one center of interest to the people. This refers to dividing the
power between people. As an example, in federalism there is division of powers between central
government and regional government. By doing this, this can help prevent the concentration of power
and provide for checks and balances.

Secondly is to create policies that create incentives for interethnic cooperation. This is a method of
motivating or encouraging people to cooperate fully with people of different ethnicities than their
own. This entails rewarding people for respecting and cooperating with people of different ethnic
backgrounds. People from different ethnic groups who work together, for example, will be rewarded
if they are able to do so in peace and harmony. Through this policy, once people of different ethnicities
have become coworkers, it can help bring them together.

The next mechanism is by making policies to encourage alternative social alignments based on
interests other than ethnicity. This means that based on a shared understanding, one or more people
can share a current reality. Sharing a reality does not imply that everyone must agree, but it does
imply that people can appreciate the perspectives and diversity of others. In Malaysia, for example,
the National Culture Policy is used to design, formulate, and maintain Malaysia's national identity in
the world. Policies exist to ensure that people comply with laws and regulations, as well as to guide
them.

Finally, disparities must be narrowed in order to reduce dissatisfaction. This refers to providing
equality to all people, regardless of their religion or race. Equal rights, equal before the law, should be
granted to all people. Human rights are a fundamental pillar of any democratic society. As an example,
people are to be given equal rights in terms of income, health care and social class. Disparities can be
narrowed, allowing people in plural societies to coexist in a peaceful and equitable environment.