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BLOCK DIAGRAM
VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM

OSC BINARY MULTIPLI BCD 4 BIT

COUNT ER COUNT COMPA
ER ER RATOR

8 1

+ -10 STAGE LATCH

CONVER 5 7
- TOR

SIGNAL GENERATOR

DEMODULATOR

CARRIER
2ND ORDER
LOW PASS
FILTER(+/~)

MESSAGE
SIGNAL
DEMODULATED OUTPUT
SAMPLE O/P
4TH ORDER
LOW PASS
FILTER(+/~)
SAMPLE AND HOLD O/P

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EXP.No:
DATE :

SAMPLING THEOREM
AIM
To obtain the sampling and sample & hold output for the given input
waveform .
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Sampling and reconstruction trainer kit ST2101.
2. CRO
3. Connecting wires
THEORY
Sampling is the process of conversion of analog signal to discrete signal.
Sampling Theorem shows that a continuous-time band-limited signal may be
represented perfectly by its samples at uniform intervals of T seconds, if T is small
enough. In other words, the continuous-time signal may be reconstructed perfectly
from its samples; sampling at a high enough rate is information-lossless.
Sampling theorem states that
1.The band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency
component higher than w hertz, is completely described by specify the value of
signal at instant of time separated by 1/2w second .
2.The band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency
component higher than w hertz, must be completely recovered from knowledge of
its samples taken at rate of 2w per second.

Fs >= 2 fm
If the sampling frequency is less than Nyquist rate, then a distortion is called
aliasing.

g (t )  
n 
g (nTs )  (t  nTs )

g (t ) denote the ideal sampled signal

f s  1 Ts :sampling rate

Ts : sampling period

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MODEL GRAPH
SAMPLING THEOREM
MESSAGE SIGNAL

Time in ms
Amplitude in volts(V)

CARRIER SIGNAL

Time in ms

SAMPLE OUTPUT

Time in ms

SAMPLE AND HOLD O/P

Time in ms

DEMODULATED OUTPUT

Time in ms

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PROCEDURE
1. Connections are given as per the block diagram.
2. Take the sine wave as input of 1KHZ from signal generator block.
3. Observe the carrier waveform and note down the amplitude and time period of the
signal.
4. Observe the sampled signal and note down the amplitude and time period of the
signal.
5. Observe the sampled and hold signal and note down the amplitude and time period
of the signal.
6. Then the sampled signal is given as an input to low pass filter and then reconstructed
waveform is obtained in output of low pass filter.
7. Plot the graph for the Sampled signal and Sample and Hold Signal.

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TABULATION

Name of the AMPLITUDE in TIME PERIOD

Signal Volts in secs

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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

FUNCTION SELECTOR PHASE LOCK LOOP TIMING LOGIC

GENERATOR
COMPAR LPF VOC
ATOR

OSCILLATOR DECODER RECEIVER DECODER

TRANSMITTER TIMING
TIMING LOGIC LOGIC

Carrier Signal

DEMODULATED O/P

Message Signal 1
C1
+
/
Message Signal 2
~
C2 TDM O/P
+
/
~
C3 +
/
~
+
C4
/
~

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EXP.NO:
DATE :
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
AIM
To perform the Time Division Multiplexing using the given waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. TDM/PAM Modulation and Demodulation trainer kit.
2. CRO
3. Connecting wires
THEORY
TDM can be implemented in two ways. Synchronous TDM and
asynchronous TDM. In synchronous, the multiplexer allocates exactly the same
time slot to each device at all times whether or not a device has anything to
transmit. In asynchronous, the multiplexer allocates time slot depends on
requirement by the channel.
In TDM, by interleaving samples of several source waveforms in time, it is
possible to transmit enough information to a receiver, via only one channel to
recover all message waveforms.
The four channels CH0, CH1, CH2, and CH3 are multiplexed on a single
line Transmitter and send through the same channel. In demodulated circuit each
signal can be recovered separately.

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the block diagram.
2. The message signal1 is connected to the channel 0 and note down the amplitude
and time period of the signal.
3. The message signal 2 is connected to the channel 1 and note down the amplitude
and time period of the signal.
4. Observe the TDM waveform in the CRO.
5. Plot the TDM waveform for the obtained readings

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MODEL GRAPH
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

MESSAGE SIGNAL 1

Time in ms

MESSAGE SIGNAL 2

Time in ms
Amplitude in Volts (V)

TDM OUTPUT SIGNAL

Time in ms

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TABULATION

Name of the AMPLITUDE in TIME PERIOD

Signal Volts in secs

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
AM MODULATION CIRCUIT

Vcc 1 5 V

10 kΩ
2.2kΩ

C2 0.01 µF

BC107
C1 0.1 µF V VM2

R5 1.2kΩ
+
VG1 AM OUTPUT SIGNAL
-
Carrier signal R2 1.2 kΩ R4 1.2 kΩ

+
MSG VG2 C3 0.01 µF
-
VM1

AM DEMODULATION CIRCUIT

C1 0.01µF D1 1N4007

VM C2 22 µF VM

AM AM INPUTR1 10k R2 100k C2 0.01µF

DE MODULATED OUTPUT

VM
VM

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EXP.NO:
DATE :
AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM
To perform the amplitude modulation and demodulation of the given signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1. Resistor 2.2kΩ , 1.2kΩ , 10kΩ , 100kΩ. 1,3,2,1

2. Capacitor 0.1µF , 0.01µF , 22µF. 1,4,1

3. Transistor BC107 1

4. Diode IN 4007 1

5. Function ----- 2
generator
6. CRO ----- 1

7. Power supply 10 V 1

THEORY
Amplitude Modulation is a process by which amplitude of the carrier signal
is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, but
frequency and phase of carrier wave remains constant.

The modulating and carrier signal are given by

Vm(t) = Vm sinmt
VC(t) = VC sinCt
The modulation index is given by, ma = Vm / VC.
Vm = Vmax – Vmin and VC = Vmax + Vmin

The amplitude of the modulated signal is given by,

VAM(t) = VC (1+ma sinmt) sinCt

Where
Vm = maximum amplitude of modulating signal
VC = maximum amplitude of carrier signal
Vmax = maximum variation of AM signal
Vmin = minimum variation of AM signal

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MODEL GRAPH
MESSAGE SIGNAL

Time in ms

CARRIER SIGNAL

Time in ms

AM MODULATED SIGNAL
Amplitude in Volts (V)

Time in ms

AM DEMODULATED SIGNAL

Time in ms

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PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The carrier and the message signal representation frequencies are set to 10kHz and
1kHz respectively.
3. Vcc is given as 15 V.
4. The Voltage and Time division knob of CRO is adjusted to obtain the AM modulated
wave.
5. The Amplitude and time period for message signal , Carrier signal and AM signal are
noted from the CRO.
6. The AM output is given as input to demodulated circuit
7. The Amplitude and time period for reconstructed message signal is noted from the
CRO.
8. The graph is plotted for the AM signal and reconstructed message signal.

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TABULATION

Name of the AMPLITUDE in TIME PERIOD in

Signal Volts Secs

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BLOCK DIAGRAM
FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION
DEMODULATOR CIRCUITS

AUDIO QUADRATURE DETUNED

OSCILLATOR DETECTOR RESONATOR
CIRCUIT

Message Signal

MODULATOR CIRCUIT FOSTER PHASE LOCKED

AND SELLEY LOOP
(RATIO
REACTANCE DETECTOR)
MODULATOR

SUMMING
AMPLIFIER

Demodulated
O/P
VARACTOR AMPLITUDE LOW PASS
MODULATOR LIMITER FILTER

VOC
MOD I/P MOD O/P

FM OUTPUT

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EXP.NO:
DATE :
FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM
To obtain the frequency modulation and demodulation of the message signal
and to plot the waveform.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1. ST2203 FM transmitter and ----- 1

receiver trainer board.
2. CRO (0-30)M Hz 1

3. Connecting wires ----- As required

THEORY

Frequency modulation and phase modulation are called as angle modulation. Frequency
modulation is defined as changing the frequency of the carrier with respect to the message signal
amplitude. Here the amplitude of the carrier remains fixed and timing parameter frequency is
varied. When the modulating signal has zero amplitude, then the carrier has frequency of fc as
amplitude of the modulating signal increases. The frequency of the carrier increases, similarly, as
the amplitude of the modulating signal decreases, the frequency of the carrier decreases.
In telecommunications and signal processing, Frequency Modulation (FM)
conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its instantaneous frequency.
If the baseband data signal (the message) to be transmitted is xm(t) and
the sinusoidal carrier is , where fc is the carrier's base frequency
and Ac is the carrier's amplitude, the modulator combines the carrier with the baseband data
signal to get the transmitted signal.

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MODEL GRAPH
FREQUENCY MODULATION

MESSAGE SIGNAL

Time in ms

CARRIER SIGNAL

Time in ms
A Amplitude in Volts (V)

FM OUTPUT

Time in ms

DEMODULATED OUTPUT

Time in ms

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PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Turn the audio oscillator block amplitude pre set the clock fully clockwise and
measure the modulating signal output on the oscilloscope.
3. Monitor and measure the carrier signal output frequency (fc) and peak-to-peak
volts(Vc)frequency at the test point 34 without the input.
4. Next monitor and measure modulated output of reactance modulator and VCO and
mixer/amplifier block output at the test point 34 with input.
5. Finally monitor and measure the demodulated output waveform at the low pass
filter/amplifier block.
6. Draw the FM demodulated output on the graph

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TABULATION

Name of the AMPLITUDE in TIME PERIOD in

Signal Volts Secs

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