INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTION

Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.

Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Introduction

• Intellectual •Greek speculation about

Revolution- the rise the "nature" in the period
of science which before Socrates (roughly
changed the view of between 600 to 400 BCE)
society in nature. •"pre-Socratic"
•"non-theological"
•"first philosophy"

http://klio.uoregon.edu/tx/gr/presoctx.htm
 3 Characteristics of IR

• First, the world is a natural whole

(supernatural forces do not make
things „happen‟)
• Second, there is a natural 'order'
(there are 'laws of nature‟)
• Third, humans can 'discover' those
laws Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Colonial Mentality
• all pro-Socratic philosophers reached maturity
in the colonies, east and west
– Was the "colonial" mentality more intellectually
adventurous than that found in the mother country?
• thought in non-theological terms and most were
not atheists but rather that they viewed the
natural order as reflecting some underlying
intelligence, the Logos ("the rational principle")

Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.

Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Their concerns
• earliest thinkers lived in Ionia, Miletus
• Ionians were concerned with two issues:
• what is the underlying and primary
'substance' (Greek: arché)?
• how can one explain change and
transformation, given that what we
perceive derives from one substance?

Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.

Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Greeks
• Thales, ca. 585 BCE: argued that the primary
substance was 'water' perhaps observing that
water can be observed in liquid, gas or solid
form
• Xenophanes went in a different direction,
applying the logical methods of the Ionians to
understanding of the Greek gods
• Heraclitus defined this entity with his term
"Logos" or “rational principle”
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Greeks
• Pythagoras and his followers perceived that the
ultimate reality (arché) was not something
material, but number
• Parmenides and his disciple, Zeno,
contradicted Heraclitus; by saying that
motion/change is logically impossible
– something either "is" or "is not", typically called
"being" and "non-being"

Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.

Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Copernican Revolution
• Copernicus recognized the advantages of a
Sun-centered planetary system
• Earth circled the Sun
• could qualitatively explain the to-and-fro
wanderings of the planets much more simply
than Ptolemy
• continued to adhere to the established tradition
of using uniform circular motion
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
https://www.britannica.com/science/universe#ref391756
 Darwinian Revolution
• People think that AR Wallace was
unappreciated and his ideas were stolen
by Darwin
• Darwin did not steal from Wallace
• Darwin's ideas – the ideas of the Origin–
are all right there in the 35 page Sketch of
his ideas that he wrote in 1842
• Early ideas were not towards evolution
(Edward Blyth)
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_1/10040
 Freudian Revolution
• may be viewed as the discovery of a way
of locating in the mind objective entities
which can be studied like physical things
• if Freud's is representative of scientific
revolutions, perhaps what Thomas Kuhn
has described as a change of paradigm
might consist of the demonstration of new
entities
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/335422Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
PSYCHOANALYSIS-
Process of studying
human mind. Diagnosis
of problem if human
does not complete
his/her developmental
stage.

Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.

Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
THEORY OF PERSONALITY personality is formed through
conflicts among three fundamental structures of human
mind, these are:

1. Id-concerned with infant gratification of basic physical

needs and urges; unconsciously operates.

2. EGO- contrast to the instinctual ID and superego

- partly conscious and partly unconscious
- balance the demand of id and superego in the
practical context of reality.

3. SUPEREGO- social rules and morals; “conscience”

- develops child consider what is wrong and
what is right.
 Freudian Revolution
• occurred in the setting of a prevalent concern
about the entities underlying all of the sciences
• because of his genius for structural thought…
• Freud was able to respond satisfactorily to a
challenge that all the sciences were facing
• it is that common challenge such as
mechanics or hydraulics, that shaped Freud's
theory
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Information Revolution
• development of technologies
• computers, digital communication,
microchips
• in the second half of the 20th century that
has led to dramatic reduction in the cost
of obtaining, processing, storing, and
transmitting information in all forms (text,
graphics, audio, video)
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information-revolution.html
 Impact of IR
• e-commerce
• the explosive emergence of the Internet as a major, perhaps
eventually the major, worldwide distribution channel for
goods, for services and for managerial and professional jobs
• - changing economies, markets, and industry structures;
products and services and their flow; consumer
segmentation, consumer values, and consumer behavior;
jobs and labor markets
• impact may be even greater on societies and politics and on
the way we see the world and ourselves in it

Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.

Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Impact of IR
• convergence of computers and
communications has altered our lives
because of what they do with information,
not because of what they are
• electronic delivery system makes
information available anywhere
• ideas can be everywhere at once, in real
time and full color
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/impact-information-revolution
 Meso-American Revolution
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/agriculture-

• Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural

area in the Americas, extending from central
Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern
civilization/first-cities-states/a/mesoamerica

Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian

societies that flourished before the Spanish
colonization of the Americas in the 15th and
16th centuries
• Latino/Latina revolution
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Early developments in MAR
• Early agriculture and domestication of
plants and animals
– Teosinte – ancestor of modern corn with a cob
as large as the human thumb
• 1400 BCE to 100 BCE - produced nearly
imperishable art, notably large carved
heads of volcanic rock
• Mayan civilization in small cities with at
least 40,000 inhabitants
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Mayan Culture
• most elaborate and sophisticated writing
system included both pictographs and
symbols for syllables
• systems of cosmology and mathematics
• 365.242 days

Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.

Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Aztecs
• built up their food production by creating floating
islands of soil, called chinampas, held together
by willow trees
• Early mercenaries
• Aztec society provided universal schooling for
both boys and girls between 15 and 20 years of
age
• Aztec writings
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Asian IR
• Pre-Modern
• China: connected to the birth of scholarship in
ancient China, the creation of Confucianism with its
extensive exegesis of the texts of Confucius, and
the active part of scholars in governments
• Korea: the yangban scholar movement drove the
development of Korean intellectual history from the
late Goryeo to the golden age of intellectual
achievement in the Joseon Dynasty
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_intellectual_history#South_and_East_Asia
 Asian IR: Modern East Asia
• The modern intellectual history of China is
considered to begin with the arrival of the
Jesuits in the sixteenth century
• The Jesuits brought with them new
astronomical and cartographic knowledge, and
were responsible for new developments in
Chinese science

Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.

Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Asian IR: Pre-Modern South
Asia
• Indian: the ancient epics of South Asia, the
development of Hinduism and Hindu
philosophy and the rise of Buddhism, as well as
many other topics relating to the political and
artistic lives of pre-modern South Asia

Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.

Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 African and Middle East IR
• Persian philosophy can be traced back as
far as to Old Iranian philosophical
traditions and thoughts which originated in
ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were
considerably influenced by Zarathustra's
teachings
• Illumination School and the Transcendent
Philosophy are regarded as two of the
main philosophical traditions in Persia
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Modern Near and Middle East
• Islam and modernity encompass the relation
and compatibility between the phenomenon of
modernity, its related concepts and ideas, and
the religion of Islam. In order to understand the
relation between Islam and modernity
• Intellectual movements in Iran involve the
Iranian experience of modernism, religious
intellectualism in Iran develops gradually and
subtly
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Modern Africa
• African Renaissance and Afrocentrism
• African Renaissance is a concept popularized by South
African President Thabo Mbeki who called upon the
African people and nations to solve the many problems
troubling the African continent
• reached its height in the late 1990s but continues to be
a key part of the post-apartheid intellectual agenda in
South Africa
• extends well beyond intellectual life to politics and
economic development
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 Rise of Afrocentrism
• push away from Eurocentrism has led to the
focus on the contributions of African people and
their model of world civilization and history
• aims to shift the focus from a perceived
European-centered history to an African-
centered history
• concerned with distinguishing the influence of
European and Oriental peoples from African
achievements
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 African Intellectual Revolutions
• last quarter of the 19th century witnessed the
outward and inordinate expression of
European‟s quest for territorial occupation of
Africa in order to massively control and brutally
exploit African resources for their benefits
• to achieve their selfish economic and political
interests, the colonizers deliberately distorted
and grossly misinterpreted African historical
accounts
Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.
Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 AIR
https://www.marxists.org/archive/dunayevskaya/works/1959/african-revolution-1.htm

• African intellectuals see signs that

industrialization now meant capitalism
(socialism)
• Industrialization is still necessary in Africa
• Euphemism can hide the old smell of capitalism
– *a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for
one considered to be too harsh or blunt when
referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing:

Prepared by Ma. Lourdes D.

Guerrero and Benjamin D. Doria
 THE KUHN CYCLE
THE STRUCTURE OF “Paradigm” defined as
SCIENTIFIC universally recognized
REVOLUTION (1962) scientific achievements that,
Science advanced the for a time, provide model
most by occasional problems and solutions for a
revolutionary explosions community of researchers.
of new knowledge, each Comprehensive model of
revolution are triggered understanding that provides a
by introduction of new field‟s members with viewpoint
ways of thought. and rule on how to look at the
field‟s problem and how to
solve them.
Steps of Kuhn cycle
1. Pre-Science- field has no workable paradigm to
successfully guide its work.
2. Normal Science- field has a scientifically based model
of understanding that works.
3. Model drift- the model of understanding starts to drift,
due to accumulation of anomalies, phenomenon the
model cannot explain.
4. Model Revolution- begin when serious candidates for a
new model emerge.
5. Paradigm change- a single new paradigm emerges and
the field changes from old to new paradigm. When new
paradigm becomes the new normal science and the
Kuhn Cycle is complete.