PSYCHOLOGY

NOTEBOOK

NOTES TO BE WRITTEN FAIRLY.

ALL OF THEM ARE GIVEN ONLY BY MA’AM.
THEY ARE NOT GIVEN IN THE TB.

- Maukthika, XI B
 INDEX

1. (Ch 2) Methods of Enquiry – Q/A – 13/7/2021

2. (Ch 2) Methods of Enquiry – MCQs – 29/7/2021

3. (Ch 1) What is Psychology? – MCQs – 30/7/2021

4. (Ch 3) Human Behaviour – MCQs – 2/8/2021

5. (Ch 4) Human Development – MCQs – 17/8/2021

6. (Ch 4) Human Development – Q/A – 18/8/2021

7. (Ch 5) Sensory, Attention…. – Q/A – 2/9/2021

8. (Ch 5) Sensory, Attention…. – MCQs – 3/12/2021

9. (Ch 6) Learning – MCQs –

10. (Ch 7) Human Memory – Q/A –

11. (Ch 7) Human Memory – MCQs –

13th July (Q/A) (CH 2)

METHODS OF ENQUIRY IN PSYCHOLOGY

Q1) Define hypothesis. (2m)

Hypothesis is tentative and testable declarative statement which
expresses the relation between 2 or more than 2 variables. For example:
those who are rewarded shall require lesser no. of trials to learn the
lesson than those who are not awarded.

Q2) What is data?

Data – qualitative(subjective) and quantitative(objective) information
related to mental processes and behaviour gathered from individual.
Example: collecting information about average weight of grade 11
students.

Q3) What is observation?

Observation is intentional attending, recording and examination of events
without formal manipulation of variables operating in the events under
study. It refers to looking for certain categories or responses in a
systematic manner. For example: observing how people behave in a
group.

Q4) What is a psychological test?

A psychological test is a standardized instrument designed to measure
objectively one or more aspects of a total personality by the means of
sample of behaviour or responses at a given situation.
Q5) What is reliability?
• Reliability means consistency of test results.
• If a test yields similar results on different occasions, then it is
considered reliable.
• For instance, if a boy is found to have an IQ of 120, after retest, if
gets the similar IQ, then the test is reliable.
Q6) What are norms?
• Norms are average scores or values determined by actual
measurement of a group of persons who are representative of a
specified population.
• It is criteria.
• For example: the mean intelligence test scores for a group of a 10 yr
old children. It helps in comparing an individual’s score with those
of other in a defined group.

Q7) What are psychological tests? What are the different types of
psychological tests? (4m)
On the basis of language:
VERBAL TEST - A verbal test demands understanding of written words,
responses are also written. Therefore, they can be administered to
literates only. Example- Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale.
NON-VERBAL - In non-verbal tests, items are made of symbols or
pictures. Use of language is limited to instructions only. Example- Raven’s
Progressive Matrices.
PERFORMANCE TEST - In performance test, they use concrete objects like
blocks or puzzles. Testing requires physical manipulation of the material
in a particular order. They do not involve language. Example- Bhatia’s
Battery Test.

On the basis of mode of administration:

INDIVIDUAL TEST –
• They are only given to only 1 person at a time.
• There is a face-to-face interaction in individual test.
• They can be answered orally or in written form.
• They are used for diagnosis and remediation of individual learning
difficulties. Example- Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale.
GROUP TEST –
• They are administered under a large no. of persons.
• They involve MCQ questions.
• Instructions about answering the items are written on the test
which the testee reads themselves and answers the questions
accordingly.
• They are easy to administer and less time consuming and
economical. Example- General Mental Ability Test.
On the basis of difficulty level:
SPEED TEST –
• There is a time limit to answer all the items.
• Evaluation is based on time taken to answer the items accurately.
• Lesser the time taken to respond, more positive is the evaluation.
• All items in this test are of same difficulty level.
POWER TEST –
• These tests do not have any time limit.
• Items are arranged in an increasing order of difficulty.

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29th July, 2021 MCQ’s (CH 2)

METHODS OF ENQUIRY IN PSYCHOLOGY

Q1) The ____ variable is the behaviour of the person or animal in
the experiment.
(a) Dependent (b) independent
Q2) The dependent variable (DV) is so called because its value
depends or may depend on the value of the independent variable –
the one independently chosen and directly manipulated by the
experimenter.
(a) True (b) False
Q3) In an experiment, it is important that only the specified IV
(independent variable) be changed.
(a) True (b) False
Q4) The experimental method is in many ways the best method of
gathering information.
(a) True (b) False
Q5) When a control group is used, the groups should be equivalent
in every way except for the IV.
(a)True (b) False
Q6) In conducting a survey, the investigator selects a few subjects
called a _____ and then makes the decision regarding the more
general significance of his findings.
(a) Sample (b) data
Q7) _____ pioneered both the development of statistics and the
study of individual difference.
(a) Sir Francis Galton (b) A. B. Watson
Q8) In ______ Pavlov was awarded the noble prize for these
investigations of glandular and neural factors in digestion.
 (a) 1904 (b) 1906
Q9) We can distinguish between participant observation and non-
participant observation research.
(a) True (b) false
Q10) Non-participant observation research involves devising
precise, comprehensive, and usable behaviour categories.
(a) True (b) false
Q11) Experimenter has no control over the situations in
observation method.
(a) True (b) false
Q12) Naturalistic observation can provide rich and full information
from people who are aware they are being observed.
(a) True (b) false
Q13) Surveys are often repeated over long periods of time in order
to track shifts in public opinions.
(a) True (b) false
Q14) Case studies are fruitful in investigating unusual assumption
or unusual individuals.
(a) True (b) false
Q15) The greatest advantage of field experiment over laboratory
experiment is that they are less artificial, and suffer less from
factors such as demand characteristics, evaluation apprehension
and implacable experimenters.
(a) True (b) false
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30th July CH 1

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

Q1) The first psychological lab was established by _____

(a) Wilhelm Wundt (b) J. B. Watson
Q2) The famous book, principles of psychology, was written by
_________
(a) William James (b) J. B. Watson
Q3) James and Wundt thought that “psychology is the study of
mind”.
(a) True (b) false
Q4) The school of structuralism was established by
(a) Wilhelm Wundt (b) E. B. Titchener
Q5) The main method used by the structuralist to discover these
elementary units of mind was with introspection.
(a) True (b) false
Q6) The Gestalt school was founded by
(a) John Dewey (b) Wolfgang Kohler
Q7) The German word gestalt means form or ‘configuration’.
(a) True (b) false
Q8) Functionalist psychologists were interested in the fact that
mind and behaviour are interactive. They enable to adjust to a
changing environment.
(a)True (b) false
Q9) The behaviourist school of psychology was founded by _____.
(a) Max Wertheimer (b) J. B. Watson
Q10) J. B. Watson rejected mind as psychology and insisted that
psychology may be restricted to the study of behaviour - The
observable activities of humans and animals.
(a) True (b) false
Q11) The term ______ describes the key term for psychoanalysis
(a) Unconscious motivation (b) sub conscious motivation
Q12) According to psychoanalytic theory, the urges and drives are
hidden from the awareness of the individual, in other words, they
are ________
(a) Subconscious (b) unconscious
Q13) The work of the counselling psychologist is quite similar to
that of the clinical psychologist.
(a) True (b) false
Q14) Developmental psychology has both research and applied
aspects.
(a) True (b) false
Q15) The word psychology is derived from the Greek words
“psyche” mind and “logos” meaning experiment or study.
(a) True (b) false
Q16) ______ is concerned with the attempt to understand human
behviour from the biological perspective.
(a) Bio psychology (b) abnormal psychology
Q17) ______ psychology is concerned with internal processes such
as attention, perception, thinking, reasoning, language and
memory.
 (a) Cognitive (b) developmental
Q18) ________ psychology is a broad field in which psychological
knowledge is brought to bear upon social problems.
(a) Community (b) applied
Q19) The humanistic approach to psychology was developed mainly
by _______.
(a) Abraham Maslow (b) Carl Wright

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2nd August MCQs (ch 3)

HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

Q1) Which is a gap between neurons across which they had to

communicate?
(a) Synapse (b) Axon (c) Nodes of Ranvier (d) Myelin sheath
Q2) the unit of the brain is ______.
(a) Nephron (b) Neuron (c) Dendrites (d) Golgi apparatus
Q3) the sensory organs are called _______.
(a) Effectors (b) Receptors (c) Affecters (d) None of these
Q4) The ______ nerves carry sensory messages.
(a) Efferent (b) Motor (c) Association (d) Afferent
Q5) ______ are the junctions of nerve impulse.
(a) Synapse (b) Axon (c) Cerebrum (d) Muscle
Q6) a neuron has 3 parts. They are:
(a) Synapse, Action potential, Neurotransmitters
(b) Axon, Synapse, Myelin Sheath
(c) Dendrites, Nodes of Ranvier
(d) Cell body, Dendrites, Axon
Q7) ____ carry info away CNS.
(a) Afferent neurons (b) Sensory neurons (c) Efferent neurons
(d) Ganglion Neurons
Q8) ______ transmits info from sense organs of CNS to voluntary,
skeletal muscles.
(a) Automatic Nervous System (b) Sympathetic Nervous System (c)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (d) Somatic Nervous System
Q9) ______ secretes the hormones ‘epinephrine’ and ‘nor-
epinephrine’ which helps to arouse the body in times of stress.
(a) Adrenal glands (b) Pituitary gland (c) Parathyroid gland (d)
Thyroid gland
Q10) Which brain region controls the pituitary gland?
(a) Cerebellum (b) Thalamus (c) Hypothalamus (d) Pancreas
Q11) What regulates the level of sugar levels in the blood?
(a) Thalamus (b) Hypothalamus (c) Parathyroid (d) Pancreas
Q12) A physical stimulus is converted into a neural impulse by a
process known as ________.
(a) Transposition (b) Transaction (c) Transduction (d) Transition
Q13) What makes up the largest part of the brain?
(a) Frontal lobe (b) Parietal lobe (c) Temporal lobe (d) Occipital
lobe
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18 August CH 4 VERY SHORT Q/A

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Q1) Explain the principles of heredity. (2m)
The principles of heredity explain the mechanism for transmission of
characteristics by every species from one generation to the next. We
inherit genetic codes from our parents, which are in every cell of our
body.
Q2) what is genotype? (2m)
• The actual genetic material or a persons’ genetic heritage is
known as genotype.
• Not of all this genetic material is apparent or distinctly
identifiable in our observable characteristics.
Q3) what is phenotype? (2m)
Phenotype is the manifestation of genotype. These are observable
features by which individuals are recognized. Its 2 features are
• Physical characteristics such as weight, height, eye colour, etc.
• Psychological characteristics such as personality, intelligence,
creativity.
Q4) what are the factors which affect our development? (2m)
Genetic and environmental factors.
Q5) what are reflexes? (2m)
Reflexes are genetically carried survival mechanisms and are the
building blocks for the subsequent motor development.
• Reflexes are automatic built-in responses to the stimuli.
• Reflexes act as adaptive mechanisms.
Q6) name some reflexes which are present in new born child. (2m)
Rooting, Moro, Grasp, Babinski.
Q7) what is object permanence? (2m)
Object permanence is the awareness that the object continues to
exist when not perceived. Gradually by 8 months of age, the child
starts pursuing the object partially covered in his or her presence.
Q8) what is animism? (2m)
Children because of egocentrism, engage in animism.
• Thinking that all things are living by oneself.
• They attribute life-like qualities to in-animate objects.
Q9) define the term adolescents. (2m)
The term adolescent comes from the Latin word adolescere meaning
“to grow” or to grow to maturity. Adolescents is defined as the stage
of life that begins at the onset of puberty, when sexual maturity or
the ability to reproduce is attained.

HOMEWORK Q’S FOR 2M

Q10) Write the full form of UNDCP. (2m)
The full form of UNDCP is United Nations International Drug Control
Program.
Q11) Name some eating disorder. (2m)
2 famous eating disorders are Anorexia and Bulimia.
Q12) Define the term identity. (2m)
Identity is who you are and what your beliefs, commitments and
values. Your own opinions form your identity, which is different and
unique for every individual.
Q13) Name the components of adolescents’ egocentrism.
(According to David Elkin) (2m)
According to David Elkin, the 2 components or adolescents’
egocentrism are Personal fable and Imaginary audience. Personal
fable is the feeling one has that they are unique from everyone
around them. Whereas, Imaginary audience is the thought one has
that someone is always looking/judging them.
Q14) Name the problems faced by adolescents. (2m)
Few major problems faced by adolescents are:
- Delinquency – it refers to the behavioural changes the
adolescents go through. They start to engage in activities which
are criminal offences and are illegal. For eg: burglary, vandalism
and running away from home.
- Substance abuse – this refers to the bad habits one may engage
in, to relieve their stress. For eg: getting addicted to drugs,
smoking, drinking
- Eating disorders – eating disorders are most common among
females, especially from urban families. It refers to the way a
person eats. They may starve themselves for days in order to
become thin (Anorexia) or binge eat junk foods (Bulimia).
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2ND SEPT 2021; SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS CH 5

SENSORY, ATTENTIONAL AND PERCEPTUAL

PROCESSES

Q1) What is sensation? (2m)

Sensation is the input about the physical world provided by our
sensory receptors. It focuses on describing the relationship between
various forms of sensory stimulation (electro-magnetic, sound
waves, pressure) and then these inputs are registered by our sense
organs (the eyes, ears, tongue, and skin).
Q2) Define visual adaptation. (2m)
The process of getting adjusted to different intensities of light is
called visual adaptation.
Q3) How does a sound wave get produced in an environment? (2m)
(HW)

Q4) Define perception. (2m)

The process by which we recognize, interpret or give meaning to the
information provided by sense organs is called perception.
Q5) Explain the characteristics that distinguish figure from the
ground. (3m)
The characteristics that distinguish figure from ground are
- Figure has a definite form whereas background is formless.
- Figure is more organized compared to background.
- Figure has a clear contour (outline)
- Figure stands out from the background while the background
stays behind the figure.
Q6) Explain the concept of absolute limit. (3m) (HW)
An absolute limit or threshold is the smallest level of stimulus for it
to be detected. It is the minimum limit of a stimulus for it to be
recognized as a stimulus by any the human senses i.e., sound, touch,
taste, sight and smell. For eg, the minimum volume of anything (20
Hz in case of humans) is the absolute limit so that the sound can be
detected by our ears.
Q7) Explain the concept of differential limit. (3m) (HW)
Differential limit or difference threshold is the minimum difference
between a pair of stimuli that can be perceived.
Q8) Differentiate between sensation and perception. (4m)
The differences between sensation and perceptions are
SENSATION
- Sensation is quite a simpler mental process than perception.
- Sensation helps in getting an elementary impression or the
awareness of the pressure of the stimulus in one’s environment
without having any knowledge about its meaning and other
interpretation.
- Sensation is the first step and initial process for getting desired
knowledge about a stimulus. It is followed by perception.
- Sensation is possible without perception.
PERCEPTION
- Perception is a more complex mental process compared to
sensation.
- Sensation of an object or stimulus along with its proper
meaning and interpretation is termed as perception.
- Perception needs sensation for its occurrence.
- Perception is impossible without sensation.
Q9) what is perception? Explain the sub-process of meaning
making (perception). (4m) (HW)
Perception is a process by which the sensory input or information is
organized and integrated into a meaningful experience. It is a
cognitive process by which we recognize, interpret or give meaning
to the information (stimulus) detected by our sense organs. Ones
perceptual process is mainly influenced by their motivation,
cognitive styles, experiences, etc.