INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO)

1.HISTORY

2. LEAGUES OF NATION

❖ It was the first international organization.

❖ Founded on 10 january 1920 as a result of the Paris peace conference that ended the
first World War.
❖ Three major organs
1. Secretariat
2. Assembly
3. Council

3. GOALS OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS

❖ Primary goal is to maintain the “world peace”.

❖ To avert future conflicts as divesting the world war one.
❖ To help countries in different crises like economic, health, education etc

4. FAILURE OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS

❖ The league ultimately proved incapable of preventing threaten by the axis powers.
❖ Japan withdrew from the league as well as Germany, Spain, Italy, France and others.
❖ In the result of failure of leagues of nations world war two came into being.

5. WORLD WAR II

❖ The occurrence of wwii is the failure of “league of nations”.

❖ It was held on september 1, 1939 – september 2, 1945.
❖ Major actors were “allied powers” and “axis of power”.
❖ World War 2 ended with the unconditional surrender of the axis powers. on 8 may
1945, the allies accepted germany's surrender, about a week after adolf hitler had
committed suicide
❖ The outcomes were
1. End of german third reich.
2. United States and Russia become global superpowers..

6. CREATION OF UNO

❖ January 1 st, 1942, the name “united nation” coined.

 ➢ Coined by us president franklin d. roosevelt.
➢ During 2nd world war.
➢ 26 nation pledged their government to continue fighting against the axis powers

❖ During preparatory years of un, different charters, conferences were held.

➢ Declaration of st. James palace., june 12th 1941.

➢ The Atlantic charter, august 14th 1941.
➢ The declaration of un. january 1st 1942.
➢ Moscow and Tehran conference, 1943.
➢ Dumbarton oaks and yalta. 1944-1945.
➢ San Francisco conference, 1945

❖ United Nation main bodies;

❖ General Assembly;

➢ decisions are made with 2/3rd majority.

❖ Security Council;

➢ they are responsible for general security between or in countries

7. MEMBER STATES 1945

❖ United Nations was founded by 51 states in 1945

8. MEMBER STATES 2015

❖ 193 Members in 2015

WORKING BODY

9. MISSION

❖ Maintaining international peace and security

❖ Promoting development
❖ Protecting human rights
❖ Deliver humanitarian aid

10. OBJECTIVES
 ❖ Maintaining peace and security
❖ Developed friendly relationship
❖ Solving international problems
❖ Providing basics human rights

11. PRINCIPLE OF UNO

❖ The organization of UN is based on the principles of the equality of its members.

❖ Members shall settle international dispute by peaceful means.
❖ All members shall refrain from threat or use of force against any state.
❖ All members shall assist the UN in any action it takes against state that is an offender.
❖ UN is not empowered to intervene in the domestic affairs of any state.

ORGANS OF UNO

12. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

❖ The general assembly is the main deliberative organ of the United Nations and includes
all its members.
❖ It may discuss any matter arising under the un charter and make recommendations to un
members
❖ In the assembly, each nation, large or small, has one vote and important decisions are
taken by a two-thirds majority vote.
❖ The assembly meets every year from September to december.
❖ The work of the general assembly is also carried out by its six main committees, the
human rights council, other subsidiary bodies and the UN secretariat.

13. THE SECURITY COUNCIL

❖ The security council has primary responsibility under the charter for maintaining peace
and security
❖ If fighting breaks out, the council tries to secure a ceasefire. it may then send
peacekeeping missions to troubled areas.
❖ The council has 15 members, including five permanent members: China, France, the
Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of america.
❖ The other 10 are elected by the general assembly on the basis of geographical
representation for two-year terms.

14. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

❖ The economic and social council (ecosoc) is the central body for coordinating the
economic and social work of the United Nations and the UN family of organizations.
❖ It has 54 member nations elected from all regions. as much as 70 per cent of the work of
the UN system is devoted to promoting higher standards of living.
 ❖ to meet specific needs, the general assembly has set up a number of specialized
agencies

15. AGENCIES AND PROGRAMMES

❖ Food and agriculture organization of the united nations (FAO),

❖ The world health organization (WHO)
❖ The un educational, scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO)
❖ The un development programmed (UNDP)
❖ The un children’s fund (UNICEF)
❖ The office of the UN high commissioner for refugees (UNHCR).
❖ The work of these agencies and programmed is coordinated by ECOSOC

16. THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

❖ The trusteeship council was assigned under the un charter to supervise the
administration of trust territories
❖ The system was created at the end of the second world war to promote the
advancement of the inhabitants of those dependent territories and their progressive.

17. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

❖ The international court of justice (icj) is the UN's main judicial organ. presiding over the
icj, or “world court”, are 15 judges, each from a different nation, elected by the general
assembly and security council.
❖ The seat of the international court of justice is at the hague in the Netherlands

18. THE SECRETARIAT

❖ The secretariat is made up of an international staff working at un headquarters in new

york, as well as un offices in Geneva, Vienna, Nairobi and other locations.
❖ It consists of departments and offices with a total staff of around 16,000, drawn from
some 175 countries.
❖ The secretariat is headed by the secretary-general.
❖ The secretary-general may bring to the attention of the security council any matter
which, in his opinion

19. EIGHT SECRETARIES-GENERAL

❖ Trygve Lie (Norway), 1946-1952

❖ Dag Hammarskjold (Sweden), 1953-1961
❖ U Thant (Burma, now Myanmar), 1961-1971
❖ Kurt Waldheim (Austria), 1972-1981
❖ Javier Pérez De Cuellar (Perú), 1982-1991
 ❖ Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt), 1992-1996
❖ Kofi Annan (Ghana), 1997-2006
❖ Ban Ki-Moon (Republic of Korea), since 2007.

SUCCESS OF UNO ON WORLD

20. SUEZ CRISIS (1956) SUEZ CANAL

❖ Shipping canal through the 100 miles of desert between africa and asia. • 1956,
Egyptian leader “gamal abdel nasser” seized control of the Suez canal. importance
❖ Shortest ocean link between the mediterranean and the indian ocean.
❖ Eased commerce for trading nations
❖ Helped european colonial powers to gain and govern their colonies
❖ Short sea route to the oilfields of the persian gulf.

❖ Britain and France, together with Israel launched attacks on egypt.

❖ USSR threatened to shower the west with nuclear weapons.
❖ united nations emergency force (unef)

21. PROMOTING AND PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS

❖ political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights.

❖ promoted human rights of children, women, refugees, indigenous people
❖ un high commissioner for human rights(unhcr) established by the general assembly

22. HEALTH CARE

❖ The joint united nations programmed on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) it provide universal access
to hiv prevention and treatment services

23. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

❖ TREATY
➢ United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC),
international environmental treaty.

❖ OBJECTIVE
➢ “To stabilize greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous and anthropogenic interference with the climate
system.”

24. HUMAN ACTIVITIES ARE THE PRIMARY CAUSE FOR ‘CLIMATIC CHANGES

FAILURE OF UNO
25. TOP EIGHT FAILURES OF UNITED NATIONS

1. TERRORISM

❖ Beginning of modern terrorism in 1968.

❖ U.N failed to take actions and failed to make state secure from this act.

2. NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

❖ At the creation of the UN in 1945, the United States was the only nation in the world to
own and test nuclear weapons.
❖ The failure of the non-proliferation treaty leads UN to their inability.

3. CHILD ABUSE

❖ Numerous number of cases in 1990.

❖ Countries involve are
❖ Bosnia, Kosovo, Cambodia, Haiti, and mozambique.

4. VETO POWER

❖ The United Nations security council consists of fifteen nations.

❖ Most use of vetoes by China and Russia leads to international intervention.
❖ Syrian civil war began, an estimated 60,000 civilians have been killed.

5. SREBRENICA MASSACRE

❖ In 1995 Bosnian War massacre was the single worst act of mass murder on European
soil since World War II.
❖ by july 18th, 7,800 Bosniaks were dead, due largely to an ill-equipped and unprepared
UN force.

6. THE COLD WAR

❖ The cold war exemplifies the failure behind the United Nations charter.
❖ In 1948, the universal declaration of human rights (udhr) was established. presented by
group b

7. SOMALIA CONFLICT

❖ There was no national government in Somalia for nearly two decades.

❖ Intervention of U.N due to weak government.
❖ u.n was unorganized and unprepared.
 ❖ In 1991, an estimated 350,000 to 1,000,000 Somalis had died because of the conflict.

8. RWANDA GENOCIDE

❖ The Rwandan civil war in the early 1990s, tensions between two ethnic groups, the Hutu
and the Tutsis, were at a dangerous high.
❖ thousands had flocked to the school for UN protection, and roaming gangs of hutu
supporters killed nearly all of them. close to one million rwandans were killed in the
genocide

THE ROLE OF UNO

26. ESTABLISHMENT OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS

The 20th Century witnessed two world wars, which were highly destructive of life as well as
material. These two wars shook the conscience of the people of the world and highlighted the
need for peace and cooperation among the nations. The first attempt towards achieving this aim
of world peace was in the form of the League of Nations after the first world war. This was, of
course, a failure, as it could not avert the Second World War.

● The League‟s Headquarters from 1929 until its dissolution

● Members of League during 1920-1945
● The League of Nations’ assembly buildings in Geneva

The search for peace culminated in the formation of the UNITED NATIONS after World War II.
From April 25 to June 26,1945, delegates from 50 nations met at San Francisco to draft a
charter for the United Nations. Later, many other countries joined United Nations. The United
Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, when its charter had been ratified by
China, France, the USSR, the UK and US, and by a majority of other signatories. This day every
year is celebrated as the UN day the world over.

27. THE PURPOSES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1. To maintain International peace and security.

2. To develop friendly relations among Nations.
3. To cooperate in solving International economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems
and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
4. To protect the Earth and Environment.

28. PRINCIPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1. It is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
2. All members are to fulfill in faith their charter obligations.
3. They are to settle their international disputes by peace.
4. They are to refrain from the threat or use of force against other states.
5. They are to give the United Nations every assistance in every action it takes in accordance
with the charter.
6. Nothing in the charter is to authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are
essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.

29. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT UNITED NATIONS

❖ UN HEADQUARTERS
➢ The permanent headquarters of the UN since 1952, are New York. The first
meeting of the General Assembly was held here in October 1952.

❖ UN FLAG
➢ The white UN emblem is superimposed on light blue background. The emblem
consist of the global map projected from the North Pole and embraced in twin
olive branches (symbol of peace). The UN flag is not to be subordinated to any
other flag of the world.

❖ UN OFFICIAL LANGUAGES:
➢ There are six official working languages recognised by the United Nations. They
are Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic.

❖ UN FINANCES
➢ Contributions of member states constitute the main source of funds for the
regular budget. A state‟s share is primarily determined by its total national
income in relation to that of the member states.

❖ MEMBERSHIP
➢ Membership of the United Nations is open to all peace loving nations which
accept the obligations of its charter and in the judgement of the organization, are
able and willing to carry out these obligations. Members may be suspended or
expelled by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security
Council.

29. 6 MAIN ORGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1. The General Assembly

2. The Security Council
3. The Secretariat
4. The Trusteeship Council
 5. The Economic and Social Council
6. International Court of Justice

30. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

❖ The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ. The General Assembly is like a
World Parliament. It ordinarily meets once a year unless there is some emergency for a
special session. Decisions are taken by a two third majority. Composed of all United
Nations member states, the Assembly meets in regular yearly sessions under a
President elected from among the member states. The first session was convened on 10
January, 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives
from 51 Nations.

31. SECURITY COUNCIL

❖ The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries.
The Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member
Governments have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter. The decisions of the
Council are known as United Nations Security Council Resolutions. The Security Council
comprises five permanent membersUnited States, Britain, France, Russia and China-
and ten non-permanent members, who are elected for two years by General Assembly.
The permanent members have the power to veto any of the decisions of SC.

32. SECRETARIAT

❖ The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary- General, assisted by a staff
of International Civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities
needed by United Nations bodies for their meeting. It also carries out tasks as directed
by the UN Security Council, The UN General Assembly, The UN Economic and Social
Council and other UN bodies. The United Nations Charter provides that the staff be
chosen by application of the “highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity,”
with due regard for the importance of recruiting on a wide geographical basis. The
Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any authority
other than the UN. Each UN member country is enjoined to respect the international
character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff.

33. Trusteeship Council

❖ Trusteeship Council aims helping countries under foreign rule to attain independence.
There were eleven such countries that had come under this system after the second
world war. By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained independence. The last to do was
the Palau, which became the 185th Member state of the UN.
34. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
 ❖ assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social
cooperation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, all of which are elected by
the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term
and chosen among the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. ECOSOC
meets once a year in July for a four-week session. Since 1998, it has held another
meeting each April with finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank
and the International Monetary Fund. Viewed separate from the specialized bodies it
coordinates, ECOSOC„s functions include information gathering, advising member
nations, and making recommendations. In addition, ECOSOC is well-positioned to
provide policy coherence and coordinate the overlapping functions of the UN‟s
subsidiary and it is in these roles that it is most active.

35. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

(Headquarters- Netherlands)

❖ The International Court of Justice consists of 15 judges elected by the Security Council
and the General Assembly for a term of nine years. Each one of them has to be from a
different country.

❖ The court gives advisory opinion on legal matters to the organs and special agencies of
the UN when solicited. It also considers legal disputes brought before it by nations.

❖ PEACE PALACE, SEAT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE AT THE

HAGUE, NETHERLANDS

36. SPECIALISED AGENCIES OF UN

1. International Labour Organisation

2. Food And Agriculture Organisation
3. United Nations, Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organisation
4. World Health Organisation
5. World Bank
6. International Monetary Fund
7. International Civil Aviation Organisation
8. Universal Postal Union
9. International Telecommunication Union
10. International Maritime Organisation
11. World Meteorological Organisation
12. World Intellectual Property Organisation
13. International Fund For Agricultural Development
14. Un Industrial Development Organisation
15. International Atomic Energy Agency
16. World Trade Organisation
37. SPECIAL BODIES OF UNITED NATIONS

1. United Nations Chldren Fund (UNICEF)

2. Un Conference On Trade And Development (UNCTAD)
3. Un Development Programme (UNDP)
4. Un Institute For Training And Research (UNITAR)
5. Un Environment Programme (UNEP)
6. Un University (UNU)
7. World Food Council (WFC)
8. United Nations Volunteers (UNV)
9. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
10. United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime (UNODC)
11. Un Human Settlement Programme (UN- HABITAT)
12. United Nations Institute For Disarmament Research
13. United Nations Research Institute For Social Development (UNRISD)
14. United Nations Inter- Regional Crime And Justice Research Institute (UNICRI)

38. HUMANITARIAN ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1. Treaty on Cyber Crime - On November 23, 2001 representatives of 30 countries met in

Budapost and signed the first ever international treaty on criminal offences committed in
the internet.
2. UN Resolution 1973- Effort to nab terrorism - Following the Global demand to act
against terrorists and states that support or harbor them, the UN unanimously passed
the resolution.
3. Millennium Summit - At the summit, held at UN Headquarters from 6 to 8 September,
2000, World leaders established clear direction for the organization in the new century.
The millennium declaration targets for poverty, disease and environment issues.
4. Protecting Children in war - The General Assembly in 2000 adopted a draft to the
convention on the right of the child, under which state parties agree to raise the age limit
for both compulsory recruitment and participation in combat from 15 to 18.
5. UN Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon urges greater efforts to feed world’s hungry amid
ongoing recession.
6. UN refugee agency calls on Kenya to stop forced return of Somali asylum seekers.
7. UN rural Development arm to help poor farmers in Tajikistan.

39. 60 YEARS OF UN PEACEKEEPING

❖ Today, peace and security are not longer viewed only in terms of absence of military
conflicts but the common interests of human- kind. Over the years the General Assembly
has helped to promote peaceful relations among nations by adopting several resolutions
and declarations on peace, the peaceful settlement of disputes and international
cooperation in strengthening peace. UN played effective peace making role in
Afghanistan, Somalia, crisis in former Yugoslav Republics, Kosovo, Middle East (Arabs,
 Israel conflict), Angola, Congo, Rwanda, and in Gulf crisis. 29 May 2008 marks not only
the international day of peacekeepers, but also the sixtieth anniversary of UN
Peacekeeping Operation.

President of UN General Assembly

❖ The President of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted for by
representatives in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on a yearly basis. The
President presides over the sessions of the General Assembly.

❖ The presidency changes every year between the five geographic groups: African, Asian,
Eastern European, Latin American and Caribbean, and Western European and other
States

❖ Tijjani Muhammad-Bande of Nigeria was the former President of the United Nations
General Assembly for the 74th session, office which started in September 2019. • The
session of the assembly is scheduled for every year starting in September—any special,
or emergency special, assemblies over the next year will be headed by the president of
UNGA.

❖ Tijjani Muhammad-Bande of Nigeria was the former President of the United Nations
General Assembly for the 74th session

❖ The President is the chair and presiding officer of the General Assembly. On 17 June
2020, Volkan Bozkir of Turkey was elected the President of the 75th session of the UN
General Assembly (Sept. 16, 2020 to Sept. 15. 2021)

❖ The president of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted for by
representatives in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on a yearly basis. The
president is the chair and presiding officer of the General Assembly. Abdulla Shahid
(from Maldives) is the current president since 14 September 2021. On 7 June 2021, he
was elected as the 76th president of the United Nations General Assembly with an
overwhelming three-fourth majority, with 143 in favor, 48 against and no abstentions and
no invalid votes

List of UN Secretary General

❖ Gladwyn Jebb, from the United Kingdom, served as Acting Secretary-General from 24
October 1945 - 1 February 1946.
1. Trygve Lie, from Norway, 1946-1952
2. Dag Hammarskjöld, from Sweden, 1953-1961
 3. U Thant, from Burma (now Myanmar), 1961-1971
4. Kurt Waldheim, from Austria, 1972-1981
5. Javier Perez de Cuellar, from Peru, 1982-1991
6. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, from Egypt, 1992-1996
7. Kofi A. Annan, from Ghana, 1997-2006
8. Ban Ki-Moon, from Republic of Korea, 2007-2016
9. António Guterres, from Portugal, 2017-Present

❖ António Guterres is the current Secretary-General of the United Nations. He is the ninth
Secretary-General, his term began on 1 January 2017. He was given 5-year term.
Guterres assured that a peaceful year; he said, “Let us resolve to put peace first."

UN International Criminal Court ( UN ICC)

❖ In 2012, Miriam Defensor Santiago became the first Filipina and the first Asian from a
developing country to be elected a judge of the International Criminal Court

UN Representative of the Philippines

❖ The former Permanent Representative of the Philippines to the United Nations, Teodoro
Lopez Locsin, Jr. He is the current secretary of DFA.
❖ The new Permanent Representative of the Philippines to the United Nations, Enrique A.
Manalo, presented his credentials to UN Secretary-General António Guterres in a brief
in-person and physically-distanced ceremony at the UN headquarters in New York on 10
November 2020

(193 nations)

Country Joined UN1

Afghanistan 1946

Albania 1955

Algeria 1962

Andorra 1993

Angola 1976
 Antigua and Barbuda 1981

Argentina 1945

Armenia 1992

Australia 1945

Austria 1955

Azerbaijan 1992

Bahamas 1973

Bahrain 1971

Bangladesh 1974

Barbados 1966

Belarus 1945

Belgium 1945

Belize 1981

Benin 1960

Bhutan 1971

Bolivia 1945

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992

Botswana 1966

Brazil 1945

Brunei 1984

Bulgaria 1955

Burkina Faso 1960

Burma (Myanmar) 1948

Burundi 1962

Cambodia 1955

Cameroon 1960

Canada 1945

Cape Verde 1975

Central African Republic 1960

 Chad 1960

Chile 1945

China2 1945

Colombia 1945

Comoros 1975

Congo, Rep. of 1960

Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1960

Costa Rica 1945

Cte d'Ivoire 1960

Croatia 1992

Cuba 1945

Cyprus 1960

Czech Republic3 1993

Denmark 1945

Djibouti 1977

Dominica 1978

Dominican Republic 1945

East Timor4 2002

Ecuador 1945

Egypt 1945

El Salvador 1945

Equatorial Guinea 1968

Eritrea 1993

Estonia 1991

Ethiopia 1945

Fiji 1970

Finland 1955

France 1945

Gabon 1960
 Gambia 1965

Georgia 1992

Germany 1973

Ghana 1957

Greece 1945

Grenada 1974

Guatemala 1945

Guinea 1958

Guinea-Bissau 1974

Guyana 1966

Haiti 1945

Honduras 1945

Hungary 1955

Iceland 1946

India 1945

Indonesia 1950

Iran 1945

Iraq 1945

Ireland 1955

Israel 1949

Italy 1955

Jamaica 1962

Japan 1956

Jordan 1955

Kazakhstan 1992

Kenya 1963

Kiribati 1999

Korea, North 1991

Korea, South 1991

 Kuwait 1963

Kyrgyzstan 1992

Laos 1955

Latvia 1991

Lebanon 1945

Lesotho 1966

Liberia 1945

Libya 1955

Liechtenstein 1990

Lithuania 1991

Luxembourg 1945

Macedonia5 1993

Madagascar 1960

Malawi 1964

Malaysia 1957

Maldives 1965

Mali 1960

Malta 1964

Marshall Islands 1991

Mauritania 1961

Mauritius 1968

Mexico 1945

Micronesia 1991

Moldova 1992

Monaco 1993

Mongolia 1961

Montenegro4, 6 2006

Morocco 1956

Mozambique 1975
 Namibia 1990

Nauru 1999

Nepal 1955

Netherlands 1945

New Zealand 1945

Nicaragua 1945

Niger 1960

Nigeria 1960

Norway 1945

Oman 1971

Pakistan 1947

Palau 1994

Panama 1945

Papua New Guinea 1975

Paraguay 1945

Peru 1945

Philippines 1945

Poland 1945

Portugal 1955

Qatar 1971

Romania 1955

Russia 1945

Rwanda 1962

St. Kitts and Nevis 1983

St. Lucia 1979

St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1980

Samoa 1976

San Marino 1992

So Tom and Prncipe 1975

 Saudi Arabia 1945

Senegal 1960

Serbia6 2000

Seychelles 1976

Sierra Leone 1961

Singapore 1965

Slovakia3 1993

Slovenia 1992

Solomon Islands 1978

Somalia 1960

South Africa 1945

South Sudan 2011

Spain 1955

Sri Lanka 1955

Sudan 1956

Suriname 1975

Swaziland 1968

Sweden 1946

Switzerland4 2002

Syria 1945

Tajikistan 1992

Tanzania 1961

Thailand 1946

Togo 1960

Tonga 1999

Trinidad and Tobago 1962

Tunisia 1956

Turkey 1945

Turkmenistan 1992
 Tuvalu 2000

Uganda 1962

Ukraine 1945

United Arab Emirates 1971

United Kingdom 1945

United States 1945

Uruguay 1945

Uzbekistan 1992

Vanuatu 1981

Venezuela 1945

Vietnam 1977

Yemen 1947

Zambia 1964

Zimbabwe 1980

1. The UN officially came into existence on Oct. 24, 1945.

2. On Oct. 25, 1971, the UN voted membership to the People's Republic of China, which
replaced the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the world body.
3. Czechoslovakia was an original member of the United Nations from Oct. 24, 1945. As of
Dec. 31, 1992, it ceased to exist and the Czech Republic and Slovakia as successor
states were admitted Jan. 19, 1993.
4. Newest members.
5. The General Assembly on April 8, 1993, decided to admit the state provisionally being
referred to as “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” pending settlement of the
difference that has arisen over its name.
6. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a charter member; after its dissolution,
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was admitted Nov. 1, 2000. On Feb. 4, 2003, the
name of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was changed to Serbia and Montenegro; in
2006, Serbia and Montenegro became separate countries.

❖ The UN is made up of five organs. The General Assembly’s roles include handling the
budget and admitting new members. The Secretariat offers administrative support to the
other bodies. The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and
security. The International Court of Justice gives legal opinions and settles disputes. The
Economic and Security Council handles cooperation between states in economic and
social matters. At one time, there was a Trusteeship Council as a principal organ, but
this has been inactive since 1994.
❖ The UN also has specialized agencies that help the organization fulfill its duties. Some of
these agencies include the World Health Organization that performs vaccinations and
the World Ford Programme that helps prevent malnutrition and famine around the world.

❖ As mentioned, there are 193 member states in the UN. There are also observer states.
These nations are allowed to participate with some limits. The General Assembly
determines what level of participation observer states have. Currently, Palestine and
Vatican City are the only two observer states