TURRETS eee eS ILAHIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AFFLIATED TO KTU LABORATORY MANUAL EC 332 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT‘ Ue t ttc cece cee lec ‘COURSE YEAR OF CODE COURSE NAME L-T-P-C | INTRODUCTION ‘Communication Engineering Lab E 0-0-3- eae (Analog & Digital) el 2016 Prerequisite: EC204 Analog Integrated Circuit, EC208 Analog Communication Engineering. (Course objectives: «To provide experience on design, testing and analysis of few electronic circuits used in communication engineering. 1 PEN ARN 14. List of Experiments: Cycle I (Six experiments are mandatory) ‘AM generation using discrete components. ‘AM using multiplier IC ADS34 or AD633. AM detection using envelope detector. IF tuned amplifier. FM using 555 IC. FM generation and demodulation using PLL. Frequency multiplier using PLL Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis ci Analog signal sampling & Reconstruction Cycle II (Six mandatory) 10. ido Noise Binary sequence using Shift registers ML. 12. 13. Generation of Pseu Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Generation & Detection of DM/SIGMA DELTA/ ADM Generation & Detection of PAM/PWM/PPM Generation & Detection of BPSK/DPSK/DEPSK Generation & Detection of PCM systems. 15. 16. 16 QPSK Modulation and Demodulation [ixpected outcome: 1d the basic concepts of circuits used in communication ‘The students will be able to understanSee eeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeee a s a a a AEE, (COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB EC 332 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB (ANALOG &DIGITAL Teaching scheme Credits: 1 3 hours practical per week ‘The laboratory portion of this course, through the Communication Engineering lab (Analog &Digital), is designed to provide experience on design, testing and analysis of few electronic cireuits used in communication engineering. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS SLNo Title of Experiments | ‘AM generation using discrete components 1 2__| AM detection using envelope detector. 3 | IF tuned amplifier. 4 | FM generation and demodulation using PLL. 5 | Frequency multiplier using PLL 6 | Pre-emphasis & De emphasis Circuits 7 _ | Time Division Multiplexing and De multiplexing Generation & Detection of DM/SIGMA DEL . x 9 | Generation & Detection of PAM/PWM/PPM. 10 | Generation & Detection of BPSK/DPSK/DEPSK 11 | Generation & Detection of PCM 12 | 16 QPSK Modulation and Demodulation ECE Dept. iICET COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB INDEX SL Name of Experiment Page| Date of | Date of Sign/ No No | allotment! conduction) Grade T 1 | AM generation using discrete components 2 | AM detection using envelope detector. 3 | IF tuned amplifier. 4 | FM generation and demodulation using PLL. 5 | Frequency multiplier using PLL 6 | Pre-emphasis & De emphasis Circuits 7 | Time Division Multiplexing and De multiplexing 8 | Generation & Detection of DM/SIGMA DEL 9 | Generation & Detection of PAM/PWM/PPM 10 Generation & Detection of | “| BPSK/DPSK/DEPSK 11 | Generation & Detection of PCM | | Psucdo Norse Canclam 17 | 1 QPSK Modulation and |Demodutation “/<~1 « hya ___ ICET COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Expt. No: 1 Date: / __/ AM GENERATION USING DISCRETE COMPONENTS aU USING DISCRETE COMPONENTS To design and set up amplitude modulator circuit and calculate the value of ‘modulation index. ‘SLNo: Ttems ‘Specification Quantity T | Resistors 4809, 10KQ, 22K 0, 1200 1211 2 | Capacitors O1uF, 0.01F 12 3] Transistor BF 195 1 | 4 | Signal Generator 2 5__| Power supply T 6 | Bread board 1 7 [CRO 1 AMPLITUDE MOD! ION Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a cartier signal is varied in accordance with a modulating signal. The base band signal is referred to as the ‘modulating signal and the output of the modulation process is called as the modulation signal Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which is the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied about a means values linearly with the base band signal. The envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the basc band signal provided the following two requirements are satisfied, ECE Dept. aB om COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LA nts 1. The carrier frequency fe must be much greater than the highest frequency compone! {fm of the message signal m () ie. fe >> fm, fon index # th 2. The modulation index must be less than unity. If the modulation index is greater than unity, the carrier wave becomes over modulated, 1, Amplitude modulation and Demodulation. . Modulation Index. |. Representation of AM signal. 2 3. 4. Application of AM. 5. Bandwidth of AM. AMPLITUDE MODULATION SOHZ EQE Dept. #| see eee eee ESE EEE EEE LE EE EE EEE EES ier COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB DESIGN: Se AMPLITUDE MODULATOR Let Vee = 12V, le = 10mA, B= 100, fe = 10kHz, | Vee =50% of Vec = 6V Vac = 40% of Vee =4.8V Vat = 10% of Vee = 1.2V Vac = IeRe Re = Vacile = 4800 Re = Vee/Ie = 1200 Let the current through R, be Ig; = 10 Ip and Igy = 9 Ip Veo = Vor+Vre Vga 0.7412 Ro = Va /9 Ip =2.2kQ Ry = Var / 10 Ip = 10kQ Xce = V/2nfCe = RE/10 = 12 So Ce = 2.65*10" pF Take it as 0.1F Choose Cig = Coc = 0.01 nF INL 1. Verify whether the circuit is working as an amplifier. Check the DC conditions. Apply the input and measure the carrier wave amplitude at the output of the modulator, . Feed the modulating signal, Note down Vmax and Vmin of the AM signal |. Calculate the modulation index. . Now connect the demodulator circuit and observe its output. Plot the output waveforms of modulator and demodulator. ECE Dept. 3ICET COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Vv Amplitude of carrier signal = . SLNo. | Vm(Voltsy | Vmaxivolts) | Vin (Volts) | m Ym (mn 3100) 7 | 32 re Vecwe —Vaans Modulation index, m= ptt = Modulating signal AM signat ECE Dept.se COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB ON ccm {Based upon your general knowledge of AM and FM broadcasting by listening to the radio name the frequency occupied by AM and FM broadcast stations? 2. What will happen, if modulation index is greater than 100%? 3. Audio signals are not transmitted by clectromagnetic waves, Justify the statement. 4 An amplitude modulated amplifier has a radio frequency output of SOw at 100% modulation. The internal loss in the modulator is low. What output power is required from the modulator? 5. In what stage modulation is done in high - power A.M transmissions? © What isthe range of commercial AM broadcast bunds? 7 Which kind of modulation is used in picture signa in Television broadcast? ee ECE Dept. sEee OFFS SCC EEE EEE EEL} EL ESL 'S}N 4. COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB tcer Expt, No: 2 Date: __/__/ AM DETECT! SING ENVELOP DETECTOR OB. VE: To design and set up AM demodulator circuit and to observe the wave form. HARDWARE REQUIRED: SL. No: Items Specification Quantity | 1 | Resistors 4800, 10k, 2.2k, 1200 1211 2 | Capacitors O.1nF, 0.01 KF 12 3_| Transistor BF 195 1 4 _ | Signal Generator 2 5 __| Power supply 1 © _| Bread board 1 7 [CRO 1 AMPLITUDE DEMODULATION The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating Signal from modulating signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The detector circuit is employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the envelope of an ‘AM wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier frequency and phase, demodulation can be accomplished by extracting envelope. An increased time constant RC results in a marginal output follows the modulation envelope. A further increase in time constant the discharge curve become horizontal if the rate of modulation envelope during negative half S BCE Dept 6fcer COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB cycle of the modulation voltage is faster than the rate of voltage RC combination ,the output fails to follow the modulation resulting distorted output is called as diagonal clipping : this will ‘occur even high modulation index. The depth of modulation at the detector output greater than Uunity and circuit impedance is less than circuit load (Ri > Zm) results in clipping of negative Peaks of modulating signal. It is called —negative clipping. + Demodulation, - Representation of AM signal. |. What is an envelope detector? |. What is a diode detector? Pepe AMPLITUDE DEMODULATOR OA79 AM input [——* Demodulated output RSMQ_ Cm gry 9 ECE Dept.output is will than ICET COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB DE AMPLITUDE DEMODULATOR RC >> time period of carrier signal Take RC=20T T= I/fe= 1/10 KHz=0.1ms Let C= 0.1)F. Then R= (20 * 0.1ms) /(0.1F) = 22KQ 1. Now connect the demodulator circuit and observe its output. 2, Plot the output waveforms of modulator and demodulator. of carrier signal = [SLNo. a ‘V max(volts) V ain (Volts) ECE DeptCOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB 1. How demodulated signal differs from ori 2, The two important distortions that can appear in the demodulated output of an envelope detector are ECE Dept. 5eee eee LLL LLL a1 088 tie COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB reer Expt. No:3 fi IF TUNED AMPLIFIER OBJECT! To design and set up a single tuned amplifier for a frequency of 455 kHz. Sl.No: Ttems Specification ‘Quantity 1 | Transistor BF 495 1 2 Resistors 56KQ, 10KQ, 1.2kQ Teach 3 | Capacitors O.01nF, 1OuF 12 ; 4 Inductor 3mH 1 ¥ ‘Signal Generator 2 6 | Power supply 1 t Bread board 1 8 ‘CRO 1 THEORY — ‘The LC-tuned amplifier isa special kind of frequency-selective network and these tuned amplifiers find application in the radio-frequency (RF) and intermediate-frequency (IF) sections of communications receivers and in a variety of other systems. Normally, the tuned amplifiers small-signal voltage amplifiers in which the transistors operate in the “class A" mode that is, the transistors conduct at all times. The basic principle underlying the design of tuned amplifiers ” ECE Dept.ir COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB for at the input, of a BIT amplifier, since the is the use of a parallel LCR circuit as the load, jown as single-tuned amplifier. ircuit used inthis experiment isa single tuned cirovit itis kr The general shape ofthe frequency response of @ tuned amplifier is shown in Fig 1 and is response is characterized by the center frequency me the 3B bandwidth, and the skit selectivity, which is usually measured as the rato of the 30-dB bandwidth to the 3° 6B trandwidth. In many applications. the 3-dB bandwidth is less than $% of This narrow-band le certain approximations that can simplify the design process 1. Go through the datasheets of the components. 2. What is a tuned amplifier? 3. Define resonant frequency. 4 Why is the Q factor important inthe design of tuned amplifier? 5. What are the properties of parallel and series tuned circuits? 6. How de biasing conditions are chosen in the design of tuned ampli ECE Dept Let Vee = 120 Choose BF 495 ¥,, = 10% of V Pe=Var/Ie= Ine lcip=im Assume 10/3 Rea, 90 Riav,, (101s Frequeney. Nex = 10% of Choose Ce= ¢ mt NIC Choose L = 3 Choose Co INLAB: 1, Setup 2. Verify! ECE Dept wee esadbe CCE E KEES .ae a COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB cer or at the input, of a BIT amplifier, sinee the itis known as a single-tuned amplifier. mplifier is shown in Fig 1; and its ye 3-dB bandwidth, and the skirt 30-dB bandwidth to the 3- 4B jarrow-band is the use of a parallel LCR circuit as the load, circuit used in this experiment isa single tuned eireult, The general shape of the frequeney response of & tuned a characterized by the center frequency oy th response i f the selectivity, bandwidth. In many applications, the property makes possible certain approxi RE 1. Go through the datasheets of the components, which is usually measured as the ratio 3-dB bandwidth is less than mations that can simplify the design process- 5% of Wo. This ni What is a tuned amplifier? Define resonant frequency. Why is the Q factor important in the design of t What are the properties of parallel and series tuned circuits? cen in the design of tuned amplifiers? wuned amplifier? awe wp How de biasing conditions are chos 10k2 1.2kQ ic uF ay BCE Dept.COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB IceT DESIGN: Let Vee = 12V and Ic = 1mA Choose BF 495 Transistor; f = 50 Vp, = 10% of Vee = 1.2V, Vor = 90% of Voc = 10.8V Re= Vee (Ie =1.2/(1mA) = 12kQ Is = Ic/f = 1mA/50 = 0.02mA. Vy, = Var+ V;, = 0.6V + 12V = 18V Vg, = Veo ~ Vy, = 12V-- L.8V = 10.2 “Assume 10/p is flowing through Rr and 91s flowing through Re R= V,,/ 912 = 1.8/ (9x0.02mA) = 10.5k2. Choose R?= 10k 10Ig = 10.2 /(10x0.02mA) = 50.5kQ. Choose R1= 56k2 Frequency, f = 200 kHz Xce= 10% of Re= 1200 > Ce =1/ (2x x 120 x 200 k) = 0.0079pF Choose Ce = 0.01uF 1 = = 200KH: tlie I = . C= .2 i Choose L = 3mH. Then C= = oxy C= = O2L1nF, Choose Ce =10uF IN LAB: 1, Set up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Verify the DC bias conditions of the transistor. 1% ECE DeptCOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB . Vary the input frequency from 50 kHz to 350kHz and observe the output peak to peak 3 4, Amplitude 5. For each frequency step, calculate the gain of the amplifier in Db. 6. . Plot the frequency response and calculate the bandwidth and Q factor. Vin=0.1V Gain in dB= Frequency, Logt Vorp 2010g(V/Via) (kHz) 30 350 Gain «¢B) BW effi Qe few helo ‘ef ECE Dept. J PAPA AP Pe Ait ct Jt. mal Jlida UU La ataaeereeeyrcEr COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB cn 1. Bandwidth of the amplifier 2, Resonant frequency 3. Quality factor of the circuit = fo/ BW= ee ‘What are the applications of tuned amplifier? Compute the voltage gain of the given tuned amplifier? . Explain class C operation. |. What is an IF amplifier? ee nnn inf = Bene ECE Dept.seer COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Date: Expt. No: 4 FM GENERATION AND DEMODULATION USING PLL 1. To design and generate frequency modulated wave and determine the modulation index. 2, To demodulate the modulated wave using FM detector. ‘SL No: Ttems ‘Specification ‘Quantity 1 _ | Resistors 12K, 1k 41 2__ | Capacitors TOME, InP, 0.01nF 21,3 3_ [PLL 1C 565 2 4 _ | Signal Generator 2 3 _| Power supply 1 6 _| Bread board 1 7__ [CRO 1 Frequency modulation i a process of changing te frequency of a carrier wave in accordance advantage of this modulation is that it can with the slowly varying base band signal. The main provide better discrimination against noise. In Frequency modulation the instantaneous Frequency of the carrier signal is varied by the modulating voltage. Basically, FM is the continuous time angle modulation technique and also it is a non-linear modulation process, which having the constant envelope. The bandwidth required for the FM is more compare then the AM. In frequency ECE Dept. isENGINEERING LAB 1cer COMMUNICATION. con, frequency of the carrier signal is modified in accordance with the instantaneous al. The frequency modulated signal is given bys ‘amplitude of the modul: m(t)=V, cos(2af.t + msin(2zf,1)) feis the carrier frequency and ‘mis the modulation where Veis the amplitude of the carrier sign index. The change in carrier frequency when itis acted on by a modulat deviation. With FM, frequency deviation and modulation index are amplitude of the modulating signal and the modulation index is inversely proportional to |S frequency. PLL is widely used for FM generation. The modulating signal is applied as control voliags t2 the VCO and hence the output frequency ofthe VCO is varied in aecordanco with the input signa For demodulation, another 565 IC is used. The centre frequency of the VCO of the demodulator is ‘made same as that of the modulator. Ifthe PLL input is a FM signal and the VCO natural frequency js equal to the carrer frequency, then the correction voltage produced at the output of the phase ‘comparator will be proportional to the frequency deviation and is thus, the demodulated signal. PRETABOUESTIONS 1, Frequency modulation? ‘Advantages of FM over AM? Write the expressions for modulation index, frequency deviation & bandwidth of FM. | awn ‘What do you mean by carrier swing? 5, What should be the transmission band width of an FM signal with 75 KHz deviation and highest frequency of modulation 15 KHz? BCE Dept. ixee __ ier COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB (a) FM Modulator: Let V" = 12V and V = -12V 12 Let free running frequency, fo= WRC. = 2.5kHz Take C,=0.01pF = R,=12k2 (®) FM demodulator: Let V= q2V and V =-12V . 1.2 Let free running frequency, f= RO 2.5kHz Take C,=0.01pF = R,=12k2 Select C;= 0.01pF and C.= 10pF ECE Dept. Bseer COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB EXPERIMENT 5 (ad FM Modulator: wav yt 2 ina ce se | ns Sr2Ka | Iki = + ‘ 565 : (©) FM demodulator: demodulated output ECE Dept. tw. » ™ » ~ ~ ~ C) o) ) fe e e rr) @ @ a a 4 a 4er COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB IN LAB: EM modulator: 1. Set up the FM modulator circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Without giving the modulating signal, observe the carrier frequency 3, Feed SVpp, 1 KHz square wave as modulating input and observe the output 4. Vary the frequency of the modulating signal and measure f min and frequency deviation AF for cach step. 5, Evaluate the modulation index, m and bandwidth corresponding to each frequency. 6. Repeat step 4 by varying the amplitude of the modulating signal. EM demodulator: 1. Set up the FM demodulator circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Feed FM signal to the eircuit and observe the demodulated output. OBSERVATION: for ooshHle ‘SINo. | fin (kHz) | fran (REL2) at m= afl fn | BW=2(afef) rin ECE Dept. i}Rar COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB |. What will be the changes in the wave under FM when the amplitude or frequency of the modulating signal is increased? ‘The FM stations have less noise while receiving the signal. Justify your answer. 3. What happens when a stronger signal and a weaker signal both overlap at the same frequency in FM? 4. Name two applications of FM? 5, Which mathematical expression is used to decide the side band amplitudes in a FM signal? RESULT: ECE Dept. 2$leeeelddle?. SMRVULELLIDITI 22777. ECE Dept. Hey COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Expt. No: $ Date: _/__/. FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL IBJECTIVE: © To design and set up a frequency multiplier using 65 PLL IC to multiply the input frequency by a factor 5. SLNo: Trems Specification Quantity 1 | Resistors 36KQ, 2.7K, 20KQ(pot) 11 2 | Capacitors TOnE,0.01uF 12 3__| Counter 1C 7490 1 4 [PLL 1C 565 1 | _5__| Transistor BC 107 1 | 6 |CRO I 7__ | Power supply 1 Frequency synthesizing is one of the applications of phase locked loop. The output frequency of a PLL is divided by M and applied as input to the phase detector. In locked condition, the divided frequency will be equal to the input frequency. So the output frequency of the VCO will be a multiple of the input frequency. The divide by M circuit is realized as a counter that produces one output pulse for every M input pulses. 24COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB seer ouTPUT mo TOW PASS PHASE, W. -3| comparator [>] Futer [| vco DIVIDE BY 1. Draw the pin diagram of IC565 and 1C7490. 2. Draw the block diagram of frequency multiplier using IC565. 3. Differentiate between frequency multiplication and frequency translation. 4, What do you mean by harmonic tracking? ES(G NRT St Let the input frequency be 2kHz and the output frequency 10kH2. h 2 ARG Let C, = 0.01pF. Then R, = 15k. Use 20k Pot. Select C-= 10pF and C,= 0.01pF Choose BC107 transistor with hp = 100 Let Je= 2mA Vee Ver, _ 5-0.2 VeeW Netw = 2— SE = 2.4kQ = 2.7KQ. 5 Choose Re = 2.7k2. 2mA Te. 2MA _ a0 A, Assume overdrive factor of 5, In’ =51s Now =a 700 =53kQ. Choose Ra = 56kQSUSEII EVER CCee e 1ceT COMMUNICATION EI GINEERING LAB EXP! EI wv 1. Setup the circuit stage by stage and verify the working of IC565 and counter separately 2, Measure the free running frequency of VCO at pin 4 with input signal set to zero and compare it with the design value 3, Apply square input of 1Vpp at 2 kHz to pin 2, 4. Vary the VCO frequency by adjusting the potentiometer until the PLL is locked and measure the output frequency. ECE Dept.Se 2 seer COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB nen Input Outpet 1. Drawbacks of frequency synthesizing by harmonic locking. 2. How is frequency stability obtained in a PLL by the use of VCO? 3. Design a circuit to multiply the frequency by 10. : ECE Dept. oeLLLL222EL EPC ?e. ITT SRMVVVETT II II2 ror COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB / Date: Expt. No: 6 PRE EMPHASIS AND DEEMPHASIS 1. To observe the effects of pre-emphasis on given input signal. 2, To observe the effects of De-emphasis on given input signal SL No: Ttems Specification ‘Quantity 1 | Op-amp 1c 741 2 2_| Resistors 15KQ,2.2KA,8209,1000 2.2241 3 __ | Capacitors O.1pF 2 4 [CRO & ‘Power supply ing side of the frequency modulator. It is used to inerease -d, the The circuits are the transmitt 1 frequency component as the input signal frequency increase mney is lesser then the the gain of the highe of the collector voltage increase. If the signal freque! impendence ind hence decrease the voltage. impendence deerease which increase the collector current at ECE Dept.B ser COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LA ‘DE-EMPHASIS: ‘The circuits placed atthe receiving side. It acts as allow pass filter. The boosting sein for higher frequency signal in the transmitting side is done by the pre-emphasis circuit is filtered to the same value by the low pass filter. The cut off frequency is given by the formula Fe= 12x RC Where R= 2 fe L 1. What do you mean by pre emphasis and de emphasis? Why are they required in FM communication? 2, Briefly explain a simple pre emphasis circuit and a simple de emphasis circuit. Given fi 2 2.12kHz and f, 1, A Sane Tye isnot ess than the highest audio frequency for which pre-emphasis is desired (16 kHz). Let C = 0.1F, then R = 751.10. Choose R = 8200 Alsor = 106.169. Choose r = 1002 Gain = 1+ RAR: = Rir=7.5 Let Ri = 2.2kQ, then Ry= 16.5kQ. Choose Ry= 15kQ. ECE De me 281ceT 4 ECE Dept COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB R 15k. c 2 pape 3 ae Vour Vin R 151 Veut De-emphasis circuit the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Set up Feed a sinusoidal input of I KHz frequency. Slowly increase the frequency of the input signal up t0 20 KHz and observe the output. Tabulate the observations. plots on semi-log graph sheet. 24 Draw the frequency responseWw ENGINEERING LAB ICET * ECE Dept COMMUNICATIO! nsec: ‘Table1: Pre-emphasis Vi =20mV Frequency | Vo(mV) logf Gain in dB (KHz) (20 log VolVi) ‘Table2: De-emphasis Vi=5¥ Frequency | Vo(m¥) log Gain in dB (KHz) (20 log VolVi)ICET COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB 20 log (Vol Vi) 20 tog (Vol Vo 1. Which range of frequencies is more prone to noise interference? 2. How to reduce the noise during transmission in FM? 3. Which technique is used at the receiver side to reconstruct the original signal? 4. What should be the time constant for the de emphasis circuit? 5. Why pre-emphasis is done after modulation? ECE Dept.seer (COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Expt. No: 7 Date: TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate Time Division Multiplexing and demultiplexing using CD4016 Quad bilateral switch, HARDWARE REQUIRED: SI. No: Items Specification Quantity 1 | Op-amp IC 741 1 —2 | Resistors 10KQ 2 [3 Tie CD 4016 1 [4 [cro 1 5 | Function Generator 3 6 _| Power supply 1 7 | Op-amp ICAL 1 | THEORY With time division multiplexing, transmissions from multiple sources occur on the same channel, but not at the same time, The transmissions from different sources are interleaved in the time domain. The incoming signals are divided into equal fixed-length time slots and after multiplexing, these are transmitted over a shared medium and reassembled into their original form after de-multiplexing. ECE Dept 30In TDM, a set of switch 1e switches at the transmitter sa channel. CD4016 analog switches at the receiver. Thi samples are send to the receiver through the COMMUNICATION ENGIN es operate at the transmitter in synehron! ple the input signals and these multiplex the data and up to 4 signals ean be multiplexed. rawroien [LF PRE LAB QUESTIONS 1. What is multiplexing? What are the different multi wee DESL Select frequency Let fir = 100 Hz. Select fer = 1 kHz Inverter Gain of the inverter ie. -R¢R, = -1 or R= RP, Let PR; = 10k, then Ri 10kQ ECE Dept. What is the need for multiplexing? ‘Compare synchronous and asynchronous TDM. plexing techniques used in digital communication? In what situation multiplexing is used? \EERING LAB ism with another set of switch can be used to masse of clock > 5 times frequency of input signals. a1 Ne ee eed ISIS I3o% BEIISIIIFGIIITIIIIIIIAAAS. i.er (COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB 1. How is synchronization achieved in TDM? 2. What is the major drawback of digital communication? 3. Define bandwidth expansion factor. 4 |. What is difference between Frequency Division multiplexing and Wave Division Multiplexing? 5. Give the advantages of multiplexing, What isthe effect of amplitude and frequency of input signals on output? Ry R lon; 3| 48 Vas("L) oa Bip ikke = L 5 2k CD 4016 Vo 1 R i | 00H wy ECE Dept. anIcET COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB 1. Setup the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Feed the inputs and verify whether each switch is working independently. 3. Short the pins 2 and 4 and observe the TDM output. Clock Input 4 Input 2 TOM Output RESULT: 2 ECE Dept. 33Er COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Expt. No :8 Dates / GENERATION AND DETECTION OF D! OBJECTIVE: To design and generate a delta modulated and a demodulated wave. HARDWARE REQUIRED: [SL No: Ttems Specification Quantity — ol Ic LM 741 1 | 7474 1 | LM3II 1 [2 [Resistors 10K 1 1KQ. 1 4 _| Signal Generator 2 5 _| Power supply 1 6 _| Bread board 1 7 | CRO T THEORY DELTA MODULATOR Delta modulation (DM) is a differential PCM scheme in which the difference signal is encoded into a single bit. This single bit is transmitted per sample to indicate whether the signal is larger or smaller than the previous sample. Circuit for delta modulation is shown in figure. ‘This modulating signal m()) and its quantized approximation m_(V) are applied to the comparator. Comparator provides a high level output when m(1)> m_(t) and it provides low level output when m(t) Emwm Selecting Vee =15v and C=0.01 uf.we get R<228K.take R=100K. Threshold voltage Vt= VR2=1.35V ‘Therefore Vee R2/ (RI+R2)=1.35V ECE Dept. 36\ ‘ Icer COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Take R2“1K. Then RI=10K ‘ Let the clock frequency be 2 KHz, ' ! ‘ : |. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram: 4 2. Take the output at pin no:5 of IC 7474 | j =— ' MODEL GRAPH: ' i ‘ i" ‘ [ ‘ ‘ POSTLAB QUESTIONS a 5 4 |. What is the slope overload effect? 4 2, What is granular noise and how it overcomes? 4 3. Write the advantage of DM over PCM? 4 4. What is the effect of the Low Pass Filter cut off frequency on output of demodulator? 4 RESULT: ECE Dept. ee{ck COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Expt. No: 9 Date : GENERATION AND DETECTION OF PAM/PWM/PPM OBJECTIVE: 1. To set up Pulse Amplitude Modulator and Demodulator circuits and to observe the waveforms. To set up Pulse Width Modulator and Demodulator circuits and to observe the waveforms, To set up Pulse Position Modulator and Demodulator circuits and to observe the waveforms. HARDWAREREQUIRED: Sk Items Specification Quantity No: | r | 13k, 15K, 82K, 1K, 10K, | L121111 100K, 5.8K, Resistors 2.2K,3.9k, 3k, 10k, 680k iHF,IME, [OuF, 0.001 HF, | Capacitors | 60uF 3 | Function Generator IMHz 1 | Transistor 2 | 1 Diode 4 | Regulated Power Supply 38seer ‘COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB THEORY: Pulse amplitude modulation is a kind of digital modulation technique in which analog emily message signal is sampled at constant frequency - carrier frequency. The amplitude of u spaced pulses is varied in proportion to the corresponding sample values of a continuous message m (1). A pulse of specified duration is used to sample the message signal. When the Pulse is on, the message is sampled and when it is off no message is sampled. This is a basic step in the ion of analog message signals. A simple way to implement this is to allow the message to be fed as the input to a switch and the switch ON/OFF time is controlled by the Pulses at sampling frequency. The demodulation of PAM waveform can be implemented by using a low pass filter which passes message signal frequencies but blocks the carrier signal, A PAM waveform consists of a sequence of flat-topped pulses. 1) Double polarity PAM => This is the PAM wave which consists of both positive and negative pulses shown as 2) Single polarity PAM => This consists of PAM wave of only either negative (or) Positive Pulses. In this the fixed de level is added to the signal to ensure single polarity signal. It is represented as s(t) s(t) Bipolar PAM signal Fig: 2 Single polarity PAM ECE Dept. 2 ‘oe"0reer COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Pulse Time Modulation is also known as Pulse Width Modulation or Pulse Length Modulation. In PWM, the samples of the message signal are used to vary the duration of the individual pulses. Width may be varied by varying the time of occurrence of leading edge, the trailing edge or both edges of the pulse in accordance with modulating wave. It is also called Pulse Duration Modulation, In Pulse Position Modulation, both the pulse amplitude and pulse duration are held constant but the position of the pulse is varied in proportional to the sampled values of the message signal. Pulse time modulation is a class of signaling techniques that encodes the sample values of an analog signal on to the time axis of a digital signal and it is analogous to angle modulation techniques. The two main types of PTM are PWM and PPM. In PPM the analog sample value determines the position of a narrow pulse relative to the clocking time. In PPM rise time of pulse decides the channel bandwidth. It has low noise interference. PRE LAB QUESTIONS + Define Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM). © State sampling theorem. 3. What is Pulse Width Modulation? 4. What are the other names for PWM? 5. Why is PWM used rarely in any sort of communication or broadcasting? 6. Define Pulse Position Modulation. 7© Write the transmission bandwidth of PAM signal? 8. What are the functions of reconstruction filter? 9 What is the purpose of Equalizer in PAM demodulator? ECE Dept 40ddd dd dd ¢. ddd dd WCET Pulse Width Modulation Circuit nv ie RI "Tas Pw ofp sie sea met na fxn ‘ {| neprescat dang 89) 2g oh a“ Fre 3 OO fs Seas pene i a: owe Pulse Position Modulation Circuit +10 Ris askay —— vou a oF 3ko 6 2 Moculatng 2 oor Sina 1 ‘Amplitude: 9) oowe Frequency: tke ou ECE Dept. COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Demodulation Circuit RI R2 T 15k0 1.5kO tT we a 2 & Modulating Signal UF AF Signal 1 J Demodulation Circuit SS STIS Oe OCP ad ddddddddBas COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB 1, Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in the fig 3 . Set the modulating frequency to IKHz and sampling frequency to 12KHz 3. Observe the o/p on CRO i.e. PAM wave. Measure the levels of Vmax & Vmin. prreererr77IIIVIIIIISJI IIIS SII Feed the modulated wave to the low pass filter as in fig 4. The output observed on CRO will be the demodulated wave. a awe Note down the amplitude (p-p) and time period of the demodulated wave. Vary the amplitude and frequency of modulating signal. Observe and note down the changes in output. 8. Plot the wave forms on graph sheet. PULSE AMPLITUDE DEMODULATION: 1. Connect modulator circuit output to RC filter circuit (LPF). 2. Measure the amplitude and frequency of the demodulated signal from the CRO and verify with that of the modulating input. 3. Plot the demodulated waveform. 1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram shown in fig. 2. Apply a trigger signal (Pulse wave) of frequency 2 KHz with amplitude of Sv (p-p). 3. Observe the sample signal at the pin3. 4. Apply the ac signal at the pin 5 and vary the amplitude. 5, Note that as the control voltage is varied output pulse width is also varied. 6. Observe that the pulse width increases during positive slope condition & decreases under negative slope condition, Pulse width will be maximum atthe +ve peak and minimum at the -ve peak of sinusoidal waveform. Record the observations. | ECE Dept. 8mer ‘COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB 7. Feed PWM waveform to the circuit of Fig.2 and observe the resulting demodulated waveform, 1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram as shown in the fig | 2. Observe the sample output at pin 3 and observe the position of the pulses on CRO and adjust the amplitude by slightly increasing the power supply. Also observe the frequency of pulse output. Apply the modulating signal, sinusoidal signal of 2V (p-p) (ac signal) 2v (p-p) to the control pin 5 using function generator. 4. Now by varying the amplitude of the modulating signal, note down the position of the pulses. During the demodulation process, give the PPM signal as input to the demodulated circuit as shown in Fig.2. 6. Observe the op on CRO. 7. Plot the waveform, DESIGN: g PAM One technique to implement PAM is to use transistor in switching mode. The flow of current from collector to emitter in a bipolar junction transistor is controlled by the voltage at its base. Choose the transistor BC107. For more details on BC107 see A.3. Apply the sinusoidal message signal of frequency fn < 1 kHlz and amplitude Em < 10 Vpp at the collector. Apply @ carrier at the transistor base through a resistor 10k. The carrier pulse amplitude is set as Ee = 10 Vp and frequency fe = 10KHz. Demodulation Demodulation is done using a_ RC filter. Design the filter as per the equation for upper cut-off frequency of a low pass filter, ECE Dept 44IcET COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB pect Nant 1 La til EG Sekt Co IRE, The Ra — 104. Checge Ry ~ 10M standard reste wae CALCULATIONS: si Control voltage ‘Output puise (Ver) width (m sec) | > PPM bd “Modulating signal Time period(ms) Total Time s Amplitude(Vps) _ Pulse width ON | Pulse width ON (ms) | Pulse width OFF(ms) _ | (ms) period(ms) ~~ | > ~ j _| -_ ~ ECE De m 45ICET COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB MODEL GRAPH: Fee 1 Mack Jagan of nl xichama pat see PM ema ECE Dept. 46“cer COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB PPM mos IO. =r Time. impaty Taser uu UW uUuUUUU ‘Modulating | Signal 7 Pw owt = LTTE UT ft i me oon POST LAB QUESTIONS Where do you find the application of PAM? :” Where does PWM technology find its applicability? 3, What is the main advantage of PPM over PAM and PWM. 4, What are the demodulation methods for the flat-top sampled signal? A What are the disadvantages of PAM? 6. What are the disadvantages of PWM? 7. Compare PAM signal with other Pulse modulation. RESULT: ECE Dept. 47 : i C fb - ° ’ be » ' ' | }LIIJIIIIIIIIIII. | OCCUR IIIIIIIII 1cer COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Expt. No :10 Date : GENERATION AND DETECTION OF BPSK OBJECTIVE: To set up Binary PSK Modulator and Demodulator circuits and to observe the waveforms. HARDWARE REQUIRED: SNe: Trems | Specification Quanity] 1 __ | Resistors 47KQ 2 3 fic 7404 i Ic 4066 1 Ic m4 1 4 _| Signal Generator 2 5 __| Power supply i 6 _| Bread board 1 7__ [CRO 1 THEORY BPSK GENERATION BPSK is adigital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave).Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data, PSK uses a finite number of phases, each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular phase. ECE Dept. 4ser COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB The demodulator, which is designed specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the phase of the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus "scovering the original data, In this circuit the phase of the carrier wave is inverted according to the logic level of the input data ic ‘massage signal. Inverting amplifier using op-amp 741 IC is used to invert the phase of the input sine wave. E IMENT SETU Via é EG 7404 | 1 Clock _ TT BPSK ore DESIGN: Gain of inverting amplifier A=-RERi Let the gain be -1 so that ratio is RORI=1. Take Ri=RE=4.7K A IK resistor is used to tie TTL gate output to $V, for imerfacing CMOS IC, PREE LAB ( JUESTIONS 1. Define PSK? 2. Define QPSK and DPSK? ECE Dept. 494 ye | | | JIIIII. JUNI COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB iz S 5 E IB 1))] RESULT: CeOCLC CT ECE Dept. L_"eer COMMUNICATION | ENGINEERING LAB Expt. No: 14 Date: /_ f/f PULSE CODE MODULATIO! OBJECTIVE: To design and set up a pulse code modulator. HARDWARE REQUIRED: SL. No: Ttems "Specification [Quantity | tle 7493 1 [2 [OPamps 741,311 31 [3 | Resisters TKATH22K 47K 10K 22K33K | 2,1,2,1,7,4,1 4 | Capacitor 3__| Potentiometer © _ | Transistor BC 107 H Z ‘Signal Generator 1 8 | DC source 1 9 | Bread board 1 10 [CRO 7 THEORY PCM MODULATION In the PCM circuit the input analog signal is sampled and quantized first and each quantized level is represented by a code number. It has excellent advantages compared to PAM and PWM. ‘The sampling of the input analog wave is done by a PAM circuit. DAC output and sampled output are compared by 311 IC. As long as the sampled output is high, comparator output remains high and the counting progresses. ‘The meaning of source coding is the conversion from analog signal to digital signal, PCM modulation is commonly used in audio and telephone transmission. The main advantage is ECE Dept. slIEE COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB the PCM modulation only needs 8 kHz. sampling frequency to maintain the original quality of audio. Figure (1) is the block diagram of PCM modulation. t of all is the low pass filter, which is used to remove the noise in the audio signal, After that the auclio signal will be sampled to obtain a series of sampling values. Next, the signal will pass through a quantizer to quantize the sampling values, Then the si al will pass through an encoder to encode the quantization values and then convert to digital signal Source of cominucus- |_| Lowpass te reomage Ter meter ‘signal PCM DEMODULATION Hastie Pulse Code Demodulation will be doing the same modulation process in reverse. Demodulation starts with decoding process, during transmission the PCM signal will effected by the noise interference. So, before the PCM signal sends into the PCM demodulator, we have to recover the si al into the original level for that we are using a comparator. The PCM signal is a series pulse wave signal, but for demodulation we need wave to be parallel. By using a se to parallel converter the series pulse wave signal will be converted into 4 parallel digital signal. After that the signal will pass through n- its decoder, it should be a Digital to Analog converter. Decoder recovers the original quantization values of the digital signal. This quan value also includes a lot of high frequency harmonics with original audio signals. For avoiding unnecessary signals we utilize @ low-pass filter atthe final part feat cramet—>} Feooneraton |) ogy Destination outa Reconstruction titer ECE Dept, 52.ICET COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB PRE LAB QUESTIONS L._ State sampling theorem. What is aliasing? Give the expression for aliasing error and the bound for aliasing error. What is quantization? What are the various steps involved in A/D conversion ‘What will happen when sampling rate is greater than Nyquist rate ? ‘What will happen when sampling rate is less than Nyquist rate ? Find the A/D Converter output for input DC voltage of 3.6V. wen anee Mention some applications of PCM. 10. What is the function of Sample and Hold circuit? EXPERIMENT SETUP: Cireuit diagram, wage 224 ReWk WRI Read ECE Dept. 53scr COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB Gain =1 Take Ry and R; =4.7k. R; is divided into two 2.2k resistors. Design of DAC circui ‘Take R=4.7k, 2R=10k and 3R=15k. Base resister R= (5-0.7)/100HA=A3k. Select 3k. os = IONE ma Minter PCM output ECE Dept. 54— COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB ICET Date: __ 16-PSK. DULATION AND DEMODULATIO OBJECTIVE: Write a program to set up a 16-PSK modulator and demodulator SOFTWARE WARE REQUIRED: 1. MATLAB 2007 THEORY ~ (Soe ¢ QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is a type of digital modulation scheme- QPSK is also known as Quaternary PSK. It is @ type of M-ary PSK with the number of message signals « transmitted M=4. If M=16 then this type of PSK is known as 16-PSK. The number of symbols C M=2" where N is the number of bits per symbol. QPSK \ | ‘ | MATLAB PROGRAM: MATLAB PROGRAM cle: clear ally define number of symbols Ms 165 aGenerate random data symbols data = randi({0 M-1],1000/1)7 iModulate the data symbols txSig - pskmod (data,M,pi/M) 7 tpase the signal through white noise and plo ruSig = awgn(txSig, 20); scatterplot (txSig) scatterplot (rxSig) © demodulate the signal dataout - pskdemod(rxSig,M, pi/M) ; disp(*Input data symbols"); disp (data) 7 disp (*Demodulated data symbols"); disp (dataout) its constellation. ECE Dept. 551cer COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM: Seater one § i ° a4 26 : PRE LAB QUESTIONS - What are the different digital modulation techniques? . What you mean by PSK . Define M-ary modulation techniques |. Compare PSK, QPSK . Compare QPSK and RESULT: ECE Dept. 56