QR Spar | IRC:78-2000 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION : VIL FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURE (Second Revision) Published by ‘THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS Jamnagar House, Shahjahan Road, ‘New Delhi-110011 2000 Price Rs, 200/- (plus packing and postage)October, 1994 September, 1998 September, 2000 December, 2000 ‘April, 2002 August, 2004 (Incorporates the Amendments) August, 2005 ‘August, 2007 (Incorporates the Amendments dated 30.11.2006) (Rights of Publication and Translation are reserved) Printed at Options Printofast, 46, Patparganj Indl. Area, Dethi-110 092 (1000 copies) CONTENTS SECTION VII Foundations and Substructure Clause No. 700 701 702 703 Personnel of Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee Background Scope ‘Terminology 701.12, Well Foundation Notations Discharge and Depth of Scour for Foundation Design ‘Design Discharge of Foundation Mean Depth of Scour 703.3. Maximum Depth of Scour for Design of Foundation Sub-surface Exploration 704.1. Objectives Page @o iv) 1 OY BAYAN ER YEE UE705 706 707 708 7042. Zone of Influence 704.3. Methods of Exploration Depth of Foundation 705.1. General 705.2. Open Foundations 705.3, Well Foun 705.4. s yundations Loads, Forces, Stability and Stresses 706.1. Loads, Forces and their Combinations 706.2. Horizontal Forces at Bearing Level 706.3. Base Pressure (Open Foundations 707.1. General 7072. Design 7073. Open Foundations at Sloped Bed Profile 707.4. Construction Well Foundations 708.1. General 7082. Well Steining 7083. Design Considerations 7084. Stability of Well Foundations 708.5, Tilts and Shifts 708.6. Cutting Bdge 708.7. Well Curb 708.8. Bottom Plug 708.9. Filling the Well 708.10. Plug over Filling 708.11. Well Cap 708.12. Floating Caissons IRC: 78-2000 14 4 IRC : 78-2000 709 70 Guidetines for Calculating Consisting of Clay Guidelines for Sub-surface Exploration Procedure for Stability Calculation Precautions to be taken during Sinking of Wells Capacity of Pile Based on Pile Soil Interaction Filling Behind Abutments, Wing and Retum Walls Pile Foundation 709.1. General 709.2. Requirement and Steps for Design and Installation 709.3. Capacity of Pile 709.4, Structural Design of Piles 709.5. Design of Pile Cap 709.6, Important Consideration, Inspection! Precautions for Different Types of Piles Substructure Abutiment Pier Dirt Walls, Wing Walls and Return Walls Retaining Walls Pier and Abutment Caps Cantilever Cap of Abutment and Pier Pedestals below Bearing ‘actor for Bed Material AraAuAuUnUununw uw eneen Cun anIRC: 78-2000 PERSONNEL OF THE BRIDGES SPECIFICATIONS. AND STANDARDS COMMITTEE (As on 19.8.2000) 1. Prafulta Kumar* DG(RD) & Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Road © (Convenor) ‘Transport & Highways, Transport Bhawan, New 001 2. NKSinha Member’ (Tecl (Co-Convenor) Authority of In Bagh, New Delhi ), National Highways Eastern Avenue, Maharani 3. The Chief Engincer(B) (V. Velayutham), Ministry of Road Transport & SAR (Member Highways, Transport Bhawan, New Dethi-110001 Secretary) (MEMBERS 4. KN. Agarwal 5 CR. Alimchandani DS. Batra SS. Chakraborty ‘Managing Director, Consulting Engg, Services (1) Ltd, 57, Neha Place, New Delhi-110019 CY. Kand (Consultant, £-2/136, Mahavir Nagar, Bhopal-462016 & DK. Kanhere Chief Engineer, Block No. A-8, Building No. 12, Hejl Ali Offices’ Qu, Mahala, Mumbai-4000134 ‘TO. Krishan Kant IL. Ninan Koshi DG(RD) & Adal. Secy., MOST (Reta), 56, Nalanda Apartments, Vikaspuri, New Delhi-l 10018 Director, Unitech India Ltd,, Gurgaon -TADG(B) being notin poston, the messing was presided by Shai Prafulla Kumar, DO | IRD) & Addl. Secretary to the Govt. of India, MORTAHL. @IRC: 78-2000 13, 4 Vijay Kumar NV. Merani MK. Makherjee AD. Narain MY.B. Rao Dr. TN, Subba Reo D. Sreerama Murthy A. Ramakrishna S.A. Redd ‘Ramani Sarmal N.C. Saxena G. Sharan |. SR. Tambe Dr. MG. Tamhankar Managing Director, UP State Bridge Corporation | Ltd, Set Bhavan, 16, Madan Mohan Malviya Marg, Lucknow-226001 DG (RD) & Addl. Secy., MOST (Retd,), B-186, Sector 26, NOIDA-201301 Chairman, Construma Consultancy (P) Ltd, 2nd Floor, Pinky Plaza, Mumbai-400052 Chief Engineer (Retd), HNO Enclave, Flat No. 203, Srinagar Colony, Hyderabad President (Operations) & Dy. Managing Director, Larsen & Toubro Ltd., ECC Constn, Group, Moun Ponnarrallee Road, Mannapakkam, P.O. Box No. 979, Chenmai-600089 Dy. Managing Director, Gammon India Ltd., Gammon House, Prabhadevi, Mumbai-400025 ‘Secretary to the Govt, of Meghalaya, Public Works Department, Lower Lachumiere, Shillong-793001 [Executive Director, Intercontinental Consultants & Technocrats Put , Green Park, New Delhi-1 10016 Chief Enginesr, Ministry of Road Transport & F Highways, Transport Bhavan, New Delhi-I 10001 ‘Secretary, Maharashtra PWD (Retd.), 72, Pranit J. | Palkar Marg, Opp. Podar Hospital, Worli, ‘Mumbai-400025 Emeritus Scientist, Structural Engg. Res. Centre, 399, Pocket E, Mayur Vihar, Phase Dethi-110091 Managing Director, 17, Link Road, Jangpura Extn., New Delhi DG (Works), CPWD 4.3918, DDA Fi ‘Munirka, New Delhi-1 10062 an Consultants (P) Lid, Fe co) The Chief Engineer 1. The Principal Secy. to 5. The Engincer-in-Chiet President DGRD) IRC: 78-2000 MP. Public Works Department, (NH) 7 Ist Floor, Satpura Bhavan, Bhopal-462004 (HP. Jamdar), R&B Department, Block No. 14, the Govt. of Gujarat Floor, New Sachivalaya, Gandhinagar-382 The Chie Engineer we) ‘The Chief Engineer Tw . The Chief Engineer Punjab P.W.D,, B&R Branch, Patiala-147001 (NH) ‘The Chief Engineer (R) (C.C. Bhattacharya), Ministry of Road Transport & S&R T&T Highways, Transport Bhavan, New Delhi-1 10001 Bangalore-60001 ighways Research Station, P-B. No. 6, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai-600025 General Border i, Delhi Cant, ‘The Director ‘The Dy. Director General (Bridges), ‘The Director & Head (Civil Engg) (AK. Hari), Executive Director, Research, Design & Standards Organisation, Lucknow-226011 (Krishan Kumar), CPWD, Nirman Bhavan, New Del Ex-Officio Members (MLV. Patil) Sectetary (Roads), Maharashtra P.W.D. Maniralaya, Mumbai-400032 (®rafulla Kumar), D.G. (RD) & Adal. Seey., Ministry ‘of Road Transport & Highways, Transport Bhawan, Indian Roads Congress Secretary, Jndian Roads Congress (G. Sharan), Chief Engineer, Ministry of Road ‘Transport & Highways, Transport Bhawan, New ethi-110001,IRC: 78-2000 IRC:78-2000 Corresponding Members FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURE 44, M.K. Agarwal in-Chief (Retd.), H.No. 40, Sector 16, ce BACKGROUND 45, De VK. Raina BL, Sector-14, Noida-201301 3 The “Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for 46, Shitala Sharan ea Road Bridges” Section : VIl-Foundations and Substructure was e, New Dethi-110019 fir 1980 as Part I - General Features of 47. SP. Khedkar Hindustan Consin, Co. Ltd., Hincon House, - n was published in December, 1983 Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg, Vikhroli (W), incorporating Part II and Amendments 1, 2 and 3 to Part I as Marbai-f00083 a Unified Code. The Second Revision of this code was ‘8. Te Tesi Der (Gun Visa, Sine Conte Pe (Fr ‘undertaken by the Foundation and Substructure Committee (B- ee eee 4) and the initial draft was finalised by the Committee under the Convenorship of Shri R.H. Sarma. Subsequently, the draft was reconsidered and discussed in various meetings by the stituted Foundation, Substructure and Protective Works ittee (B-4) (personnel given below) and the draft was during its meeting held on Ist February, 1999 : S.A. Reddi Convenor CE. (NH), Bhubaneswar (S.K.B. Narayan) “. Co-Convenor S.G. Joglckar Member-Secretary Members Prof. KG. Ranga Raju DK. Kenhere Dr. SR. Kulkarni Vijay Kumar Prof. Gopal Ranjan ‘A. Mukherjee ‘A. Sampathkumar Dr. GP. Saha Rep. of MOST (A.K. Banerjee) Shitala Sharan Rep. of RDSO (K.C. Verma) G. Sharan Rep. of Central Water & Power IN. Venkataraman Res, Station (Dr. B.V. Nayak) Ex-officio Members ‘The President, IRC DG(RD) & Adal. Secy., MOST (KB. Rajoria) (Prafulla Kumar) Secretary, IRC (S.C. Sharma) Ww)IRC:78-2000 Corresponding Members ‘Mahesh Tandon VR Jayadas ‘The draft as finalised by (B-4) Committee was discussed by the Bridges Specifications & Standards (BSS) Committee in its meeting held on 7.12.1999 and it was decided to modify the draft by the Convenor of (B-4) Committee in light of comments offered during the meeting. The modified draft was again discussed by BSS Committee in its meeting held on 19.8.2000 ‘and was approved subject to certain modifications and authorised its Convenor to approve the document after incorporating the modifications. The final draft as approved by Convenor, BSS Committee was subsequently approved by the Executive Committee in its meeting held on 30.8.2000. It was later approved by the Council in its 160th meeting held at Calcutta on 4.11.2000 for publishing the revised IRC Bridge Code Section VII: IRC:78. 700. SCOPE This code deals with the design and construction of foundations and substructure for road bridges. The provisions of this code are meant to serve as a guide to both the design and construction engineers, but mere compliance with the provisions stipulated herein will not relieve them in any way of their responsibility for the stability and soundness of the structure designed and erected. 701. TERMINOLOGY The following definitions shall be applicable for the purpose of this code. 701.1. Abutment The end supports of the deck (superstructure) of a bridge, ‘which also retains earth, fill of approaches behind fully or partly. 2 IRC78-2000 701.1.1. Box type abutment and return wall : When ‘retum walls on two sides are integrated with abutment and ‘back wall parallel to abutment is provided at the end of ~ Feturns with or without additional internal wall along or across “esigth, this structure is called box type abutment and return wall, or end block. -701.1.2. Non-load bearing abutment : Abutment, hich supports the end span of less than 5 m. 701.1.3. Non-spill through abutment : An abutment structure where the soil is not allowed to spill through. 701. Spill through abutment : An abutment where ‘soil iS allowed to spill through gaps along the length of such as, column structure where columns are placed x deck beams and gap in between is free to spill earth, g of earth should not be permitted above a level of below the bottom of bearings), 7012. Afflux "The rise in the flood level of the river immediately on the of a bridge as a result of obstruction to natural flow pthe construction of the bridge and its approaches, Balancer ige/culvert like structure provided on embankment flow of water from one side of the embankment to for purpose of avoiding heading up of water on one avoiding blocking the entry to the other side, Bearing Capacity supporting power of a soil/rock expressed as bearing referred to as its bearing capacity. 3IRC-78-2000 701.4.1. Allowable bearing pressure : It is the maximum gross pressure intensity at which neither the soil fails, in shear, (after accounting for appropriate factor of safety) nor there is excessive settlement beyond permissible limits, which is expected to be detrimental to the structure 701.42. Net safe bearing capacity : It is the net ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety as per Clause 706.3.1.1.1. 701.4.3. Net ultimate bearing capacity : It is the ‘minimum net pressure intensity causing shear failure of the soil. 701.44. Safe bearing capacity : The maximum pressure, which the soil can carry safely without risk of shear failure and it is equal to the net safe bearing capacity plus original overburden pressure. 701.4.5. Ultimate gross bearing capacity : It is the minimum gross pressure intensity at the base of the foundation at which the soil fails in shear. 701.5. Bearing Stress 701.5.1. Gross pressure intensity : It is the total pressure at the base of the foundation on soil due to the possible combinations of load and the weight of the earth fill. 701.5.2. Net pressure intensity : It is the difference in intensities of the gross pressure and the original overburden pressure. 701.6. Cofferdam ‘A structure temporary built for the purpose of excluding water or soil sufficiently to permit construction or proceed without excessive pumping and to support the surrounding Span arch bridges. Abutment 1RC:78-2000 701.7. Foundation ‘The part of a bridge in direct contact with and transmitting to the founding strata. 7018. Pier Intermediate supports of the deck (superstructure) of a _ bridge. : 701.8.1. Abutment pier : Generally used in multiple ier is designed for a condition that even if one side arch span collapses it would be safe. These are provided after three or five spans. Piles Bearing/friction piles : A pile driven or cast- for transmitting the weight of a structure to the founding by the resistance developed at the pile base and by along its surface. If it supports the load mainly by the ee developed at its base, it is referred to as an end- 701.92. Bored castin-pace pile: A pile formed with @ without a casing by boring a hole in the ground and ‘Sebsequently filling it with plain or reinforced concrete. Driven cast-in-place pile : A pile formed in the ground by driving a permanent or temporary casing, and Gling it with plain or reinforced concrete, 9.4. Driven pile : A pile driven into the ground by of a hammer by a vibrator. 01.9.5. Precast pile : A reinforced or prestressed ete pile cast before driving, or installing in bore andIRC:78-2000 701.9.6. Raker or batter pile : A pile installed at an inclination to the vertical 7019.7. Sheet pile : One or a row of piles driven or formed in the ground adjacent to one another in a continuous wall, each generally provided with a connecting joint or interlock, designed to resist mainly lateral forces and to reduce seepage; it may be vertical or at an inclination. 701.9.8. Tension uplift is called tension pil 701.99. Test pile : A pile to which a load is applied to determine and/or confirm the load characteristics (ultimate Joad/working load) of the pile and the surrounding ground. : A pile subjected to tension/ 701.9.10. Working pile : One of the piles forming the foundation of the structure. 701.10. Retaining Wall ‘A wall designed to resist the pressure of earth behind. 701.10.1. Return wall ; A wall adjacent to abutment generally parallel to road or flared up to increase width and raised upto the top of road. 701.10.2. ‘Toe wall : A wall of earthen embankment to prevent s! pitching on embankment. 8 It at the end of the slope ping of earth and/or 701.10.3. Wing wall : A wall adjacent to abutment with its top upto road top level near abutment and sloping down upto ground level or a little above at the other end. This is generally at 45° to the alignment of road or parallel to the river and follows profile of earthen banks. 6 IRC-78-2000 ——-FOL-11. Substructure « The bridge structure, such as, pier and abutment above foundation and supporting the superstructure. It shall include __Feturns and wing walls but exclude bearings. 701.12. Weil Foundation A type of foundation where a part of the structure is ollow, which is generally built in parts and sunk through | ground or water to the prescribed depth by removing earth ‘through dredge hole. a 701.12.1. Tilt of a well : The inclination of the axis of the well from the vertical expressed as the tangent of the angle stween the axis of the well and the vertical. _ 701.12.2. Shift of a well : The horizontal displacement centre of the well at its base in its final position from its Position. 702. NOTATIONS Dispersed concentric area Loaded area ‘Width between outer faces of pile group in plan para direction of movement The allowable bearing pressure with near uniform distribution -on the founding strata Cohesion The permissible direct compressive stress in concrete at the beating area of the base Diameter of pile Discharge in cubie metre/see. (cumees) per metre width External diameter of circular well in metre to theIRC:78-2000 feighted mean diameter in mm of bed material de See of smu in mate belo Rood Il $E—Longitudinal free due to braking F,Centfugal force Deformation effects Horizontal force Barth pressure Seismic force Brection effects Frictional force at bearings Impact due-to floating bodies dary effec Temperate ffs [See Note (O] Water current ; Wave pressure [See Note (ii)] Dead load Buoyancy Snow load ‘Minimum thickness of steining in mete Co-efficient of active earth pressure Co-efficient of passive earth pressure Silt factor direction of movement force Depth of w Standard pene active pressure re below top of well cap test value = mR eT AOD OG PTS tof friction eral friction e passive pressure Live load R, Dead load reaction Live load reaction V7 Shear rating of elastomeric bearing we Wind I @ Horizontal seismic co-efficient £ # é 8 703.1. Length between outer faces of pile group in plan parallel tt Movement of deck over bearings, other than due ii) The minimum v Change the ratio of long sie to the short side of the foot IRC:78-2000 Settlement of pile group oe i = Temperature effects (F,) in this context is not the frictional force due tothe movement of bearing but that whichis caused by rib shortening, ete. GD The wave forces shall ¢ determined by suitable analysis considering drawing and inertia forces, et., on single structural ‘members based on rational methods or model studi of group of piles, piers, ete., proximity effects sh considered, 703. DISCHARGE AND DEPTH OF SCOUR FOR FOUNDATION DESIGN Design Discharge of Foundation To provide for an adequate margin of safety, foundation shall be designed for a larger discharge © design discharge determined as per IRC:5 as given Increase over design discharge in per cent 3000 - 10000 10000 - 40000 Above 40000 (@. For intermediate values of catchment area, linear interpolation may be adopted, ance above the HFL already determined as per IRC:5 need not be increased due to larger discharge calculated above.IRC:78-2000 IRC:78-2000 703.2. Mean Depth of Scour the mean scour depth may be calculated following, nes given in Appendix-1. ‘The mean scour depth below highest flood level (HFL) es for natural channels flowing over scourable bed can be calculated 5.2.3. theoretically from the following equation : If there is any predominant concentration of in any part of waterway due to bend of the stream in fe upstream or downstream or for any other reason, acid 2) ‘then mean scour depth may be calculated dividing the = Ky way into compartments as per the concentration of flow. where, = The design discharge for foundation per metre width of | 703.2.4. _In case of bridge mainly adopted as balancer, "effective waterway. ‘the mean scour depth ‘d,,’ may be taken as (Highest Flood K,= Silt factor for a representative sample of bed material Level-Lowest Bed Level) divided by 1.27. Obtained upto the level of antic Scour depth may be determined by actual 03.2.1. The value of D, may be determined by dividing vations wherever possible. This is particularly required the design discharge for foundation by lower of theoretical and: and bouldry strata. Soundings, wherever possible, actual effective linear waterway as given in IRC:5. Stall be taken in the vicinity of the site of the proposed bridge any structures nearby. Such soundings are best during itely after a flood before the scour holes have had 703.2.2. s given by the expression 1.76(d,)", d,, being the weighted mean diameter in millimetre. 703.2.2.1. The value of K,, for various grades of sand: bed are given below for ready reference and adoption: Maximum Depth of Scour for Design of a K, =) Foundation boa 035 1. The maximum depth of scour ‘below the 0.081 t0 0.158 05 10.0.7 lood Level (HFL) for the design of piers and abutments 0.233 to 0.505 0.85 10 1.25 | having individual foundations without any floor protection may Coarse sand 0.725 a considered as follows. Fine bajri and sand 0.988 1.5 Heavy sand 129 to 2.00 2.0 wo 242 703.3.1.1. Flood without seismic combination: 703.2.2.2. No rational formula or data for determining @ For piers - 20d, scour depth for bed material consisting of gravels and boulder GD- Forabutments - (a) 1°27 d,, with approach retained or lowest bed level whichever is deeper. (normally having weighted diameter more than 2.00 mm) a (©) 2.00 d, with scour all around, clayey bed is available. In absence of any data on scour fo io imIRC:78-2000 703.3.J.2. Flood with seismic combination : For considering load combination of flood and seismic loads (together with other appropriate combinations given elsewhere) the maximum depth of 0.9. 703.3.1.3. For low water level (without flood conditions) combined with seismic combination maximum level of scour below high flood level can be assumed as 0.8 times scour given in Clause 703.3.1. Note: In respect of viadueVROB having no possibility of scour, resistance of soil may be considered below depth of excavation for services construction. or 2.0 m below ground level whichever is greater. 703.3.2. For the design of floor protection works for raft or open foundations, the following values of maximum scour depth may be adopted: () Inastraightreach 127d, (i) Inabend 1.50 d., or on the basis of concentration of flow. ‘The length of apron in upstream may be 0.7 times of the same in downstream, 703.4. Special studies should be undertaken for determining the ‘maximum scour depth for the design of foundations in all situations where abnormal conditions, suchas, the following are encountered: @ a bridge being located in a bend of the river involving a curvilinear flow, orexcessive shoal formation, or Gi) a bridge being located at a site where the deep channel in theriver hugs toone side, or (ii) a bridge having very thick piers inducing heavy local scours, or 12 scour given in Clause 703.3.1.1 may be reduced by multiplying factor of IRC-78-2000 ty of flow in the river is considerable, or downstream of storage works, withthe possibilty of the relatively clear water inducing greater scours, or in the vicinity of a dam, weir, barrage or other ~ntigation structures where concentration of flow, aggradation’ © degradation of bed, ec. are likely to affect the behaviour of the structures. ‘an additional two-lane bridge when located near to the existing bridge, on major rivers. Note: These studies shall be conducted for the increased discharge calculated vide Clause 703.1.1 Ifa river is of a flashy nature and bed does not readily to the scouring effect of floods, the theoretical for d,, and maximum depth of scour as recommended apply. In such cases, the maximum depth shall be from actual observations. 1704, SUB-SURFACE EXPLORATION Objectives objectives of the sub-surface exploration are : 5 During Preliminary Investigation Stage ‘As a part of ste selection process to study existing geological ‘maps and other information, previously prepared and available dion reports, known data of nearby structure, if examination about river bed and banks, in narrowing down of for further studies for project prepara Detailed Investigation Stage To determine the characteristics of the existing geo-materials, Tike, soil, rock, bed material in water courses, etc. in the zone 13IRC:78-2000 in such a way as to luence the choice and of the various structural elements, especially the foundation type. During Construction Stage To confirm the characteristics of geo-materials established in based on which the design choices are m: same or modify to suit the condi specific foundation locations. 704.2. Zone of Influence Zone of influence mentioned in 704.1 (ii) is defined as the full length of the bridge including portion of wing/return wall and part of approaches covering, (but not restricted to), the full flood zone for water courses, and upto depth below proposed foundation levels where influence of stresses due to foundation is likely to affect the behaviour of the structure, including settlement, subsidence under ground flow of water, etc, The width of the land strip on cither side of the proposed structure should include zones in which the hydraulic characteristics of river water are likely to be changed affecting flow patterns, scour, ete, 704.3. Methods of Exploration A large variety of investigative methods are available. A most suitable and appropriate combination of these shall be chosen. Guidelines for choice of types of investigations, properties of geo-materials that need be established, the in-situ testing, sampling, laboratory testing are given in Appendix-2. This may be further supplemented by specialised techniques depending on the need. IRC:78-2000 708. DEPTH OF FOUNDATION General ‘The foundation shall be designed to withstand the worst of loads and forces evaluated in accordance with isions of Clause 706. The foundation shall be taken to ch depth that they are safe against scour or protected from it. ¢ from this, the depth should also be sufficient from ation of bearing capacity, settlement, liquefaction fal, stability and suitability of strata at the founding level mean scour depth ‘d,,” is calculated with Clause 703.2, the th of foundation shall not be less than those of existing sures, in the vicinity. Open Foundations 705.2.1. In soil : The embedment of foundations in soil based on correct assessment of anticipated scour g the values given under Clause 703. “oundation may be taken down to a comparatively shallow ow the bed surface provided good bearing stratum is and the foundation is protected against scour. minimum depth of open ‘foundations. shall be upto em! having safe bearing capacity but not less than 2.0 m ‘below the scour level or the protected bed level. - 705.2.2.. In rocks : For open foundations resting on ‘rock, the depth of rock, which in the opinion of the geological is weathered or fissured, shall be excluded in deciding of embedment into the rock existing below. Where ions are to rest on credible rocks, caution shall be ised to establish the foundation level at sufficient depth, IsIRC:78-2000 0 as to ensure that they do not get undermined, keeping in view the continued erosion of the bed. After allowing. for conditions stipulated above the minimum embedment of the foundations into the rock below shall be as follows, which in case of sloping rock profile can be provided by properly benching the foundations. (@) For hard rocks, with an ultimate crushing strength of 10 MPa or above arrived at after considering the overall characteristics of the rock, such as, fissures, bedding planes, ete. £0.6 m (b) All other cases 1s m 705.3. Well Foundations 708. In soil : Well foundations shall be taken down to a depth which will provide a minimum grip of W/3rd the maximum depth of scour below the design scour level specified in Clause 703.3. 705.3.2. Im rocks : As far as possible, the wells shall be taken by all the methods of sinking including pneumatic sinking (where considered necessary), dewatering, ete. to foundation level and shall be evenly seated all around the periphery on sound rock (i.e., devoid of fissures, cavities, weathered zone, likely extent of erosion, etc.) by providing adequate embedment. The extent of seating and embedment in cach case shall be decided by the Engineer-in-charge keeping in view the factors mentioned above to ensure overall and long- term safety of the structure. It is advisable to make a sump (shear key) of 300 mm in hard rock or 600 mm in soft rock inside the well by chiselling/blasting. Diameter of sump may be 1.5 to 2 m less than inner dredge-hole subject to a minimum, size of 1.5 m. Six dowel bars of 25 mm dia deformed bars may be anchored 1.5 m in rock and projected 1.5 m above, These 16 IRC:78-2000 ) Be anchored in minimum 65 mm dia boreholes and with 1:1% cement mortar. Pile Foundations ty should be the minimum length or developing full fixity as calculated by any rational 70 In rocks, the pile should be taken down to rock devoid of any likely extension of erosion and properly as required by the design. LOADS, FORCES, STABILITY AND STRESSES Loads, Forces and Their Combinations 706.1.1. The loads and forces may be evaluated as per and their combinations for the purpose of this code will G+ OorG) +h +B +R £G+F, + Fy +WeR, O+h +P, OFF +k, Combination (ii): G+F_+6,+F,+F,+F, + Wor F, 706.1.2. The permissible increase in stresses in the members be 33'/, per cent for the combination of (W) and 50 per cent for the combination with seismic ‘or impact (F,,). The permissible increase in allowable : pressure should be 25 per cent for all combinations except aIRC:78-2000 (i. However, when temperature effects (f,), secondary effects (F, deformation effects (F,) are also to be considered for any members in combination with (i) then permissible increase in stresses in various members and allowable bearing pressure will be 15 per cent. 706.2. Horizontal Forces at Bearing Level 706.2.1. Simply supported spans 706.2.1.1. For simply supported span with fixed and free bearings (other than elastomeric type) on stiff supports, horizontal forces at the bearing level in the longitudinal direction shall be as given below : Fixed Bearing Free Bearing Non-Sei ations Greater of the two values given below: Fy- 4 (R, +R) wR +R) FQ + WR, +R) HR +R) ‘Seismic Combinations horizontal force. at the free end due to dead load at the free end due to live load Co-efficient of friction at the movable bearing which shatl be assumed to have the allowable values: (For steel roller bearings 0.03, }) For concrete roller bearings 0.05 fing bearings 1 on cast iron or steel on steel: 0.4 (b) Grey cast iron on grey cast iron (Mechanites) £03 (©) Conerete over concrete 0s 18 IRC:78-2000 (@ Teffon on stainless steel 0.08 and 0.05 (whichever is goveing) In case of simply supported small spans upto I direction at the bearing level shall be f, For wR, whichever is greater 706.2.1.3. Fora simply supported span sitting on identical ic bearings at each end and resting on unyi Shear rating of the elastomeric bearings Movement of deck above bearing, other than due t0 applied forces Simply supported and continuous span on flexible supports 2.1. The distribution of applied “longitudinal al force (e.g., braking, seismic, wind, etc.) depends ‘on shear rating of the supports and may be estimated in to the ratio of individual shear rating of a support to of the shear ratings of all the supports. Shear rating of is the horizontal force required to move the top of the through a unit distance taking into account horizontal formation of the bridge, flexing of the support and rotationIRC:78-2000 706.3. Base Pressure 706.3.1. The allowable bearing pressure and the settlement characteristics under different loads and stresses may be determined on the basis of sub-soil exploration and testing. Though the help of relevant Indian Standard Code of Practice may be taken, the allowable bearing pressure may be calculated as gross so that the gross pressure at the base without deducting the soil displaced can be computed. 706.3.1.1, Factor of safety 706.3.1.1.1. The factor of safety to calculate allowable bearing pressure on ultimate bearing capacity may be taken as 2.5 for soil. 706.3.1.1.2. The allowable bearing pressure on rock may be decided upon not only on the strength of parent rock but also on overall characteristics particularly deficiencies, like, joints, bedding planes, faults, weathered zones, etc. In absence of such details or analysis of overall characteristics, the value of factor of safety based on unconfined compressive strength of the parent rock may be taken as 6 to 8 unless otherwise indicated on the basis of local experience, The allowable bearing pressure, thus, obtained is to be further restricted to not, over 3 MPa for load combination (i) given in Clause 706.1.1 ‘The disintegrated/weathered or very soft rock may be treated as soi 706.3.2. Allowable settlement/differential settlement 706.3.2.1. The calculated differential settlement between the foundations of simply supported spans shall not exceed | in 400 of the distance between the two foundations from the consideration of tolerable riding quality unless provision has been made for rectification of this settlement. 20 IRC:78-2000 2.2. In case of structures sensitive to differential the tolerable limit has to be fixed for each case 3. Permissible tension at the base of foundation 13.3.1. No tension shall be permitted under any ‘of loads on soi 3.2. In case of rock if tension is found to be at the base of foundation, the base area should be to a size where no tension will occur and base pressure ted. The maximum pressure on such reduced area not exceed allowable bearing pressure. Such reduced not be less than 67 per cent of the total area for load ion including seismic, or impact of barge, and 80 per er load combinations. 3.4. Factor of safety for stability of safety against overturning and sliding are given “These are mainly relevant for open foundations : Without With seismic seismic case case Ls 7 1.25 1.25 1s tional co-efficients between concrete and soil/rock ‘Tan a, o being angle of friction. Founding soil in m of bridge being generally properly consolidated, values may be adopt co-efficient between soil and concrete = 0.5 ‘co-efficient between rock and concrete = 0.8 for good rock and 0.7 for fissured rockIRC:78-2000 7063.5 foundations : The allowable load, the allowable settlement/differential settlement and the procedures to determine the same for pile foundations are given in Clause g a 2.3. In case of circular footings or polygonal the bending moments in the footing may be determined nce with any rational method. Methods given by IRC:78-2000 ‘The critical section of bending shall be at the column. 707. OPEN FOUNDATIONS 707.1. General 707. Provision of the Clause under 707 shall apply for design of isolated footings and, where applicable, to viens for bending moments along the combined footings, strip footings and rafts. be at the face of the columns/w: 707.1.2. Open foundations may be provided where the foundations can be laid in a stratum which is inerodible or where the extent of scour of the bed is reliably known. The foundations are to be reliably protected by means of suitably designed aprons, cut-off walls or/and launching aprons as may be necessary. 07.2. 707.21. than 300 mm. 07.2.2. 3. The shear strength of the footing may be the critical section which is the vertical section at a Design for slab or footing, the ‘The thickness of the footings shall not be less Mee to ler Osean cae perimeter is minimum, but need not approach hhalf the effective depth to the perimeter of joad or reaction area. Bending moments 707.2.2.1. For solid wall type substructure with one-way To ensure proper load transfer, a limiting value reinforced footing, the bending moments can be determined as Sof depth to length/width of footing equal to 1:3 is one-way slab for the unit width subjected to worst combination ed on this, for sloped footings the depth effective of loads and forces. sfitical section shall be the minimum depth at the end ‘of the distance between the extreme edge of the 707.2.2.2. For two-way footings, bending moment at any he critical section for design of the footing for all section of the footing shall be determined by passing a vertical plane through the footing and computing the moment of the : forces acting over the entire area of footings one side of the The critical section for checking development 2IRC:78-2000° section as given in Clause 707.2.3 and also all other vertical planes where abrupt changes in section occur. 07.2.6. IRC:78-2000 ‘The area of tension reinforcement should not 0.15 per cent of the cross-sectional area when ‘grade bars and 0.25 per cent of the cross-sectional Fe 240 grade bars. Tensile reinforcement 1, The tensile reinforcement shall provide a e stance at least equal to the bending moment on 90728. ~All faces of the footing shall be provided with the section calculated in accordance with Clause 707.2.2. . ‘Steel of 250 mm*/metre in each direction for al 707.2.6.2. The tensile reinforcement shall be distributed actoss the corresponding resisting section as below : (@) (b) © @ einforcement. Spacing of these bars shall not be in 300 mm. This steel may be considered to be acting reinforcement on that face, if required from the In one-way reinforced footing, the reinforcement shall be same derations. idth as mentioned in para 92 Incase of pla concrete, brick or stone fo f the load from the pier or 1 be A juare fhe. reinforcement ae Ce ek dso bal be ietibaed tafomiy ed through the footing at an angle not exceeding section of the footing. In two-way ara oe ea Open Foundations at Sloped Bed Profile the long direction s istibuted uniformly ac fall width of the footing. For reinforcement in the a Open foundations may rest on_sloped bed Honea ext adel to tie] eal sites cne oot] Provided. the stability of the slope is ensured, The 2 len ting and portion of a ee . g the Tengi ofthe footing and pos ll be located on a horizontal base. For the foundations adjacent to each other, the ng from the foundations laid on the higher level Reinfortren ceil band width, = 2 ly considered on the foundations at the lower level eee ee persion of the pressure from the foundation at the where = The distance between the two foundations at Tevels may be decided in such a way to minimise this in the outer portions of the footing In the case of a circular shaped footing, the reinforcement shall Construction 4.1." The protective works shall be completed before + $0 that the foundation does not get undermined. 28IRC:78-2000 1RC:78-2000 707.42. Excavation on open foundations shall be done 1. If the depth of fill required is more than 1.5 m after taking necessary safety precautions for which guidance ‘or 0.6 m in hard rock above the foundation level, may be taken from IS:3764. may be filled upto this level by M 15 concrete 707.43. Where blasting is required to be done for Hedi by concrete} ar, by, boulders excavation in rock, and is likely to endanger adjoining foundations or other structures, necessary precautions, such as, : 62. For design of foundation on rock in river controlled blasting, providing suitable mat cover to prevent Bes, the design loads and forces shall be considered upto flying of debris, etc. shall be taken to prevent any damage. m of footing. The load of filling need not be considered 707.44. Com y calculations. 707.4.4.1. Normally, the open foundations should be laid 708, WELL FOUNDATIONS dry and every available method of dewatering by pumping or i General depression of water by well point, etc. may be resorted to. A. = levelling course of 100 mm thickness in M 10 (1:3:6) shall be: provided below foundation. ‘ion for laying of foundations -__ While selecting the shape, size and the type of bridge, the size of pier to be accommodated, need g streamline flow, the possibility of the use of 707.4.4.2. If it is determined before-hand that the inking, the anticipated depth of foundation, and the foundations cannot be laid dry or the situation is found that the} be penetrated should be kept in view. Further, percolation is too heavy for keeping the foundation dry, the Eype of well selected, the dredge hole should be large foundation concrete may be laid under water only by tremi it easy dred . 0 > permit easy dredging, the minimum dimension being pipe. In case of flowing water or artesian springs, the flow shall 5 ; pipe Incase of flowing water ofa m. In case there is deep standing water, properly pped cai of concrete. No pumping of water shall be permitted from ar aie cee time of placing of concrete upto 24 hours after placement. “78.1.2. If the extemal diameter of single circular well gis 12 m then Engineer-in-charge may take recourse to 707. followin; abutments, pier or other permanent works shall be r i: earth upto the surface of the surrounding ground, with suffici ‘Stresses allowance for settlement. All backfill shall be thoroughlyj fi ‘compacted and in general, its top surface shall be neatly graded. 4B) Stiffening by compartments may be done for the single circular ‘well. Design of such stiffened wells shall call for supplemental in steining shall be evaluated using 3-Dimensional lement Method (3D FEM) or any other suitable ical method. 707.46. In case of excavation in rock, the trenches around the footing shall be filled up with concrete of M 19 grade upto the top of the rock. ‘Twin D-shaped well may be adopted. 26 27IRC:78-2000 IRC:78-2000 constant 708.1.3. The conditions arising 0 a should be duly considered when circular well is analysed using 3D FEM/ Walue of K shall be as follows : suitable analytical method orsstiffened circular wells are used. @ "Well in cement concrete. -K'= 0.03 08.1.4. Bottom plug of well should be a suitably designed to ii), Well in brick masonry —_-K = 0.05 resist maximum upward force acting on it during construction following 2 Gi) Twin D wells K = 0.039 pluggingas well asd span ofthe structure, $2. The minimum steining thickness may be varied 708.2, Well Steining in following conditions : 08.2.1. Thickness of the steining should be such so that it is possible to sink the well without excessive kentledge and without getting damaged during sinking or during rectifying the excessive tilts and shifts. ‘The steining should also be able to resist developed during sand blow or other condit Variation from | Recommended the minimum | variation upto Very soft clay strata Reduced 10% Increased 10% n rock involving Increased 10% 08.2.2, Use of cellular steining with two or more shells or use of] ‘composite material in well steining shall not be permitted for wells upto . However, following aspects may also be ing on the strata : 12m diameter. 708.2.3. Steining thickness _ Nery soft clay strata - Main criteria for reduction in steining 708.2.3.1. The minimum thickness of the well steining shall not be} the thickness is Tess than 500 mm and satisfy the following relationship: eters eter _ d clay strata - Depending on the previous experience, the h= KANT in steining thickness may be more than 10 per cent. 1h = minimum thickness ofsteininginm ‘Boulder strata or well resting on rock involving blasting, higher grade of concrete, higher reinforcement, use of steel plates in the lower portions etc, may be adopted, in metre below top of well cap of 4. The recommended values given in Clause more (for floating caisson 1 32 can be further varied based on local experience and may be taken as depth of well in metres below bed nce with decision of Engineer-in-charge. level) 28 9IRC:78-2000 708,2.3.5. If specialised methods of sinking, such as, jack down method, are adopted then the steining thickness may be adjusted according to design and construction requirements 708.2.3.6. Any variation from dimensions as proposed in Clause 708,2.3.1 should be decided before framing the proposal 708.2.3.7. When the depth of well below well cap is equal to ‘ormore than 30m, the thickness of the steining of the well calculated as per Clause 708.2.3. may be reduced above scour level in a slope of 1 horizontal to 3 vertical hat the reduced thickness of the steining should not be less than fequired as per Clause 708,2.3 for the depth of well upto scour level with the reduced diameter. ‘The reduction in thickness shall be done in the outer surface of. the well. The diameter of inner dredge hole shall be keptuniform. The minimum steel and the concrete grade in the slope portion shall be same as forthe steining below scour level Minimum development lenght of al the ve bars shall be provided beyond the minimum section as shown in the Appendix-3 (Fig.1) The stress in the reduced section of steining shal checked. 708.3. Design Considerations 708.3.1. ‘The external diameter of the brick masonry wells shall not exceed 6 m. Brick masonry wells for depth greater than 20 shall not be permitted. IRC:78-2000 For brick masonry wells, brick not Jess than hnot less than 70 kg/cm’ conforming to IS:1077 mortar notleaner than 1:3 For plain concrete wells, vertical reinforcements el or deformed bars) in the steinging shall not be less of gross sectional area of the actual thickness s shall be equally distributed on both faces of the ‘vertical reinforcements shall be tied up with hoop ‘than 0.04 per cent of the volume per unit length of ss shown in the Appendix-3 (Fig. 2). steining is designed as dered as a column 1g. However, ‘of vertical reinforcement provided in the steining Tess than 0.2 per cent (for either mild steel or 5) of the actual gross sectional area of the steining. , arminimum of 0.06 per cent (of gross area) steel The transverse reinforcement in the steining in accordance with the provisions for a column shall be less than 0.04 per cent of the volume per steining. ‘horizontal annular section of well steining shall also for ovalisation moments by any rational method nt of side earth pressures evaluated as per $3.6. The vertical bond rods in brick masonry {inot be less than 0. per cent of the cross-sectional 31IRC:78-2000 area and shall be encased into cement concrete of M 15 mix of size 150 mm x 150 mm. These rods shall be equally distributed along the circumference in the middle of the steining and shall be tied up with hoop steel not less than 0.04 per’ cent of the volume per unit length of the steining. The hoop steel shall be’ provided in a concrete band at spacing of 4 times of the thickness of the steining or 3 metres, whichever is less. The horizontal RCC bands shall not be less than 300 mm wide and 150 mm high, reinforced with bars of diameter not less than 10 mm placed at the comers and tied with 6 mm diameter stirrups at 300 mm centres, as shown in the Appendix-3 (Fig. 3). 708.3.7. The stresses in well steining shall be checked. at such critical sections where tensile and compressive stresses are likely to be maximum and also where there is change in the area of reinforcement or in the concrete mix. 708.4. Stability of Well Foundations 7084.1. The stability and design of well foundations shall be done under the most critical combination of loads and forces as per Clause 706. The pressure on foundations shall satisfy the provisions of Clause 706. 708.4.2. Side earth resistance 708.4.2.1. The side earth resistance may be calculated as per guidelines given in Appendix-3. The use of provisions IRC:45 may be used for pier well foundations in cohesionless soil. 708.4.2.2. The side earth resistance shall be ignored in’ case of well foundations resting on rock. If rock strata is such that the allowable bearing pressure is less than 1 MPa, then the side earth resistance may be taken into account, 32 IRC-78-2000 _ Earth pressure on abutments ‘the abutments are designed to retain earth in front, the foundations of such abutments withstand the earth pressure and horizontal dition of scour depth in front of 1.27 d,,, with and 2 d,, with scour all around. In case of i, live load may not be considered. However, where earth spilling from the ‘reliably protected in front, relief due to the in front may be considered from bottom of well ‘Construction stage |. Stability of the well shall also be checked for stage when there is no superstructure and the d to design scour, full pressure due to water fall design earth pressure as in the case of 12. During the construction of wells when it has s founding level or has not been plugged, the to be subjected to full pressure due to water bo ing, sliding and sa part of the safety during construction, this should and safety of well must be ensured by suitable required. Tilts and Shifts MIS5.1. As far as possible, the wells shall be sunk any tilts and shifts. However, a tilt of 1 in 80 ‘of 150 mm due to translation (both additive) in a ‘will cause most severe effect shall be considered swell foundations.IRC:78-2000 IRC:78-2000 708.5.2. If the actual tilts and shifts exceed the abovt ‘angle of the curb ‘a’ as shown in Appendix-3 imits, then the remedial measures have to be resorted to brin| Gould be Kept at about 30° to 37° and may be the well within that limit, If le then its effect ‘decreased based on past experience and geo- bearing pressure, steining stress and other structural elementf : shall be examined, and controlled if necessary and feasible by resorting to change in span length. The Engineer-in-charge may like to specify the maximum tilts and shifts upto which the wel may be accepted subject to the bearing pressure and steinin; i stress being within limits, by changing the span length arranged to prevent spreading and splitting of needed, and beyond which the well will be rejected irrespecti aring sinking and in service. of the result of any modification, In case blasting is anticipated, the inner faces j b shall be protected with steel plates of thickness 708.6. Cutting Edge han 10mm ae the top of the well curb. If it is 708.6.1. The mild steel cutting edge shall be stron; ; the steel lining above the well curb then the enough and not less than 40 kg/m to facilitate sinking of th s can be reduced to 6 mm for that increased height. In through the types of strata expected to be encountered = this extra height of the steel should not be more than without suffering any damage. It shall be properly anchored t4 . there is a specific requirement. The curb in the well curb, For sinking through rock cutting edge should b should be provided with additional hoop suitably designed. of 10 mm dia mild steel or deformed bars at 150 which shall also extend upto a height of 3 m into 2 above the curb. Additional reinforcement height upto two times the thickness of steining i i i f sudden te i x provided to avoid cracking arising out o a = to prevent rocking, as shown in the Appendix- eine asa Gc 0s Carano Ise ‘The well curb shall invariably be in reinforced ‘mix not leaner than M 25 with minimum ‘of 72 kg/cum excluding bond rods. The steel Bottom Plug 1. The bottom plug shall be provided in all wells p shall be kept not lower than 300 mm in the centre ‘top of the curb, as shown in the Appendix-3 (Fig. 2). -sump shall be below the level of the cutting edge. ° the bottom plug, it shall be ensured that its 708.7.2. The shape and the outline dimension of the e faces have been cleaned thoroughly. curb as given in Appendix-3 (Fig. 2) may be taken for guidance 708.7. 708.7.1. The well curb should be such that it will offe the minimum resistance while the well is being sunk but shoul be strong enough to be able to transmit superimposed load from the steining to the bottom plug. Well Curb 34IRC-.78-2000 IRC:78-2000 ‘Floating Caissons sons may be of steel, reinforced suitable material. They should have at least 1.5 d-above the water level and increased, if ary, in case there is a possibility of caissons ‘owing to reasons, such as, scour likely to Towering of caissons, effect of waves, sinking in ta, etc. 708.8.2. The conerete mix used in bottom plug shall have 10 percent 7088.3. Incase grouted concrete, €.g., concrete is used, the gro ‘mix shall not be leaner than 1:2 and it shall be ensured by suitable means such as, controlling the rate of pumping that the grout fills-up tices upto the top of the plug 708.84. Lfany dewatering is required it shall be carried out after dayshave elapsed afte bottom plugging. 708.9. —_Fillingthe Well, 708.9.1. The filling ofthe well, if considered necessary, above th bottom plug shall be done with sand or excavated material free fror 112.2. Well caissons should be checked for stability erturning and capsizing while being towed, and due to the action of water current, wave etc. 3. The floating caisson shall not be considered as jon unless proper shear transfer at the interface Sinking of Wells organic matter. 13.1. The well shall as far as possible be sunk true 708. Plugover Filling I. Sinking should not be started till the steining has 708.10.1 A 300 mm thick plug of MIS cement concrete shall b for atleast 48 hours. A complete record of sinking provided over the filling. and shifts, Kentledge, dewatering, 708.11, WellCap done during sinking shall be maintained. 708.11.1.. The bottom of wel cap shall be laid as low a possible bu above the LWL in the active channel, Where the bed level is higher than LWL the bottom of well cap may be sitably raised 708.11.2. As many longitudinal bars as possible coming from th ‘well stining shall be anchored into the wel cap. *08.14.1. Where sub-surface data indicate the need for 708.11.3. The design of the well cap shall be based on ; an Bie ine, it will be necessary to decide the method accepted rational method, considering the worst combination | of loads and : forces.as per Clause 706. 2 Invcases where concrete steining is provided, it fe sinking of wells, necessary guidance may be 1¢ precautions as given in Appendix-<. i4.. Pneumatic Sinking of Wells 36 a7IRC:78-2000 IRC:78-2000 shall be rendered air tight by restricting the tension in concretd which will not exceed 3/8th of the modulus of rupture. For the circular wells, the tension in steining may be evaluated by assuming it to be a thick walled cylinder. piling system depending upon subsoil 708.14.3, The steining shall be checked at different sharacteristics of structures. The permissible sections for any possible rupture against the uplift force and, i i differential settlement, unsupported length of necessary, shall be adequately strengthened. ar and any other special requirements of project 708.14.4. The design requirements of the pneumati¢ fy mportant criteria for adoption. equipment, safety of personne! and the structure shall compl ES Design and construction : For design and with the provisions of IS:4138 “Safety Code for Working in ies of piles guidance may be taken from 1S:2911 subject Compressed Air”. It is desirable that the height of the worki stipulations given in this code. Appendix-5 gives chamber in a pneumatic caissons should not be less than ae and their applicability. metres to provide sufficient head room when the cutting edg is embedded a short distance below the excavated level and ig particular to allow for blowing down. The limiting depth fo pneumatic sinking should be such that the depth of water belo Conditions are properly established. normal water Jevel to the proposed foundation level upto whicl nt steel liner should be provided at least upto maximum, pneumatic sinking should not exceed 30 m. er level. In case of marine clay of soft soil or soil having om ; . ssive material, permanent steel liner of sufficient sten 708.15. Sinking of Wells by Resorting to Blasting: Be used for he dent oes ear Sana ld be 5 mm, For piles in streams, rivers, creeks, etc., the may be followed: Blasting may be employed with prior approval of competent authority to help sinking of well for breakit obstacles, such as, boulders or for levelling the rock layer fa square seating of wells. Blasting may be resorted to only whed other methods are found ineffective. Spacing of piles and tolerances 51. Spacing of piles : The spacing of piles should med in relation to the nature of the ground, their ups and the overall cost of the foundation. The 709, PILE FOUNDATION d should be wide enough to enable the desired eS to be installed to the correct penetration ‘0 any adjacent construction or to the piles 709.1. General 709.1.1. Piles transmit the load of a structure competent subsurface strata by the resistance developed frot bearing at the toe or skin friction along the surface or both. Th ‘2 cap carrying the load from the structure to 38 39IRC:78-2000 The spacing of piles suitable, are as follows: For friction piles, the spacing centre should be not less than the pile heads, or the size and effective length of a grou beam, may influence the spacing, : (a) _ the method of installation, e.g., driven or bored; (b) the bearing capacity of the group. Working rules which are generally, though not alwaj type and size of pil be determined by: IRC:78-2000 fferential settlement, lateral ited for any structure as per the of concrete, water cement ratio, slump ‘Tremie Concrete] Driven Cast] Precast Cast-in-situ in-situ | Concrete perimeter ofthe pile or, for circular piles, three times the ; M35 Mas | Ms ‘The spacing of piles deriving their resistance mainly from : 400 Ke/m 400 Keim’ eae bearing may be reduced but the distance between the surfaces of = 04 04 shafts of adjacent piles should be not less than the least width of 150-200 100-130 50 piles in 150; w (Lin 6 for all bored (i) 1in 6 for driven ca Gii) 1 in 4 for precast follows: 709.1.5.2, Permissible tolerances for piles shall be 75 mm at piling platform level and tilt tolerance of 1 in 25. ren piles. 709.1.7. The minimum diameter of piles shall be rement and Steps for Design and ition 1 design of an individual pile, group eal adoption should pass through two types of stion and tests as follows: - 709.1.6. The maximum rake to be permitted in pil ive and detailed sub-surface inve shall not exceed the following : ne the design parameter of end bearing capacity, = capacity and lateral capacity of soil surrounding the load test on tril piles for confirmation/modification of ‘and layout and routine load test on working piles for ce of the same. ‘steps for design and confirmation by tests Bridges on Land ‘exploration to establish design soil parameters, Driven cast-in-stu piles Precast piles Bored piles 0.5 m 035 m 1.0 m 12m 1.0m ‘capacity of pile group based on tentative number and piles in a group. 4IRC:78-2000 (ii) Capacity of pile based on static formula considering grow characteristics, The allowable total/differential settlement sho} be duly considered. This step alongwi Structural design of piles. joad test for axial c uplift load capacity on trial the design consideration of (iv). The load test shall be conducted for two times desi jond test shall be cyclic load test. wd test gives a capacity greater than 25 per of calculated by static formula, and sts shall be determined by the Engineers nthe bore log and Routine load tests may be conducted again to reconfirm lar group for single test, The lateral load test may be conducted on two adj piles. 709.2.3. For abutment, itis important to consider ove ity of the structure and abutment. The piles should also designed to sustain surcharge effect of embankment. 709.24. Routine tests : Routine load tests should done on one pile for alternate foundation for bridges. number may be suitably increased/reduced taking i consideration the borelog and soil profile. 709.3. Capacity of Pile 709.3.1. For calculating designed capacity of pi group methods/recommendation of IS:2911 should be fol 42 IRC:78-2000 zulae for estimating pile capacity based with pile. of safety : The imum factor of axial capacity computed on the basis of static for piles in soil. For piles in rock, factor ‘on the hearing component and 10 on socket ent. of piles/group action : The axial may be taken as 1 in case of purely end bearing piles ‘minimum spacing of 2.5 times the diameter of pile and les having spacing of © groups in clays, the group capacity shall be minimum following | Sum of the capacities of the individual piles in the ou. ‘The capacity ofthe group based on block failure concept, ‘where the ultimate load carrying capacity of the block enclosing the piles is estimated. jement of pile group ‘The capacity of a pile group is also govemed ‘riterion. Settlement of a pile group may be ‘basis of following recommendations or by any ‘method. method available to predict the settlement 4BIRC:78-2000 1RC:78-2000 of group of piles in sands. It is recommended to use empi “the piles. Such passive pressure may be relationship proposed by Vesic for obtaining the settlement, equivalent wall of depth equal to 6D and pile group. In this method, the settlement of the group predicted based on settlement of a single pile obtained fra Diameter of load test. The following Table indicates the relationship aaa | Length between outer faces of pile group in plan Width of Group/Pite dia Settlement Ratio d/d perpendicular to direction of movement 3 25 Width between outer faces of pile group in plan 25 3 ‘parallel to the direction of movement 50 18 ey A m factor of safety on ultimate lateral resistance where, 5g = settlement of pile group é a ‘The safe lateral resistance must not exceed the sistance of the individual piles. The safe lateral 709.3.4.3. Settlement of pile group in clays : c idual pile shall be corresponding to a 5 mm settlement of pile group in homogeneous clays shall be evaluat d level in accordance with I8:2911 with full using Terzaghi and Peck Approach which assumes that the lo for appropriate pile-head condition in Load carried by the pile group is transferred to the soil through 1 of Clause 706.1.1. For river bridges with equivalent footing located at one third of the pile lengf the 5 mm deflection may be taken as the upwards from the pile toe. The load under the equivalg level. footing is assumed to spread into soil at a slope of 2 (vertic : 1 (horizontal). ‘ settlement of single pil Uplift load carrying capacity Gi Piles may be required to resist uj The settlement for equivalent footing shall be evaluat temporary nature when used in. foundations in accordance with IS:8009 (Part 1). 709.3.4.4. Settlement of pile group in rock : Settlemd of piles founded in rock may be computed as per 1S:8009 (P: 11) considering the value of in-situ modulus of rock mass. 709.3.5. Resistance to lateral loads ssion of shaft resistance/skin friction only, of the for compression loads and applying a reduction 709.3.5.1. The ultimate lateral resistance of a group ‘on the same, However, in the case of rock, the vertical piles may be taken as the passive pressure acting on ff Bed ded not be restricted to 0.5 x dia of socket. 44 45IRC:78-2000 The weight of 1 also act against may be conducted for verification of uplift capacity. 709.3.6.3, The uplift capacity of pile group is lesser the two following values: = the sum of the uplift resistance of the individual group, and the sum of the shear resistance mobilised on the surf perimeter of the group plus the effective weight of the soi the piles enclosed in this surface perimeter. 709.3.6.4, Piles should be checked for structural adequag against uplift forces together with other co-existent forces, any. 709.3.6.5. The minimum factor of safety on ulti uplift load calculated on the aforesaid basis shall be 2.5. 709.3.7. Piles subjected to downward drag : A pil may be subjected to additional load on account of downwa drag resulting from consolidation of a soft compressible claj layer due to its own weight, remoulding or surface load, Si additional load coming on pile may be assessed on the followi basis: In the case of pile deriving its capacity mainly from ffictia the value of downward drag force may be taken as 0.2 10 times undrained shear strength multiplied by the surface of pile shaft embedded in compressible s In case of pile deriving its capacity mainly from end bearia the value of downward drag force may be considered as 4 times undrained shear strength m of pile shaft embedded in compressible s ‘oup of piles, the drag forces shi the surface area of the block (i 46 IRC:78-2000 of this value being higher than the number of pile inthe times the individual downward drag forces, the same ‘be considered in the design. Structural Design of Piles aso be designed to withstand temporary stresses, may be subjected to, such as, handling and es. The permissible stresses should be as per 5 may be designed taking into yall the load effects and thé column, The self load of water current force, etc. on the portion of free @ scour level and upto potential liquefaction level, if For the horizontal load at the cap level, the je stem can be determined by any rational in the absence of any rational theory, the method given 1 (Part I /See 2) may be adopted. If the pile group is rigid cap, then the piles should be considered as d head for this purpose. Horizontal force may be 4. Minimum reinforcement : The d be provided for the full length of nts. However, the minimum area of longitudinal nt shall be 0.4 per cent of the area of cross-section les. Lateral reinforcement shall be eescats shall not be less than 75 mm.IRC:78-2000 IRC:78-2000 7094.5. For pre-cast driven piles, the reinforcement ‘minimum thickness of pile cap should be should comply with the provision of IRC:21 for resisting ‘5 times the diameter of pi stresses due to lifting, stacking and transport, any uplift or bending transmitted from the superstructure and bending due to : any secondary effects. The area of longitudinal reinforcement oe cap should be at level higher shall not be less than the following percentages of the cross- I unless functionally it is required to be below sectional area of the piles: which time sufficient precautions should be taken ‘The forms to allow concreting in dry condition. whichever is For piles witha length less than 30 times the least width - 1.25 per cent; x “Important Consideration, Inspection/ Precautions for Different Types of Piles @) (b) For piles with a length 30 to 40 times the least width - 1.5 per cent; and Driven cast-in-situ piles (©) For piles with a length greater than 40 times the least width - 2 per cent 709.5. Design of Pile Cap 5.1.2. The pile shoes which may be either of cast 709.5.1. The pile caps shall be of reinforced concrete nical type or of mild stecl flat type should have double of size fixed taking into consideration the allowable tolerances Hor proper seating of the removable casing tube inside as in Clause 709.1.5.2. A minimum offset of 150 mm shall be “between the reams. provided beyond the outer faces of the outer-most piles in the ‘group. If the pile cap is in contact with earth at the bottom, a g course of minimum 80 mm thick plain cement concrete Bc te boriom, Pures adress sontel anne be provided. of the casing tube is essential so as to maintain 7095.2. The top of the shall project 50 mm into Gent head of concrete inside the casing tube at all stages le cap and reinforcements of pile shall be fully anchored. . Except otherwise stated in this code, guidance from IS:2911 (Part I/Section 1). Before commencement of pouring of concrete, be ensured that there is no ingress of water in the 4, Concrete in piles shall be cast upto a minimum 709.5.3. In marine conditions or in areas exposed to the £ mm above the designed top level of pile, which action of harmful chemicals, etc., use of dense compacted’ ; off to obtain sound concrete either before final concrete shall be made. In addition, the pile cap shall be er 3 days. protected with a suitable anti-corrosive paint, High allumina Fo fored cast-n-situ piles quick setting cement shall not be used in marine A. The drilling mud, such as, bentonite suspension 49IRC:78-2000 shall be maintained at a level sufi above the surrounding ground water level to ensure the stability of the strata which i being penetrated throughout the boring process until the hhas been concreted. 709.6.2.2. The bores must be washed by fresh bentonite solution flushing to ensure clean bottom at two stages prior to conereting and after placing reinforcement. 709.6.2.3. In case of bored cast-in-situ piles tremies of 200 mm diameter shall be used for concreting. The tremi should have uniform and smooth cross-section inside, and shall be withdrawn slowly ensuring adequate height of concrete} outside the tremie pipe at all stages of withdrawal. Other recommendations for tremie concreting are: ‘The sides of the borehole have to be stable throughout; ‘The tremie shall be watertight throughout its length and have} a hopper attached at its head by a watertight connection; ‘The tremie pipe should be lowered to the bottom of borchol allowing ground water or drilling mud to rise inside it before pouring concrete; ‘The tremie pipe should always be kept full of concrete pipe is surged to discharge the concrete. 709.6.2.4. While concreting the uncased piles, voids concrete may be avoided and sufficient head of concrete cast-in-situ piles shall not be allowed where mudflow condi exist. IRC:78-2000 Driven precast concrete piles se stated in this code, guidance (Part I/Section 3). al reinforcement shall be joined by welding ‘couplers. The concrete at top of original pile tion of mechanical couplers in neighbouring eshall be such as to permit concreting between the During installation of piles, the final set or of piles per blow of hammer should be checked ge of last 100 blows. 710. SUBSTRUCTURE, General @.1.1. In case of plain concrete substructure, surface ent at the rate of 2.5 kg/m? shall be provided in each both horizontally and vertically. Spacing of such pexceed 200 min. In case Gf substructure in highly the surface reinforcement can be dispensed allowed but the dimension of the substructure ioned to keep the stresses only upto 90 perIRC:78-2000 IRC:78-2000 710.1.2. For the design of substructure below the level SFE ox higher, if necessary, from consideration of of the top of bed block, the live load impact shall be modified. fike, waves, etc. by the factors given below Pier may be in PSC, RCC, PCC or masonry. should be adopted for masonry piers. The piers should be based on permissible stresses pressure on the top3Mof Decreasing in IRC: 40. 7 plefabutment ex ni : vet below P : : 0.5 to zero _ The thickness of the walls of hollow concrete not be less than 300 mm, For calculating the pressure at the bottom. surface of the pier/abutment cap 0s the pressure on the portion of zero fe more than 3 M below the Jabutment cap. For calcul ‘The multi-column piers of bridges across rivers debris, trees or timber should be braced 710.1.3. Structures designed to retain earthfill shall be ight of the piers by diaphragm wall of proportioned to withstand pressure calculated in accordance == 200 mm thickness. Unbraced multiple column piers with any rational theory. No structure shall, however, be designed owed depending upon the performance of simi to withstand to horizontal pressure less than that exerted by a = én similar conditions of river. However, type and fluid weighing 480 kg/m’, in addition to the {ef such bracing, when adopted, shall be predetermined. if any. o Piers shall be designed to withstand the load 710.14, The back sferred from the superstructure and the load and shall conform to the specific: ix-6 wi = If apart from the effect of its self-weight. for proper drainage. ier may be solid, hollow or framed structures. 710.2. Piers 710.2.1. Piers in stream and channel should be located} 7. In case of piers consisting two or more horizontal forces at the bearing can be distributed in proportion to their relative rigidities, if Sess of the pier cap is at least one and a half times the interference to flood flow. In general, ‘of the column. If the piers consist of either multiple piles or according to the requirement of the obstacles to cross over. spaced closer than three times the width of isms across the direction of flow, the group shall be S 2 solid pier of the same overall width and the vah 1.25 for working out pressure due to water 70.2.2. Where necessary, piers shall be provided af both ends with suitably shaped cut waters as given in IRC:6, However, cut and ease water where provided shall extend upto} 52 53IRC:78-2000 IRC:78-2000 current according to relevant Clause 213.7 of IRC:6. If such ; en walls are fixed with superstructure, the piles/columns are braced then the group should be considered! ‘and axial load should be worked out by elastic a solid pier irrespective of the spacing of the columns. 710.2.9. Hollow piers shall be provided with suitably. located weep-holes of 75 to 100 mm diameter for enabling free |The abutments will carry superstructure from flow of water to equalise the water levels on inside and outside; = & should ‘be designed/dimensioned to retain earth considering rate of rise/fall of flood/tide water. The pier walls! proach embankment. eee head! should be on : ed for expected differential water-head/wave 2. The abutments should be designed to withstand pressure and silt pressure. z= in normal condition in addition to load and forces 710.2.10. The lateral reinforcement of the walls of hollow! superstructure. In addition, any load acting on circular RCC pier shall not be less than 0.3 per cent of the Ent itself, including self-weight, is to be considered. sectional area of the walls of the pier. This lateral reinforcement In case of spill 5 : pill through type abutment, the shall be distributed 60 per cent on outer face and 40 per cent calculated on the width of the column shall be on inner face. 50 per cent where two columns have been provided 7103. Wall Piers Per cent where more than two columns have been 710.3.1, When the length of solid pier is more thar four times its thickness, it shall also be checked as a wall. All abutments and abutment columns shall be a live load surcharge equivalent to 1.2 m height of effective width of the columns need not be in Clause 710.4.3 for surcharge effect when spill ent is adopted. 710.3.2. The reinforced wall should have minimu vertical reinforcement equal to 0.3 per cent of sectional area. 710.33. For eccentric axial load, the wall should bel designed for axial load with moment. The moments and the} S. Abutment should also be designed for water horizontal forces should be distributed taking into account the} es during ‘scour all round’ condition, dispersal by any rational method. The abutment may be plain or reinforced 710.3.4. The vertical reinforcement need not be enclos« = er of masonry. The abutment may be either solid type, by closed stirrups, where vertical reinforcement is not required pe. counterfort type or spill through type. For spill for compression. However, horizontal reinforcement should nol ‘column type or wall type analysis may be be less than 0.25 per cent of the gross area and open links (6 _@ for piers. Counterfort type abutment may be S-loops) with hook placed around the vertical bar should bel = L type as the case may be and the slab may be placed at the rate of 4 links in one running metre. imuous over counterforts. 55 541RC:78-2000 7104.7. Fully earth retaining abutments. should wall shall be provi as appropriate during HL.P.L. or L.W.L. condition. In case extended for at least 500 mmm depth into t footings, the submerged unit weight of soil where consid eben) shall not be less than 1000 kg/m’. 7104.8. The weight of earth filling material on may be considered. In case of toe, the weight may be cor Sr soli id or counterfort type. The material Oe ee Er reinforced concrete or masonry. 710.4.9. In case of spill through type abutment, should be ensured that the slope in front of the abutment is ¥ protected by means of suitably designed stone pitching al ’ launching aprons. wing walls should be designed primarily 710.4.10. In case of abutments having counterfort, pressure in addition to self-weight. minimum thickness of the front wall should not be less th top of the wing/retui 200 mm and the thickness of the counterfort should not be I top of embackinea yy at leat 100 am a than 250 mm. being blown or washed away by rain 710.5. Abutment Pier ge arrangement for return wall/wing wal 7105.1. Abutment piers may have to be provided} ar to that for the abutment specified locations where there may be a need of increasing wate subsequently. The design of such abutment piers shall be st She cantilever retums where adopted should that it should be possible to convert them to the similar sh metres long. as piers in the active channel. ‘ 7105.2. For multiple span arch bridges, abutment pi GA with se om shall be provided after every fifth span or closer. It is des Pike abut foundations with a joint for condition that even if arch on one side of it pier and arches on other side will remain safe. 710.6. Dirt Walls, Wing Walls and Return Wall IRC:78-2000 thickness of 200 mm. Wing walls may be laid at any suitable angle In case of river bridges, these are normally a AS degrees. The ‘return walls m: g&t zagles to the abutment. Return walls shall be d a live-load surcharge equivalent to 1.2 m 710.6.1. Wing walls shall be of sufficient length retain the roadway to the required extent and to pro protection against erosion, 36 SeIRC:78-2000 710.6.10. The box type return wall at right angles both ends of the abutments connected by wall type diap! may be adopted where found suitable. However, in such no reduction in the earth pressure for the design of the abutm should be considered. The top of diaphragm should sid inwards to the centre of carriageway for facilitating. pro rolling of the embankment bebind the abutment. 710.6.11. Solid type of wing/return walls on independ foundations can be suitably stepped up towards the approa\ depending upon the pattern of scour, local ground conditid and its profile, safe bearing capacity, etc 710.6.12. In case of wing walls or retum walls, foundation shall be taken adequately into the firm soil. 710.7. Retaining Walls 7107.1. The minimum thickness of reinforced conc retaining wall shall be 200 mm. 70.7.2. The retaining walls shall be designed withstand earth pressure including any live load surcharge other loads acting on it including self-weight in accor with thé general principles specified for abutments. St masonry and plain concrete walls shall be of solid Reinforced concrete walls may be of solid, counterf buttressed or cellular type. 710.7.3. The vertical stems of cantilever walls shall designed as cantilevers fixed at the base. The vertical or f walls of counterfort type and buttressed type shall be de as continuous slabs supported by counterforts or buttress The face walls shall be securely anchored to the suppor counterforts or buttresses by means of adequate reinforcemet IRC:78-2000 forts shall be designed as T-beams or shall be designed as rectangular beams. In main tension reinforcement of counterforts, E = system of horizontal and vertical bars or € the face walls and base slab to the counterfort. gs Ieaving an offset of 150 mm beyond them. wall for jacks to lift the superstructure for repain/ eat of bearings, etc. itfor prestressing operations where necessary. ge arrangement for the water on the cap, ‘The thickness of cap over the hollow pier or ent should not be less than 250 mm but in or reinforced concrete pier and abutment, & can be reduced to 200 mm. Caps cantilevering out from the supports or Sx ox more columns shall be designed to cater for [2 superstructure on jacks for repair/replacement of __ In case bearings are placed centrally over the E width of bearings/pedestals is located within 59‘oad from bearings will be considered to have been directly transferred to ‘columns and the cap beam need not be designed for flexure. 710,8.5. The thickness of the cap over masonry piers or abutment shall not be less than S00 mm. The minimuns with atthe top of such piers and abutments of slab and girder bridges just Below the caps shall be as given below: ___"Spanin metres 3a 6mm 24m ith ofpiercanying 05010 12 16 simply supported spans iam: ‘Top width ofabutmeat end of piers carrying contiemas 1013 710.8.6. Except the portion tnder. bearings, the top surface of caps should have suitable slope inordertoallow drainage of water. 71087 Reinforcement in Pier and Abutment Caps where the bearing satisfied the square-root formula stated in Clause 307.1 of IRC:21, the Pier cap shall be reinforced with a total minimum of 1 per cent steel, assuming 2 cap thickness of 225 mm. The total steel shall be distributed equally and -Provided both at top and bottom in two directions, The reinforcement in the’ direction of the length of the pier shall extend from ‘end to end. ‘while the reinforcement at right angles shall extend forthe fll Piers cap and be in the form of stirrups. In addition, two layers of mesh. reinforcement one at 20 mm from top and the other at 100 mm from top of Pedestal or pier cap each consisting of 8 mm bars at 100 mm centers in both directions shall be provided directly under the bearings. 710.9. Cantilever Cap of Abutment and Pier 710.9.1. When the distance between the load/centre line of bearing from the face of the support is equal to or less than the depth of the cap (measured.at the suppor) the cap shal be designed asa corbel 10.9.2. The equivalent square area may be worked out for circular Pierto determine the face of suppor for calculating Tending moments. 110.93. In case of wall pier and the pier cap cantilevering out all eround the measurement of distance for “purpose of the design as bracket and the direction of provision bf reinforcement should be parallel tothe line Joining the centre ofload/bearing with the nearest supporting face of Pier. 60 IRC:78-2000 710.9.4. Where a part of the bearing lies directly over the pier, calculation of such reinforcement should be restricted only for the portion which is outside the face of the pier. Moreover, in such cases the area of closed horizontal stirrups may be limited to 25 per cent of the area of primary reinforcement. 710.10. Pedestals below Bearing 710.10.1. ‘The pedestals should be so proportioned that a clear offset of 150 mm beyond the edges of bearings is available. 710.10.2, For pedestals whose height is less than its width the requirement of the longitudinal reinforcement as specified for short column need not be insisted upon 710.10.3. ‘The allowable bearing pressure with near uniform distribution on the loaded area of a footing or base under a bearing or column shall be given by the following equation: - area and the proj eyond the face of the bearing or column shall not be less than 150 mm inIRC:78-2000 710.10.4. ‘The two layers of mess ean it one at 20 mm from top and the other at £00mem from top of pedestal or pier cap each consisting of 8 mem bars at 100 mm in directions, shall be provided dixecsly ender the bearings. oe IRC:78-2000 Appendix-1 GUIDELINES FOR CALCULATING SILT FACTOR FOR BED MATERIAL CONSISTING OF CLAY (Ref. Clause 703.2.2.2) In absence of any formula ‘XK,’ may be determined as per Clause 703.2.2 and may be adopted based on site information and behaviour history of any existing structure. The clayey bed having weighted diameter normally less than 0.04 offers more resistance to scour than sand though mean depth of scour as per the formula given in Clause 703.2 indicates more scour. In absence of any accepted rational formula or any data of scour at the site of the proposed bridge; the following theoretical calculation may be adopted: aving @<15° and c (cohesion of soil) >0.2 ke/ ed as follows: (Incase of soil om’, *K, cal FULb Je) where © is in kg/em? = 1.50 for g > 10° and <15° = 1.75 for @ > 5° and <10° = 2.00 for p <5°IRC:78-2000 Appendix-2 GUIDELINES FOR SUB-SURFACE EXPLORATION (Ref. jause 704.3) 1. GENERAL The objective of sub-surface exploration is to determine the suitability of the soil or rock, for the foundation of bridges. The sub-surface exploration for bridges is carried out in two stages, namely, preliminary and detailed. It may require additiona/conformatory exploration during construction stage. Guidance may be taken from the following: (@ 181892 Code of Practice for Site Investigation for Foundations may be utilised for guidance regarding investigation and collection of data. Gi) Test on soils shall be conducted in accordance with relevant arts of IS:2720 - Methods of Test for Soils. The tests on undisturbed samples be conducted as far as possible at simulated field conditions to get rea ii) 18:1498 - Classification and Identification of Soils for general engineering purposes. For preliminary and detailed sub-surface investigation, only rotary drills shall be used, The casing shall also be, invariably provided with diameters not less than 150 mm upto the level of rock, if any. However, use of percussion or wash boring equipment shall be permitted only to penetrate through bouldery or gravelly strata for progressing the boring but not for collection of samples, while conducting detailed borings, the resistance to the speed of drilling, i.e., rate of penetration, core loss, etc. shall be carefully recorded and presented in 64 IRC:78-2000 “Borelog chart and data sheet” to evaluate the different types of strata and distinguish specially sand from sandstone, clay from shale, etc. For’ preliminary and detailed sub-surface investigation, only double tube diamond drilling method shall be used. In soft and weak rocks such tuffs, soft shales triple tube diamond drilling shall be used. 2, PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION 2.1. Preliminary investigation shall include the study of existing geological information, previous site reports, geological maps, etc., and surface geological examination. These will help to narrow down the number of sites under consideration and also to locate the most desirable location for detailed sub- surface investigation. 3. DETAILED INVESTIGATION 3.1. Based on data obtained after preliminary investigations, the bridge site, the type of structure witht span arrangement and the location and type of foundations, the programme of detailed investigations, etc. shall be tentatively decided. Thereafter the scope of detailed investigation including the extent of exploration, number of bore holes, type of tests, number of tests, etc, shall be decided in close liaison with the design engincer and the exploration team, so that adequate data considered necessary for detailed design and execution are obtained. 3.2. The exploration shall cover the entire length of the bridge and also at either end a distance of zone of influence, i.e., about twice the depth below bed of the last main foundation to assess the effect of the approach embankment on the end foundations. Generally, the sub-surface investigations should 6sIRC:78-2000 extend to a depth below the anticipated foundation level equal to about one and a half times the width of the foundation, However, where such investigations end in any unsuitable or questionable foundation material, the exploration shall be extended to a sufficient depth into firm and stable soils or to rock, 3.2.1. Additional drill holes ; Where the data made available by detailed exploration indicate appreciable variation specially in case of foundations resting on rock, it will be necessary to resort to additional drill holes to establish a complete profile of the underlying strata. Location and depth of additional drill holes will have to be divided depending upon the extent of variation in local geology and in consultation with design engineer, 3.3. The scope of the detailed sub-surface exploration shall be fixed as mentioned in para 3.1 and 3.2. However, as a general guide it shall be comprehensive enough to enable the designer to estimate or determine the following: @ engineering properties of the soiltock; (i) location and extent of weak layers and cavities, if any, below ‘hard founding strata; (iii) the sub-surface geological condition, such as, type of rock, structure of rock, i.., folds, faults, fissures, shears, fractures, Joints, dykes and subsidence due to mining or presence of cavities; (iv) ground water level (v) artesian conditions, if any; (vi) quality of water in contact with the foundation; depth and extent of scour; suitable foundation level; 66 | | \ IRC:78-2000 1 (ex) safe bearing capacity of foundation stratum; (%) probable settlement and probable differential settlement of the foundations; (xi) likely sinking or driving effort; and (xii) likely construction difficulties. 4. CONSTRUCTION STAGE EXPLORATION Such explorations may become necessary to verify the actually met strata vis-a-vis detailed investigation stage or when a change in the sub-soil strata/rock profile is encountered during construction. In such situations, it may be essential to resort to further explorations to establish the correct data, for further decisions. 5. METHOD OF TAKING SOIL. SAMPLES The size of the bores shall be predetermined so that undisturbed samples as required for the various types of tests are obtained. The method of taking samples shall be as given in IS:1892 and IS:2132. The tests on soil samples shall be conducted as per relevant part of IS:2720. 6. DETAILS OF EXPLORATION FOR FOUNDATIONS, RESTING ON SOIL (ERODIBLE STRATA) 6.1. The type and extent of exploration shall be divided in to the following groups keeping in view the different requirements of foundation design and the likely method of data collection: (Foundations requiring shallow depth of exploration; i) Foundations req ng large depth of exploration; and ii) Fills behind abutments and protective works. 67IRC:78-2000 62, Foundations Requiring Shallow Depth Exploration (Open Foundation) ‘These shall cover cases where the depth of exploration is not deep and it is possible to take samples from shallow pits or conduct direct tests, like, plate load tests, etc. This will also cover generally the foundation soil for approach embankments, protective works, etc. 6.2.1. The primary requirements are stability and settlement, for which shearing strength characteristics, load settlement characteristics, etc. need determination. 6.2.2. Tests shall be conducted on undisturbed representative samples, which may be obtained from open pits. The use of plate load test (IS:1888-Method of Load Test on Soils) is considered desirable for ascertaining the safe bearing pressure and settlement characteristics. A few exploratory bore holes or soundings shall be made to safeguard against presence of weak strata underlying the foundation. This shall extend to a depth of about 1% times the proposed width of foundation. ‘Noté: For better interpretation, it will be desirable to correlate the laboratory results with the in-situ tests, like, plate load tests, penetration test results. 6.2.3. The tests to be conducted at various locations for properties of soil, etc. are different for cohesive and cohesionless soils. These are indicated below and shall be carried out wherever required according to soil type: (D) Cohesiontess Soils (@) Laboratory Tests (i) Classification tests, index tests, density determination, ete 68 cnn nina indiinenisntin itis IRC:78-2000 ii) Shear strengths by triaxial/direct shear, ete (b) Field Tests (i) Plate Load Test (i) Standard Penetration Tests (as per IS:2131) Use of Dynamic Cone Penetration Test as per 1S:4968 (Part 1 or Part 2) may be conducted where considered appropriate, (I) Cohesive Soils (a) Laboratory Tests (i) Classification tests, index tests, density determination, etc. Gi) Shear strengths by triaxial/direct shear, ete (ii) Unconfined compression test (1S:2720 Part X) (iv) Consolidation test (1S:2720 Part V) (b) Field Tests (i) Plate Load Test Gi) Vane Shear Test (IS:4434) (ii) Static Cone Penetration Test (18:4968 Part II) Note: Where dewatering is expected, the samples may be tested for permeability (1S:2720 Part XVII). 63. Foundations Requiring Large Depth of Exploration 6.3.1. In this group are covered cases of deep wells, pile foundations, etc. where the use of boring equipment, special techniques of sampling, in-situ testing, etc. become essential. In addition to the problems of soil and foundation interaction an important consideration can be the soil data required from construction considerations. Often in the case of cohesionless oIRC:78-2000 soils, undistrubed samples cannot be taken and recourse has to be made to in-situ field tests. 6.3.2. The sub-surface exploration can be divided into three zones: (@ between bed level and upto anticipated maximum scour depth (below EFL) from the maximum scour depth from foundation level to abo below it, 6.3.3. Sampling and testing (in-situ and laboratory) requirement will vary in each case and hence are required to be assessed and decided from case to case. The sub-soil water shall be tested for chemical properties to evaluate the hazard of deterioration to foundations. Where dewatering is expected to be required, permeability characteristics should be determined. 6.3.4. For the different zones categorised in para 6.3.2., the data required, method of sampling, testing, etc. are given in Table 1. Samples of soils in all cases shall be collected at every 1 to 1'/, metre or at change of strata. TABLE 1. SUB-SOIL DATA REQUIRED FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS Tones Dats Repired Sampling and Remurks - Inca Testing limitations Laboratory tests to be conducted according t the relevant prs of 18.2720 ncisurbed samples jal be colle, Dynaic Peetatin 70 IRC:78-2000 Tests as pr tal in i) Bring and sampling feds to cause renouing of sive das. Disurbce and sess hangs for isd o Iyer cys ay so make the sale ot aly rerseate of the init conta. in sch cass use cf insta tes may ie res more reeatative Sa dsrica. of be ata sil (i) Sterng sengh arate. Tria eto be dane on ansurbed samples. Unvonind compression tts tobe doe on nse and remaulded_ samples, Maximum Sel elassfegion Same as shove Same as above amicited scour Sewing strength level othe characterises foundation level dvarng is expe, (Moist ere, ‘Sime as shove and Sane as above CConslidation test to be doe on adisurbed samples Use of sophisicatdeinmet, ie, the presse mer may be made, if sual colons for interpret of dts collected are avaiable. nIRC:78-2000 6.4. Fill Materials Representative disturbed samples shall be collected from the borrowpit areas. Laboratory tests shall be conducted for determining the following: (classification and particle size Gi) moisture content Gil) density vs. moisture content relationship (Gv) shearing strength () permeability Note :The shearing strength shall be obtained for the density corresponding to the proposed density for the fil, 7. DETAILS OF EXPLORATION FOR FOUNDATIONS - RESTING ON ROCK 7.1. Basic Information Required from Explorations (@ Geological system; Gi) Depth of rock and its variation over the site; (Gi) Whether isolated boulder or massive rock information; (iv) Extent and character of weathered zone; (¥) The structure of rock - including bedding planes, faults, ete. (vi) Properties of rock material, ike, strength, geological formation, etc (vii) Quality and quantity of returning drill water; and (vii) Erodibility of work to the extent possible. 7.2. Exploration Programme If preliminary investigations have revealed presence of rock within levels where the foundation is to rest, it is essential to take up detailed investigation to collect necessary information mentioned in the preceding para. n i i i ; : i | IRC:78-2000 7.2.1. The extent of exploration shall be adequate enough to give a complete picture of the rock profile both in depth and across the channel width for assessing the constructional difficulties in reaching the foundation levels. Keeping this in view, it shall-be possible to decide the type of foundations, the construction method to be adopted for a particular bridge, the extent of even seating and embodiment into rock of the foundations. It is desirable to take atleast one drill hole per pier and abutment and one on each side beyond abutments, 7.2.2. The depth of boring in rock depends primarily on local geology, erodibility of the rock, the extent of structural loads to be transferred to foundation, etc. Normally, it shall pass through the upper weathered or otherwise weak zone, well into the sound rock. The minimum depth of drilling shall be as. per para 3.2 above. 7.3. Detailed Investigations for Rock at Surface or at Shallow Depths In case of rock at shallow depths which can be conveniently reached, test pits or trenches are the most dependable and valuable methods, since they permit a direct examination of the surface, the weathered zone and presence of any discontinuities. For guidance, IS:4453 - Code of Practice for exploration by pits, trenches, drafts and shafts may be referred to. In case structurally disturbed rocks, in-situ tests may be made in accordance with IS:7292 - Code of Practice for in-situ determination of rock properties by flat jack, IS:7317 - Code of Practice for Uni-axial Jacking Test for Deformation Modulus and IS: 7746 - Code of Practice for in-situ Shear Test on Rock. 7.4. Detailed Investigation for Rock at Large Depths 7.4.1. This covers cases where recourse is to be made to BTRC:78-2000 sounding, boring and drilling. An adequate investigation programme has to be planned to cover the whole area for general characteristics and in particular the foundation location, for obtaining definite information regarding rock-depth and its variation over the foundation area. The detailed programme of exploration will depend on the type and depth of overburden, the size and importance of the structure, etc. To decide this, geophysical methods adopted at the preliminary investigation stage may be helpful. 7.4.2. The investigation of the overburden soil layers shall be done as per details given for the foundations resting in soil. However, in case of foundations resting on rock, tests on overburden shall be carried out only when necessary, ©.g., foundation level lower than scour levels. 7.4.3, The cores shall be stored properly in accordance with 1S:4078 - Code of Practice for Indexing and Storage of Drill Cores 7.4.4. The rock cores obtained shall be subjected to tests to get necessary data for design as follow: (@ Visual identification for (@) Texture (b) Structure (©) Composition @ Colour (©) Grain size (Q — Petrography Laboratory tests may be done for (@) Specific gravity (b) Porosity (©) Water absorption (@) Compressive strength 4 IRC-78-2000 Note: Generally, shear strength tests will suffice for design purposes. Other tests may need to be done in special case. The shear strength tests can be done as unconfined compression, triaxial compression or direct shear test. 7.4.5. Use of in-situ tests for measuring strength and deformation characteristics may be made. Use of bore hole photography will be desirable to evaluate the presence of faults, fissures or cavities, etc. 7.5. Special Cases 7.5.1. Investigation for conglomerate : A drill hole shall be made same as for rock. The samples collected shall be subjected to suitable tests depending upon the material. Special care shall be taken to ascertain the erodibility of the matrix. 7.5.2. Investigation for laterites : The investigation shall generally be similar to that required for cohesive soils. In case of hard laterite, recourse may have to be made to core drilling as for soft rocks. 8, CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKS 8.1, Identification and classification of rock types for engineering purposes may, in general, be limited to broad, basic physical condition in accordance with accepted practice. Strength of parent rock alone is of limited value because overall characteristics depend considerably on character, spacing and distributions of discontinuities of the rock mass, such as, the joints, bedding planes, faults and weathered seams. 8.2. Classification of Rocks Rocks may be classified or identified based on their physical condition as indicated below. For foundation design, these are to be classified in three groups as in Table 2. As a 75IRC:78-2000 guide, the allowable bearing values of the rocks of different conditions may be taken from the values given in Table 2, duly modified after taking into account the various characteristics of rocks. TABLE 2 ‘Types of Rock/Con: Suggested Allowable Bi Values for Average Condition Hard Rocks 2.0 to 3.0 MPa Soft Rocks 10 to 2.0 MPa Weathered Rocks, Conglomerates Not more than and Laterites| 1.0 MPa 9. PRESENTATION OF DATA The presentation of data: collected shall be done as illustrated in Sheets No.1 and 2. 16