ABSTRACT

Pre-marital sex means practicing sexual relationship before marriage. This

activity could lead to many health problems such as sexually transmitted
infections, unwanted pregnancy, abortion and maternal death. Sexual behavior of
adolescents and youth are categorize as one of the main health priorities of a
society because of high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), sexually transmitted infections (STI’s),
and unwanted pregnancies this study was aimed at explaining the actions and
functions of families, school, community and religion in youth’s engagement
sexual relations.
This quantitative study was conducted in Rizal National High School,
municipality of Rizal, province of Zamboanga del Norte. The participants are the
students of the school.
Somehow, most of the participant did not accept this kind of behavior. They
said that this behavior was too bad for our culture and morality,and value of our
society, especially for our young ladies. All though pre-marital sex among the
students of Rizal National High School seemed to be common, knowledge of the
participants on sexual health was low. Talking about sex in the community was
still taboo. Strict cultural control might be a barrier for achieving knowledge on
sexual health. Families and religious factors were reported as important factors in
preventing pre-marital sex, especially among youths. Health education on sexual
reproductive health should be intensified and expanded. Priority should be given
to youth, especially the students.

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Effects of premarital sex engagement to the students of Rizal National High
School.

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Sexual behaviours of adolescents and youth are categorized as one of the

main health priorities of society because of high prevalence of human
immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS),
sexually transmitted infections (STI’s), and unwanted pregnancies. Family is an
important environment that is associated with a range of social and emotional
behaviours of children. This study was aimed at explaining the actions and
functions of families in youth’s engagement in sexual relations.

Pre-marital sex is a sexual activity practiced by people before they are

married. It was considered as a moral issue taboo in many culture and
considered as a sin by a number of religions. Teenagers who feel incomplete,
inadequate and unappreciated are more likely to seek comfort in a sexual
relationship. Most of the sexually active youth don’t practice safe sex and already
pregnant at a young age. Those who engaged in pre-marital sex are also prone
STD’s or Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

Pre-marital sex in teenagers is an emotional experience and it affects people

lives in ways they can’t understand. People nowadays don’t consider the
consequences of pre-marital sex. After teenagers engage in pre-marital sex,
many of them shows feelings of guilt, embarrassment, distrust, resentment, lack
of respect, tension and so much more.

Pre-marital sex may results to teenage pregnancy. Teenager pregnancy, also

known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in females under the age of 20. A
female can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to
ovulate, which can be before her first menstrual period (menarche) but usually
occurs after the onset of her periods. In well-nourished females, menarche
usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13. Pregnant teenagers face many of
the same pregnancy related issues as other women. There are, however,
additional concerns for those under the age of 15 as they are less likely to be
physically developed enough to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth. For
girls aged 15-19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with

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the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia,
and pre-eclampsia are connected to the biological age, being observed in teen
births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as accessing prenatal
care etc.). Only 40 percent of teenagers who get pregnant in high school
graduate. By not graduating from high school, teenage girls find it difficult to get a
job later in life. Their options are typically to defend on family or go on welfare. In
fact, more than 75 percent of unmarried teenage mothers go on welfare within
five years of the birth of their child, according to the march of dimes. Teen
mothers are likely to live in poverty. Children born to teenage mothers are likely
to do poorly in school, repeat grades and drop out before graduating high school.

Aims of the Study

This research study aimed to help the Rizal National High School students to
be aware about the possible effects and outcome of having pre-marital sex. This
also aimed to help the institution to have strong foundation towards their students
to avoid and prevent them in engaging to pre-marital sex.

Scope and Delimitation

This study conducted exclusively to the students of Rizal National High

School who engaged and experienced having intercourse or sex at a young age.
This study focused the effect of pre-marital sex on the students of Rizal National
High School and to know the percentage of the students that who experienced
teenage pregnancy.

Significance of the Study

In the present days where the influence of social media is everywhere

understanding about the factors which may be associated with pre-marital sexual
intercourse is necessary especially to the adolescents. Teenage pregnancy and
unwanted babies are the possible consequence of pre-marital sex. The findings
of this study may serve significant role to the following;

Students. This will help them identify what are the factors to avoid which may be
related to pre-marital sex. Avoidance of doing those that will introduce harm to
their plans will provide them better and brighter future.

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Parents. Through this study they will be guided on what to do to help their
children to be kept away from engaging pre-marital sex.

Faculty Members. In the discussion of serious issue such as pre-marital sex, the
employment of appropriate approach requires extraordinary prudence and
therefore they will be able to become more conscious on what approach to be
administered to the students so that they would have a better realization on the
factors of pre-marital sex.

Administrators of Schools. They would become familiar on the students’

viewpoint on the factors of pre-marital sex as perceived by the participants. From
that point activities or programs can be formulated and suitable actions can be
made to meet and help the students to become more responsible to their actions
and to their studies. Society. The general public where the participants belong
will be strengthened; furthermore, unwanted pregnancies can be reduced if not
eliminated.

Other Researchers. This research paper may enlighten them to conduct further
study on topics related to this piece.

Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between pre-marital sex and the academic

performance to the students of Rizal National High School.

Research Questions

1. What are the possible effects of pre-marital sex to the student’s personal,
sickness, school, and social aspects to the students of Rizal National High
School?

2. What are the possible solution to the engagement of pre-marital sex of the
students of Rizal National High School?

3. What are the possible actions of the government and the institution towards
the engagement of pre-marital sex to the students of Rizal National High School?

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 CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The National Institute of Health (2005) claimed that aging is associated with
a variety of changes in man’s life. It explained that adolescence is a period of life
characterized by dramatic changes in biological processes, as well as physical
and social contexts. It defined the age range of adolescences as transversely the
period between 12-17 years old. In the online article entitled Caring for your
Teenager (2003) it discusses that adolescence stage range from years of puberty
to adulthood. This was approximately divided into three stage, to mention this
are: early adolescence ( 12-13 years of age ); middle adolescence ( 14 to 16
years of age ); and late adolescence, ( 17-21 years of age ). Generally, these are
the ages were young ones are still in their college education. In addition, the
online article Caring for Your Teenager (2003) lay down that, young boys and
girls as they go into their adolescent stage they infrequently think of their future.
They do not have the ability to consider what the effects of their action are. At
late adolescence, a lot of young ones appear to value modification of situations
and ideas and they now plan the future. They started to increase their thoughts
and at this moment there is augmentation of their competence to solve problems;
however, with the presence of their innocence in life they inconsistently apply
their newly acquired ability and occasionally they may act with lack of correct
judgment. As teenagers, there are points in life which they are not yet of much
understanding as the old ones. To be specific this refers to the acts called pre-
marital sex. According to Leyson (n.d.) “virginity is no longer a universal expected
prerequisite for the marriage covenant”. This statement might not be true to all
people in the world.

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) are present in North America or

European countries and they noticed that there is widespread pre-marital sex
among adolescents in their respective place. They learned that chastity is not
important to them for they consider this as old-fashioned virtue. This the reason
why OFWs especially mothers are praying deeply that their daughters and sons
will continue to value chastity and do not follow what the Western societies are
doing (Villegas,2011).

The results of the study of Woodward, Fergusson, and Horwood, (2004)

emphasized that majority of the first pregnancy occurred between the ages of 17
to 20 years. In the United States of America (USA) teenage pregnancy was seen

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to be existing while there are teenagers. The 75% of teenagers between ages 13
and 19 had sex and 40% of all U.S.A women will get pregnant by the age of 19
due to pre-marital sex (Meyers,1990). It can be noted that teenage pregnancy
entails lasting hardships to the mother and child. According to Meyers (1990)
USA studies how that “women to bear the first child at the early age bear more
children rapidly and have more unwanted and out-of-wedlock births”. Meyers
(1990) continued that “82% of girls who gave birth at age of 15 or younger were
daughters of teenage mothers”. She cited that experts point out that the reason
for the increase in the rate of teenage pregnancy are pressures in the society
and lack of sex education.

The state of being pregnant before getting married is at present one of the
many problems in Thai society, though Thai people have become open minded
about couples cohabitating before marriage and this trend is evident is all age
groups, from students to adults open (Ounjit, 2011).

In the study of Ghuman, Huy, Lol, and Knodel (2006) they declared that pre-
marital sex is becoming more common in Vietnam but is still not widespread. The
increase in the frequency of pre-marital sex was seen since there were
individuals who engage in sex exclusively with a future spouse. They further
claimed that “very few men had pre-marital sex with someone other than a future
spouse”.

The state of being pregnant before getting married does not happen only in
the foreign land but this is also present in the Philippines. Persons who engage
pre-marital sex is not punish under Philippine laws but in some other countries
they considered it as a crime but victimless. Since victimless states do not
prosecute persons accused of the crime (“Gale Group”,2008).

In the study conducted by Zablan (1994) revealed that 18% of Filipino youths
approved pre-marital sex, 80% disapproved, and 2% were neutral (as cited in
Layson, n.d). According to the World Bank, the Philippines is among the top 10
countries where there is an increasing number of teenage mothers (Ong, 2009).
Once the child is born the teenage mom bears the burden of rearing the child at
her very young age. This is not the only point to be considered but generally this
will add to the overpopulation of the country and increase the poor quality of life.

While in the online article of Wiltse (2009), the Philippines is one of the

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fastest growing populations in Asia with about 2 million new births each year. The
government estimated that in 2040 the Philippines’ population is projected to
expand to as many as 142 million. Furthermore, she expound that teenage
pregnancy is widespread in the Philippines, especially among the poor in Manila.
Even though in the study conducted by Hayward, Grady, and Billy (1992), outside
the Philippines, showed that “socioeconomic status (SES), in which income is
part of SES, indirectly affects the risk of pregnancy”, still teenagers should have
to exercise prudence to avoid getting pregnant at early age. Young mothers face
enormous health risks, obstructed labor is common and results in new born
deaths and deaths or disabilities in the mothers. Harding (2010) concurred in his
article when he said that there are alleged harmful physical and psychological
effects of pre-marital sex and similarly with the out-of-wedlock childbirth.

Gorne (2006) in a phone interview with the Population Officer Velma

Kangleon learned that teenage pregnancies are rampant and pre-marital sex
occurences in the Southern Leyte, Maasin City alarms the provincial government.
According to Kangleon, the latest result on the Pinoy Youth Survey in close
coordination with Population Commission was shocking as Eastern Visayas
ranks a second in the prevalence of teenage pregnancies and pre-marital sex
incidence next to Metro Manila include Southern Leyte (as cited by Gorne, 2006).
Kangleon reported further that, teenage pregnancies does not exempt children at
elementary level specifically those who have already their monthly period.

In the Philippines, a woman having the age below 17 is expected be

unmarried since the age of majority is 18. This is the age where under the
Philippine laws people could enter into a valid contract. Therefore, this will raise
the belief that when a woman has a child at this age she is not yet married and
has engaged in pre-marital sex. In the study carry out by the UP Population
Institute exhibit lower ages to those who engaged in pre-marital sex. It
manifested that one (1) out of four (4) Filipinos aged 15-24 ate engaging pre-
marital sex, (“Pre-marital sex”,2007). The study Adhikari and Tamang (2009)
revealed that pre-marital sex is more likely engaged by students aged 20. The
results of the study of Chun Yi, Ksobiech and Chiao (2012) affirm the previous
study; however it specifically mentioned that male college students with an
educated mother were less likely to have pre-marital sex between the ages of 20
and 22 but not the female. In the online article of Naijanewsreel (2011), it was
stressed that corruption of public morals and household disorder are social
disorders which seems to be the results of pre-marital sex.

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 The study conducted by Farahani, Cleland and Mehryar (2011) found that
there were college students who did not engage in pre-marital sex since they
wanted to have a better opportunities for marriage. They added that liberal views
of the families with higher incomes and higher level of education suggest that
these people are linked with opposite sex but not sex. Furthermore, they
demonstrated that young women with more affluent parents who have better
education as well is thought to have liberal peers a reason which relates liberal
attitude.

Living with single parents in situation cases resulted to a “Poor

communication and a less and less positive family atmosphere” are found by
some studies to be ground for the adolescents to engage pre-marital sex. The
values in the family that the children observed are carried by them. It is
anticipated that the liberal parents will have children of liberal minds and ready to
associate with men before marriage. In some culture sex is to be done after
marriage and when it is done before marriage then this person is considered a
deviant (farahani, Cleland & Mehryar, 2011).

Mehmet (2006) stressed that, “mother’s education, age and employment

status” are some of the reasons that induce the women to engage in sexual
activity before marriage (as cited in naijanewreel, 2011). The young women in the
family who seeks to have good future but belongs to a poor famiy turn to engage
into a relationship with order men to pay their schools fees and provide their
other needs (Meekers & calve,1997; Luke, 2001; as cited in Naijanewsreel,
2011). This signifies that the economic situation of the family ith older men to pay
their schools fees and provide their fees and provide their other needs (Meekers
& Calve, 1997; Luke, 2001; as cited in Naijanewsreel, 2011). This signifies that
the economic situation of the family contributes why young women engage in
pre-marital sex. The factors such as family background, peer pressure, media
influence economic situations and educational background of parents are found
to be the reasons why pre-marital sex is high among adolescents and youth
(Akinleye and Onifade, 1996 as cited in Naijaswreel 2011). Chun Yi, et al., (2012)
suspected that the gender differences in the engagement of pre-marital sex is
related to parenting and family’s SES. They found that family with lower SES
background tends to performs less parental control. On the other hand, the
religion and culture of the country restrict pre-marital sex at different degree. The
study of Adhikari and Tamang (2009) showed that “substantial proportions of

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students who are practicing different religion in dulge in sexual activities as well
as risky sexual behavior”.

Viewing of pornographic films/videos is one of the items utilized in this study

to determine the perceptions of the respondents on what could be the reason
why adolescent engage in pre-marital sex. According to Wilton (1998)
“pornography is broadly defined as a nay sexually explicit material primarily
developed or produced to arose sexual interest or provide erotic pleasure”. The
study of Wong, Kung-Wah Chan, Koh, Tan, Lim, Emmanuel, and Bishop (2012)
suggest that pornography is the strongest factor that temp the male youth to pre-
marital sex; hence, parents should have an open conversation with their young
children to help them a different version when his stressed that the purchased
and use of erotic magazines and videos and attendance at erotic movies are not
a relevant factor in that a person will commit sex offenses.

Wong, et al., (2012) advance that among male adolescence one of the
significant factors that is associated to sexual intercourse is lack of confidence to
resist peer pressure to engage in sex, and also the perception that one half or
more of their friends have already engage in pre-marital sex.

Allen (2003) mentioned that a consensus indicates that peer pressure is a

significant predictor of sexual activity often UNICEF, (2001; Leonard 2005 as
cited in Naijanewsreel, 2011). To boost the self-confidence of the children,
parents need to support them, assert the beauty of life to ensure their feelings
and heighten their morale. It is important that parents lead the direction of the
lives of their children so that they will not long for others’ company and submit
themselves to peers. They might be turning to friends who are doing wrong
activities like smoking, vandalism, drinking, sex, cheating, and sneaking out at
night.

Those issues about drugs and sex are serious matters; however, the family
must discuss them in open and honest ways in order that the teenagers will not
seek information from his friends which might not be true and correct (Peer
pressure, 2008). Moreover, Adhikari and Tamang (2009) noted in their study that
those respondents who have unmarried close friends with pre-marital sex
experiences are more sexually active that their counterpart. They added that
conservative males are mindful about male virginity and as such they are not

9
likely to engage pre-marital sex.

Similarly to Chun Yi, et al., (2012) indicate in the results of their study that
“Liberal pre-marital sexual attitudes are also significantly associated with pre-
marital sexual activity”. Wong, et al., (2012) said that involvement in gang
activities should be identified early since this could be a reason that adolescents
will get involve in pre-marital sex.

Chun Yi, Ksobiech and Chiao (2012) found that alcohol use among college
students could be influenced by the peers. Drinking of alcoholic beverages more
frequently and the use of drugs are more likely to do sex before marriage
(Gorne ,2006). Brown et al., 1980; George and Norris, 1991; Presley et al., 1997
said that “men anticipate feeling more powerful, sexual and aggressive after
drinking alcohol” (as cited in Abby (2002). Cooper (2002) supported and
articulated that drinking was strongly related to the decision to have sex. Chun Yi,
et al., (2012) expressed that among males the use of alcoholic beverages is
significantly associated with pre-marital sex but not for women.

Allen (2003) assumed that “drugs could induced sexual desire and alcohol
use have been identified as factors which may encourage unintended sexual
activities “ (UNICEF, 2001; Leonard 2005; as cited in Naijanewsreel (2011).
Study of Wong, et al., (2010) supported the findings of Allen , (2003) as cited in
Naijanewsreel (2011) when they explained that their girl respondents manifested
that when they are under the influenced of alcohol or drugs they engage in
sexual activity. Hindin and Hindin (2009) suggest that for male adolescence,
abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol and tabacoo; access to
pornographic films and other X-rated materials; having peers who are sexually
active; family instability are factors which induced them to engage sexual
activities.

Furthermore, the study of Wong, et al., (2012) clearly illustrated that leaving
condition of the respondents in low-cost or poor housing is a significant factor
that the male adolescents engage sexual intercourse. In addition, they define
history of sexual abuse as a sexual contact with a person that of the parties did
not want to. This occurs before the first voluntary sex (Wong, et al., 2012). This
could then they considered as a previous sexual abuse experience of the person.
The young females who have history to sexual abuse are mostly likely the ones
to engage sex before marriage.

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 Pre-marital sex leads to pregnancy. Early pregnancy may bring harmful
effects and damage to adolescents schooling. Above all untimely dropping out of
school is the common results. Child bearing does not only limits schooling but
also training and work opportunities. In addition, Wong (2010) exemplify that
those male and females who had stop their studies, alcohol drinkers, and lived in
a low-cost house were more likely to engage in pre-marital sex.

According to Fantahun, M and Chala, knowledge score were better than

attitude and practice scores. Ages, sex, marital status, education status, and
occupation were significantly related with knowledge, attitude, and practice to
improve knowledge, emphasis should be laid on measures such as making the
services providing knowledge accessible to the youth.

Another study was conducted in 1996 by Signorelli and Renzi, to evaluate

knowledge and sexual behaviour among the Italians. After sexual activity has
been begun, it is hardly seems to be limited to monogamy or to be always
regulated by AIDS preventing practices. The first sexual intercourse begins to
occur more frequently after age of 18, and condoms are used more frequently
particularly occasional sex.

A study was conducted in 1996 by Alvarez B. Garcia, Lopez C. Menendez,

Garcia L. Bobia and Fernandez E. Corrales to find out the knowledge, attitudes,
and practices among students and trainees regarding HIV/AIDS in Mieres. From
the study, it was found that the majority of the students were well informed and
that they had sufficient knowledge of and information about HIV/AIDS. They were
aware of the needed preventive measures and the use of condoms, and believed
that today’s youth is changing its lifestyle because of HIV/AIDS. Despite of
knowing the basic facts about HIV/AIDS, students have many mistaken ideas
about the use of condoms, pregnancy, preventive measures, sharing of syringes,
etc.

The study conducted by Lagarde E. Pison describe the determinants of at

risk sexual behaviour and perceptions of AIDS related prevention messages in
rural Africa. The results of the study show that the men and women had declared
that they had used a condom in most of their casual sex Seasonal migrants and
divorced or widowed women were those who had casual sex. The casual sex
motivated by material needs men and women exhibit two different patterns

11
regarding their behaviour and perceptions towards AIDS.

A study by Aggarwal O. Sharma A.K., and P. Chhabra about the sexuality of

medical college students in India concluded that their study provided evidence for
the need to improve knowledge about the different aspects of sex among Indian
medical students. These students favoured the introduction of sex education at
the school level. In India talking about sex is taboo hence little is known about the
knowledge, attitudes and sexual behaviour of our adolescents.

In his study, Qidwai has found a high prevalence of misconceptions and guilt
associated with both masturbation and nocturnal emission among young
Pakistanis. It also proved the association of demographic variables and
documented the misconceptions regarding these two among them, and made a
case for the sex education of youth. The respondents reported the association of
physical illness and weakness with masturbation.

According to Zhang and E.J Beck, pre-marital sex has become widely
accepted among young people, and that the Chinese are now more tolerant
toward extra marital sex. Young people in general, believe that love should be the
basis for marriage and that the quality of an individual’s life is correlated to
marriage. Sex life is currently more valued than it used to be. Attitudes towards
masturbation have become more tolerant though homosexuality continues to be
hidden from society as it has been since a long time. Attitudes towards sex and
sexual behaviour have become recognized as the responsibility of individuals as
long as no offense occurs against society and heterosexual transmission is
becoming the most important route of HIV transmission in China.

Thomas T. Kane, rose De Buysscher, Tunde Taylor-Thomas, Tamara Smith,

and Momodou Jeng presented a report on a 1986-87 two-stage probability
sample survey of 2507 young men and women aged 14-24, living in the Greater
Banjul region of The Gamota. Although pre-marital sexual activity was common
and began at an early age lack of knowledge of and limited access to modern
contraceptives were the obstacles to practicing family planning. Of all the
sexually active single persons, only 21 percent of the young women, and 7
percent of the young men had practiced contraception at the time of the first
intercourse. Almost half of the sexually active young adults had always used
contraceptives with oral contraceptives, and condoms being the methods most

12
widely known and used. Results of regression analyses show that attendance at
family life education lectures in school had significant positive relationships to
both knowledge and the use of contraceptives among the young people
surveyed. The study presents encouraging evidence that acceptance of modern
contraceptive use is beginning to take hold among young the people in urban
Banjul.

Evidence on behaviour change among homosexual men is mixed. In

prospective studies of groups of men, risky behaviour has decreased. For
example, in 1984, in a group of 411 men in San Francisco, 40 percent of HIV-
positive men were having anal intercourse with two or more partners in six
months. By 1987, that percentage had decreased to 5 percent. Among men who
remained uninfected, receptive anal intercourse with two or more partners in six
months decreased from 15 percent in 1984 to 3 percent in 1987.

Parents, of course, greatly influences their children’s health behaviour. In a

US study that asked students who most influenced their decisions about sex, 37
percent cited their parents, while 30 percent cited their friends. In addition to
parents, other adult family members, and others in the community influence
adolescent health behaviour.

For young men, being able to talk about problems, including concerns about
sexuality, and to obtain support, are important steps to avoid risk. Yet, many boys
grow up without the opportunity to communicate. In Kenya, for example, less
than half of the fathers reported in a nationwide survey their having discussed
sex, HIV/AIDS, or male-female relationships with their teenage sons in the
preceding year.

Various studies such as Delamater, (1987); Hynie, Lydon, Cote, & Wiener,
(1998); Leigh, (1989); Lottes, (1993); Moore & Rosenthal, (1998); Murstein &
Tuekheimer, (1998) reported that when asked about motivations for sex, male
adolescents are more likely to give reasons associated with physical pleasure,
whereas female adolescents emphasize emotional and relational reasons.
Studies of Galligan & Terry, (1993) and Moore & Rosenthal, (1998) reported that
romantic ideals interfere with safe sexual practices, perhaps somewhat more for
female adolescents than for male adolescents of the six love styles proposed by
Lee (1973) Andope, rationalized by Hendrick (1986; Hendrick, Hendrick, Foote, &
Slapion-Foote, 1984). According to the study of Hendrick & Hendrick, (1987),

13
game-playing love is more often endorsed by male adolescents and it’s strongly
positively correlated with permissive sexual attitudes, with the belief that the
purpose of sex is pleasure, and with number of life time partners.

Nadia Garnefski and Ellen Arends (1998) studied differences between male
and female victims of sexual abuse and found that both sexually abused boys
and girls reported significantly more emotional problems, behaviour problems,
suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts than their non-abused counterparts. The
results also indicated that the experience of sexual abuse carried far more
consequences for boys than for girls regarding the use of alcohol,
aggressive/criminal behaviour, use of drugs, and the amount of truancy, as well
as regarding suicidal thoughts and behaviour.

Hines, D. (2007) studied the predictors of sexual coercion against male and
female among university students. Information was gathered from the
International Dating Violence Study where questionnaires were completed by
students in a classroom setting in various universities around the world. The
findings suggest that adversarial beliefs about romantic relationships were
associated with sexual coercion for both genders. The sites with high rates of
hostile beliefs about the opposite sex observed a higher number of reports of
verbal and forced sexual coercion victimization.

Santana, M., Raj, A., Decker, M., La Marche, A., & Silverman, J. (2006)
reported that men who believed in traditional male gender roles were more likely
to have committed intimate partner violence within the past year than men with
less traditional beliefs were not associated with having multiple female partners,
forcing unprotected sex, or engaging in unprotected anal sex. Level of violence
were the same regardless of race/ethnicity, country of origin, or acculturation.

L. Kris Gowen, S. Shirley Feldman, Rafael Diaz, and Donnovan Somera

Yisrael (2004) studied the sexual behaviours and attitudes of female adolescents
as a function of age of boyfriend. Boyfriend’s age was dichotomized: similar-aged
was defined as within 2 years of the girls’ age; older aged was 3 or more years
older than the girl. A school-based, ethnically diverse sample of 9 th-grade girls
who had been in a serious romantic relationship was surveyed on 5 dimensions
of sexual attitudes, 2 classes of sexual motives, 7 normative sexual behaviours,
and 3 types of risky sexual practices. Results showed that in terms of behaviour,
girls with older boyfriends were more likely to endorse beliefs that guys are

14
sexually driven, that sex “just happens” and are spontaneous, and that sex is
related to maturity.

Atav & Spencer (2002) reported that rural adolescents are more likely to
engage in sexual behaviour than those youth living in urban areas. Although,
studies do not suggest that there is more tolerance for teen sex in rural areas.
The views of both urban and rural residents tend to be same when it comes to
their teens having sex; they are against it.

O’Donnell, O’Donnell, & Stueve, (2001) reported that the likelihood that rural
youth participate in sexual behaviour more than urban youth could be due to the
fact that parents and teachers often underestimate children’s emergent sexual
behaviours. A survey of 374 rural parents suggests that most parents believed
that the majority of sex education should be provided by the family and should be
supplement by outside organizations (Jordan, Price, & Fitzgerald, 2000). Being
that rural populations tend to be more religious than urban populations,
abstinence is the major topic in sexual education classes for rural youth.
Although, most of the rural, religious parents did support including information on
contraception methods, and including condoms in formal sexual education
courses (Jordan, Price, & Fitzgerald, et.al., 2000). In the evaluation of an
abstinence only program, no evidence was found that these types of programs
change adolescent sexual behaviour (Barnett & Hurst, 2003). Teaching youth
that abstinence is the way to avoid sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy and
other health risks does not keep them from having sex.

Voeten Helene A C M, Egesah Omar B, and Habbema J Dik F (2004)

reported that sexual behaviour was more risky for women in rural than in urban
areas, also after adjusting for socio demographic differences. Rural women
reported less frequently being a virgin at marriage, a higher number of lifetime
partners, and less consistent condom use with non-spousal partners. For men,
sexual risk behaviour was equally high in urban and rural areas. Population rural
and urban areas both agree that sex among adolescents is wrong. Neither urban
nor rural areas have a higher tolerance of this behaviour. Most of the research
above is based on self-reported data. This type of data could pose problems due
to the reporting of incorrect information. The results of much of the research cited
cannot be generalized because it was not taken from a representative sample.
Also, most of the research is either based on sexual behaviour of rural
adolescents or sexual behaviour of urban adolescents. Only one article was a

15
comparisons of the two. More research could be done comparing the differences
of sexual behaviours among rural and urban. More data should be collected from
representative samples so that intervention programs can be developed to target
the specific needs of rural youth and of urban youth.

In recent years, adolescents sexuality has become a source of increasing

social concern because of it’s link to adolescents pregnancy, the risk of
contracting sexually transmitted diseases, and to the possible negative impact of
early sexuality on other aspects of adolescent development (Hofferth, 1987). To
date, an extensive body of research has accumulated on the correlates and
predictors of adolescent sexual activity. A number of studies have indicated that
domains such as, socioeconomic status (SES), family structure and
relationships, pubertal maturation and various personality and behavioural
characteristics are related to the timing and frequency of adolescent sexual
activity (Chilman, 1986; Hofferth 1987).

An additional correlated of sexual activity is cited by several researchers is

the adolescents investment in their own education. Typically, a negative
association has been reported between academic involvement and adolescent
sexual activity (Chilman, 1986). The reason for this negative association
however, is not clear. One hypothesis is that a greater investment in educational
decreases the likelihood of early sexual activity by providing an alternative
reward structure or an alternative set of an activities (e.g; Miller & Sneesdy,
1988). Such as position is consistent with social control theory ( Hirschi, 1969).

Robert Rector and Kirk A. Johnson (2005) reported that teens who abstain
from sex during high school years are substantially less likely to be expelled from
school; less likely to drop out high school; and more likely to attend and graduate
from college. When compared to sexually active teens, those who abstain from
sexual activity during high school years (e.g., at least until age 18) are 60 percent
less likely to be expelled from school; 50 percent less likely to drop out of high
school; almost twice as likely to graduate from college.

In an example of White Metropolitan adolescents, Alwin (1986) used

structural equation modelling to examine the relationship of educational plans
and academic grades in school to sexual activity. He found that boys with higher
educational plans were less likely to report being sexually active later in
adolescence than boys with lower educational plans. Academic grades in school,

16
however, did not predict sexual activity for boys, and neither plans nor academic
grades in school predicted sexual activity among girls. On the other hand, early
sexual activity negatively predicted later educational plans for both boys and
girls.

The Alwin et al. Study (1986) and the Billy et al. study (1988) indicate that
sexual activity predicts educational investment for girls with no, evidence of a
reverse effect. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the sample in this
study included only adolescents who resided in metropolitan areas. Perhaps,
sexual activity and educational investment are more compatible for girls who
lived in metropolitan areas than for girls who lived in rural areas because sexual
activity maybe perceive to be less deviant in urban settings. Indeed, researchers
have found that girls who live in metropolitan areas are more sexually active than
girls who live in rural areas, suggesting that sexual activities might be perceive as
less deviant among girls living in metropolitan areas (Devaney & Hubley, 1989).

Christine McCauley Ohannessian and Lisa J. Crokett (1993) reported that for
boys, none of the educational variables significantly predicted sexual activity
however, sexual activity significantly predicted later participation in academic
activities. These results are similar to those found in the Alwin et al. Study (1986)
and the Billy et al. (1988) study. Sexual activity was found to predict later
educational investment for boys in both of these studies. In the Alwin study
initiation of sexual activity was found predict boys’ educational plans, and the
Billy et al. Study, initiation of sexual activity predicted boys’ academic grades in
school. Only one educational variables, educational plans was found to
significantly predict sexual activity for boys (Alwin, 1986).

Novilla M. Lelinneth B.; Dearden, Kirk A.; Crookston, Benjamin T.; De La

Cruz, Natalie; Hill, Susan; Torres, Scott B (2006) reported that the likelihood of
engaging sexual activity is associated with age, low academic performance,
substance abuse, violence, depression, and suicidal tendencies. The more
frequent the occurrences of these risk factors, the higher the chances of
engaging in sexual activity.

Schvaneveldt, Miller, Berry, and Lee (2001) reported that the younger the age
at each one has sexual intercourse is negatively correlated with lower academic
performance and goals. Students who are sexually active perform lower in
academic than students who are not sexually active. Early sexual involvement

17
may cause young peoples’ priorities to shift, perhaps increasing their interest in
early marriage and parenthood and the expense of their commitment to an
extended education. These represent plausible developmental mechanisms
linking adolescent investment in school to their sexual activities. They have,
however, very different implications for the understanding of adolescent
development. Consequently, it becomes important to disentangle these
processes: to determine wether academic excellence correlates significantly with
sexual behaviour. To date, little research has addressed this issue. Most of the
studies of educational investment and sexual activity have been cross-sectional
design. Although they have demonstrated a negative relationships between
educational variables and sexual activities, such studies cannot address
antecedent-consequent relationships (Miller & Simon, 1974; Miller & Sneesby,
1988).

If adolescents are expose to sexual content due to media usage such as

television or movies, they would be more likely to undergo potentially negative
consequences of the exposure. Sexual content is described as the talk or
behaviour involving sexuality, sexual suggestiveness, or sexual activities/
relationships. The connection to media and adolescents sex behaviour is linked
because sexual content on media came at a time when rates of adolescent
pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections are unacceptably high. (Morris,
Gary, 1993).

The impact of sexual media influenced is beyond sexual acts. Adolescence

perceived ideas about what it is like to be a man or woman and believe that the
defections of intimacy and sex are realistic. Media programming of sex often fails
to imply the negative consequences of these acts such as STD’s or pregnancy.
Adolescence still engage in sexual acts even though they have knowledge about
AIDS and STD’s and generally do not take precautions (Rollin, Lucy, 1999)

Although exposure to mass media has become an important part of everyday

life, one may be surprised to find the role of mass media in theories of sexual
behaviour is still uncertain (e.g., Garfalo, 1981; Thornto and Voigt, 1984). There
has been little effort made by criminologist to include media in existing theories
pertaining to the family, school, and peer group, or to formulate theories
exclusively for explaining the relationship between media and adolescents
deviance.

18
 Brown and Newcomer, (1997) reported that young people who have had
sexual intercourse do watch shows with more sexual content.

Match of the media that adolescents are exposed to include sexual imagery
but rarely portray consequences of risky sexual encounters or healthy sexual
messages (Pardun CJ, L’Engle KL, Brown JD, 2005). For example, a recent
study found that 83% of the top 20 Nielsen - Rated television shows contained
some sexual content, with only 12% of the sexual content addressing sexual
risks or responsibilities (Kunkel D, Biely E, Eyal K, 2003). Others studies of teen
television shows, movies, music, and magazines confirmed that there is an
abundance of sexual content across a variety of media frequently used by
teenagers (Lowry DT, Shidler JA, 1993).

Based on an extensive literature review regarding the influences of sexual

content in the media, Malamuth and Impett (2001) state that individual
personality factors may also be important, as research suggests that the type of
media people select and find gratifying is predictably related to their personalities
and other individual differences.

In a qualitative, multi-method study, Steele (1999) also found that gender

differences might be present in the selection of media to be viewed or listened to.
Adolescent girls also appear to be affected differently by print media and are
more likely than young males to read and have positive attitudes toward
magazines. Girls used these magazines as discussion starters and to
supplement sex education process, whereas boys have reported that they
consider the seeking and sharing of advice unmasculine behavior (Kehily et.,
1999). Girls have also been reported as more like to seek media showing
romance and are therefore more likely to be exposed to sexual content
(Donnerstein & Smith, 2001). Based on content analysis research, Durham
(1998) concluded that girls are likely to struggles to balance the messages sent
by the media in regard to appearance, behaviour, and social power dynamics.

Dittus (1997), on the other hand, considered sexual initiation among African-
American youth more generally. He hypothesized that adolescents that live with
their fathers would be less likely to have sex early compared to adolescents with
non-resident fathers. He initially found that the children of resident fathers
delayed sexual initiation; however, this relationship disappeared once perceived
parental disapproval of pre-marital sex was controlled. Dittus et al. (1997)

19
suggested that when adolescents are aware of their parents’ attitudes about pre-
marital sex, they are more likely to adhere to their parents’ values.

Miller et al., (1997) reported that adolescents who perceived their mothers’
disapproval of their having sex or who talked with their mothers about
contraception before first intercourse are less likely than others to become
sexually active or to fail to use condoms.

In order to predict adolescent sexual attitudes, it is necessary to isolate the

factors that contribute information. Langer and Warheit (1992) proposed the Pre-
Adult Health Decision-Making (PAHDM) to account for how adolescence form
attitudes and make decisions about sex based in part on input from parents.
While other influences affect formation (Dittus et al., 2004). Pre-adolescents
actually prefer to receive sexual information and attitude formation (Dittus et al.,
2004). Pre-adolescents actually prefer to receive sexual knowledge from their
parents than from other sources (Kaiser Family Foundation, 1999). In most
studies parental communication about sex has been found to positively correlate
with adolescent sexual knowledge or attitudes (Dittus et al., 2004; Kotchick,
Dorsey, Miller, & Forehand, 1999) and to negatively correlate with adolescent
sexual risk-taking behaviour (Dittus et al., 2004; Kotchick et al., 1999). Mothers,
in particular, are important sources of adolescents’ sexual knowledge, as they
communicate about sexuality with their children substantially more than fathers
(e.g, Dilorio et al., 1999; Miller, Kotchick, Dorsey, Forehand, & Ham, 1998;
Raffaelli, Bogenschneider, & Flood, 1998).

20
 CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY
Research Design

The researchers used qualitative and quantitative research strategy in

the
sense that there are numeric data being produced through answerable questions
given to the chosen respondents. The sample used is for all the students of Rizal
National High School who engage to premarital sex.

Research Sample

The type of sampling being used is random sampling for the reason that
we are pertaining to the 20 students of Rizal National High School who engaged
to pre-marital sex. We picked the respondents from different grade levels where
we found the teenagers engaged to pre-marital sex considering the different
factors that can affect the researchers in locating the respondents.

Research Site

The researchers reach the different grade levels where students who
engaged to pre-marital sex can be found. They were invited to participate only
with the following eligibility criteria were met;

(a) students who engaged to pre-marital sex,

(b) Teenagers who lived with their partners.

We started with the generalize logistic regression model with main effects
for age, education, status, poverty and sex and then dropped potential
confounders on at a time on the basis of the change in the estimated age of the
students engaged to pre-marital sex.

Research Instrument

21
 The said research was done through the use of a survey questionnaire in
a direct communication with a small interview. The respondents can chose
whether to hide their identity or not. Whatever answers the researchers may get
will be jotted down with no less or extra answers from the researchers.

Research Procedure

Before the research was being conducted, permission will be sought from
the learners prior to their participation in the research. A letter with a teacher and
the principal’s signature will be shown in order to perform the research formally.
Only those who consent will participate. Participants may withdraw from the
study at any time without penalty. The role of the school is voluntary and the
school principal may decide to withdraw the school’s participation at any time
without penalty.

Data Analysis

Answers are all based from their experiences while they are in the
situation. After complying all the answers from the different respondents,
questionnaires will be analyzed and all the majority answers will be the
general effects of engaging to premarital sex around the teenagers that were
interviewed. The emphasis of the analysis was on the effects of engaging to
sexual activity during the teen years.

In getting the overall results, formula was being used shown below:

Where,
P= percentage
F= sum of a set of measurement (frequency count)
N= number of a measurement of a set (number of responses)

22
 CHAPTERS IV: RESULTS

The researchers conducted 20 respondents and summarized the results on

the conducted survey. Below is the chart with all the ratings based on how the
participants behaved and reacted when they engaged to pre-marital sex on the
different aspects.

SCALING

ALWAYS The statement was done many times.

SOMETIMES When done a few times.
NEVER When you haven’t done the statement
given.

Personal Aspects
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER TOTAL
 I can’t accept the fact that I
engaged pre-marital at a young 1 14 5 20
age.
 I feel ashamed everytime I
meet the person whom I lost 7 6 7 20
my virginity with.
 I feel nervous if someone
gossip about me having pre- 7 9 4 20
marital sex

Sickness
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER TOTAL
 I felt something strange in my
4 9 7 20
genital after the intercourse
 I felt weak after the intercourse 6 9 5 2O
 I lost weight in several days
3 13 4 20
after having pre-marital.

Social Aspects
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER TOTAL
 I suffer discrimination from my
schoolmates, teachers, 0 8 12 20
neighbors, and my community.
 I felt guilty whenever I read
some posts on facebook
2 6 12 20
regarding negative feedbacks
about pre-marital sex.
 I experience being bullied by
0 14 6 20
other students.

School

23
 ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER TOTAL
 I’m afraid to go to school
because what if someone know
0 10 10 20
that I’m engaged to pre-marital
sex.
 I can’t focus in my study. 3 10 7 20
 I’m afraid to go to school
because what if my issue will 0 10 10 20
spread.

Below is a results presented in percentage from.

Personal Aspects
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER TOTAL
 I can’t accept the fact that I
engaged pre-marital at a young 5% 70% 25% 100%
age.
 I feel ashamed every time I
meet the person whom I lost my 35% 30% 35% 100%
virginity with.
 I feel nervous if someone gossip
35% 45% 20% 100%
about me having pre-marital sex

Sickness
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER TOTAL
 I felt something strange in my
20% 25% 35% 100%
genital after the intercourse
 I felt weak after the intercourse 30% 45% 25% 100%
 I lost weight in several days
15% 65% 20% 100%
after having pre-marital.

Social Aspects
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER TOTAL
 I suffer discrimination from my
schoolmates, teachers, 0% 40% 60% 100%
neighbours, and my community.
 I felt guilty whenever I read
some posts on facebook
10% 30% 60% 100%
regarding negative feedbacks
about pre-marital sex.
 I experience being bullied by
0% 70% 30% 100%
other students.

School
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER TOTAL
 I’m afraid to go to school
because what if someone know
0% 50% 505 100%
that I’m engaged to pre-marital
sex.
 I can’t focus in my study. 15% 50% 35% 100%

24
 I’m afraid to go to school
because what if my issue will 0% 50% 50% 100%
spread.

DISCUSSION

The finding shows that adolescents who engage to pre-marital sex face
numerous challenges that takes place on demands not only on the student’s
stage development, but also their ability to adapt the obligation as a result to
engaging pre-marital sex.

In personal aspects, according to the survey, out of 20 respondents, 14

(70%) teens sometimes can’t accept the fact that they engage to pre-marital sex
at a young age, 5 (25%) said that they never feel disappointed on themselves
engaging to pre-marital sex and 1 (5%) of them said that they always can’t
accept the fact that they engaged to pre-marital sex.

6 (30%) of them sometimes felt ashamed everytime they met the person who
lost their virginity with. 7 (35%) of them always do felt ashamed and 7 (35%) of
them will never felt ashamed meeting the person whom they lost their virginity
with.

7 (35%) of them always felt nervous if someone gossip about them having
pre-marital sex. 9 (45%) of them sometimes do and 4 (20%) never felt nervous if
someone gossip about them having pre-marital sex.

In the interview conducted, some of them said that they does not mind on
what the other people opinion about their engagement to pre-marital since it is
their chosen act.

In the aspect of sickness on what they felt after pre-marital sex, 4 (20%) of
them said that they always felt something in their genital after the intercourse, 9
(45%) of them sometimes do and 7 (35%) never felt something in their genital
after they engage to pre-marital sex.

30% of the respondents always feel weak after the intercourse. 45% of them
said that they feel weak after they have the intercourse and 25% of them never
felt weak after the intercourse.

25
 15% said that they always thought that after they engage to pre-marital sex
the lost weight. 65% of them said that they sometimes thought that they lost
weight after the intercourse and 40% of the responses are they never thought
that the reason why they lost their weight is because of their engagement to pre-
marital sex.

In some ways, the respondent said that the sudden change of their body is a
result to their sexual engagement.

While in the aspect of social, on what were the responses they got from
society after they engaged to pre-marital sex, 0% of them said that they always
suffer from discrimination from their schoolmates, teachers, neighbours and their
community. 40% of them said that they sometimes suffer from discrimination and
60% never do.

10% of the responses is they always felt guilty whenever they read some
post on facebook regarding negative feedbacks about pre-marital sex, 30% of
them said that they sometimes do and 60% never felt guilt whenever they read
some posts on facebook regarding negative feedbacks about pre-marital sex.

0% of the responses said that they never experienced being bullied by other
students, 14% of them said that they experienced being bullied by others and 6%
never experienced.

And in the school aspect, on how the engagement of pre-marital sex affects
the students. 0% of the responses said that they always afraid to go to school
and that what if someone knew that they engaged to pre-marital sex. 10% of
them feel afraid and also 10% never do.

15% of the responses said that they can’t always focus on their study after
they engaged to pre-marital sex. 50% of them said that they sometimes can’t
focus on their study and 35% of them said that engagement to pre-marital sex
never affects their study.

0% of the responses said that they were always afraid to go to school

because what if someone will spread an issue about their engagement to pre-
marital sex. 50% of them said that sometimes they felt afraid and also 50% of
them said that they never felt afraid to go to school because of what if someone

26
will spread an issue about them.

CONCLUSION

In summary pre- marital sex is a common case from students and have a huge impact
to their adolescents stage. This study identified several challenges faced by students
engage to pre-marital sex. It was found that personal and social aspects has a great effect
in teenagers early pre-marital engagement. As for them receiving discrimination from
schoolmates, teachers, neighbors and from the community can cost a lot of damage in
youths life. The feeling of being nervous, ashamed and disappointment are very common
reactions from teenagers having pre- marital sex. One of the big effect that can lead the
teenagers to be one of those bullied by others students that can lead them in depression
and might stopped their schooling. Also pre-marital sex can cost a huge impact to their
health, as for them engaging to any sexual activity at a young age can result to abnormal
weight loss and unusual weakness therefore, engaging to pre-marital sex with an
unprotected intercourse can lead to diseases such as STD’s and HIV. A lot of them also
said that engaging to pre-marital sex has a big impact in their studies. In some cases
students who engage pre-marital sex feel afraid to got to school because what if someone
knew and spread any issue about them having pre-marital sex and also in other cases
some students can’t focus in their studies. Moreover engaging to pre-marital sex can
result to teenage pregnancy when an adolescents engage in any sexual intercourse
without any protection.
RECOMMENDATION

After analyzing gathered data the researchers draw the following recommendations:

1. Parents are the first person to restrict their children to access to pornographic
movies
2. As much as possible, parents and healthcare personnel in the city need to talk
openly with youngsters about sexuality to develop a more critical attitude
towards pornography
3. Parents and teachers need to counsel the young ones on the danger of
pornographic movies they are watching
4. Community officials have to extend some interventions on life skills and sex
education
5. Teachers and parents have to do discussions to the youngsters on the risk of
engaging pre-marital sex and they need to curb teenage curiosity about sex

27
 6. At the secondary school level the sex education curriculum material needs to be
improved by focusing on the social and emotional components and factual
information be given so that youngsters could relate on it.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adversarial involving two people or two sides who opposed each other.
Chastity the state of not having sex with anyone.
Contraception things that are done to prevent a woman from becoming
pregnant.
Deviant different from what is considered to be normal or morality
correct.
Dichotomized to divide into to two parts, classes, or groups.
Disentangle to remove the twists or knots in something.
Eclampsia a convulsive state; specially: and attack of convulsion during
pregnancy or partunition.
Heterosexual sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex.
Homosexual sexually attracted to people with the same sex.
Hostile of or relating to an enemy.
Liberal not opposed to new ideas or ways of behaving that are not
traditional or widely accepted.
Metropolitan the primate of an accelesiastical province.
Monogamy the state or practice of being married to only one person at a
time.
Morale the feeling of enthusiasm and loyalty that a person or group
has about a task or job.
Ovule and outgrowth of the ovary of a seed plant that is a
megasporangium and encloses an embryo sac within a
nueellus.
Perceived the notice of become aware of something.
Prerequisite something that you officially must have or do before you can
have or do something else.

Prevalence accepted, done, or happening often or over a large area at a

particular time common or widespread.
Regression gradual lost of differentiation and function by a body part
specially as a physiological change accompanying aging
gradual lost of memories and acquired skills.
Resentment a feeling of anger or displeasure about someone or

28
something unfair.

29
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