Acids & Bases
Acids, bases, & salts are ____electrolytes_____ because they conduct electrical current.
An indicator is a ___________compound that changes color to indicate the presence of an acid or
base.______________________
Characteristics of acids
1. Sour ____taste_____
2. ____reacts with______ metals
3. ____Neutralizes_____bases
4. affects _indicators_______
a. turns blue litmus __red/pink______
b. keeps phenolphthalein __colorless_______
c. turns methyl orange ___red______
Common Acids:
______critic acid_____- C6H8O7 found in citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges
_____Acetic acid________- CH3COOH is one of the simplest carboxylic acids. The main
component of vinegar and also called ethanoic acid.
_______Malic acid______- C4H6O5 found in fruits such as apples and pears
______Butyric acid_______-CH₃CH₂CH₂CO₂H is found in animal fat and plant oils, bovine milk,
breast milk, butter, parmesan cheese, and as a product of anaerobic fermentation.
_____Lactic acid________-C3H6O3 found in sour milk. The body makes lactic acid when it is low in
the oxygen it needs to convert glucose into energy and buildup can result in muscle pain, cramps,
and muscular fatigue.
Industrial acids:
______Sulfuric acid_________- H2SO4 most manufactured chemical in US; fertilizers
_______Phosphoric acid________- H3PO4 found in fertilizers and detergents
____Nitric acid________- HNO3 found in fertilizers and explosives
_______Hydrolic________-HCl used to remove surface impurities steel remove surface impurities
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Naming Acids Review
Characteristics of Bases
1. tastes __bitter_______
2. feels ___slimy_______
3. affects ___indicators________
a. pink litmus turns ___blue____
b. phenolphthalein turns ___pink_____
c. methyl orange turns __yellow______
Common Bases:
_____Ammonia________-NH3 cleaning agent
______Lye_______-NaOH drano
______Milk of magnesia_______-Mg(OH)2 laxative
______Lime_____-Ca(OH)2 mortar for bricks, foul lines on fields
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What is pH?
Abbreviation for power of hydrogen or potential for hydrogen is a scale used to specify how acidic
or basic (or alkaline) a water-based solution is.
Acidic solutions have a __lower_____ pH, while basic solutions have a __higher____ pH.
What is pH?
____pH_______ is the is the negative logarithm of H +1 ion concentration.
[ ] indicates concentration
pH= -log [H+] [H+]= 10-pH
pOH = -log [OH-] [OH-]=10-pOH
pH + pOH = 14
[H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
pH range-
pH scale: acids ___0-6.99___ neutral __7______ base __7.01-14_____
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Example 1: What is the pH of a solution with the concentration [H +]= 1.0 x 10-7 M?
7.0
Practice problems
1. Calculate the pH of [H+] = 1.0 x 10-2 M.
2.0
2. a. Calculate the pH of [H+] = 3.0 x 10-6 M
5.5
b. What is the pOH?
8.5
3. a. Calculate the pOH if [OH-]= 8.2 x 10-6 M. 5.1
b. What is the pH?
8.9
Example 2 What is the concentration (Molarity) of H+ of an acidic solution with the pH of 3.20?
6.31x10^-4
Practice:
4. Calculate the concentration of H+ of an acidic solution with the pH of 6.55.
2.82x10^-7
4
Neutralization
Neutralization Reaction- reaction between an ____________& ____________ to produce a
____________& _____________.
Salt- made of the ________________________& the _____________________.
Ex. Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl ____MgCl2_+ 2H2O________
Practice:
1. 2H3PO4 + 3Ca(OH)2 Ca3(PO4)2
2. Al(OH)3 + H2SO4
Arrhenius Model Bronsted-Lowry Model
_____________________
_____________________
A hydrogen containing Hydrogen ion (H+) donor
substance that ionizes to
produce hydrogen ions in an
aqueous solution. _____________________
Hydrogen ion acceptor
HCl H+ + Cl-
HC2H3O2 + H2O H3O+ + C2H3O2-
_____________________
A hydroxide containing HC2H3O2 _____________________
substance that dissociates to
produce hydroxide (OH-) H2O _____________________
ions in an aqueous solution.
H3O+ _____________________
NaOH Na + OH
+ -
C2H3O2-_____________________
_________________________- Substances that act either as acid or a base. Example: H 2O
5
The use of the neutralization reaction to determine concentrations
Acid, Base _____titration_________ is an analytical process that uses the neutralization
reaction to determine the concentration of an unknown substance.
Titration is one of the oldest analytical experimental methods used to determine the
concentration of an unknown substance, with the use of a standard solution (one of known
concentration).
_______Analyte__________– the substance being tested.
_______yitrant__________ the substance in the buret. This is usually the standard solution.
_______equivalence point___________the stoichiometric point when the reactants have
combined.
When a strong acid is titrated with a strong base the P H at the equivalence point is
___around 7____.
_____indicator__________substances (usually organic) that change colors in the presence
of other specific substances. Acid base indicators such as litmus, methyl red, universal
indicator, phenolphthalein, and others.
_____endpoint____________– when the indicator begins to change colors.
One of the equations used to determine the concentration of an unknown is the dilution
equation. M1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 M= molarity V = volume
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Titration Example:
20.0 mL of hydrochloric acid is titrated with 30.0 mL of a 0.250 M solution of sodium hydroxide.
Practice:
1. 50.0 mL of nitric acid is titrated with 25.0 mL of potassium hydroxide with a concentration of
0.125 M. What is the concentration of the nitric acid?
2. 50.0 mL of a nitric acid solution is titrated with 40.0 mL of a 0.200 M solution of potassium
hydroxide. (a) Write the neutralization reaction. (b) Determine the concentration of the acid.
3. 25.0 mL of a perchloric acid solution with a concentration of 0.500 M is titrated with a 0.125 M
solution of sodium hydroxide. How many mL of the base will be required?
4. 100.0 mL of a 0.300 M HCl solution is titrated with 75.0 mL of a sodium hydroxide solution. What
is the concentration of the base?
5. When 50.0 mL of HCl is titrated with a 0.250M sodium hydroxide solution the pH of the solution
reads 7.00 when 25.0 mL of the base is added. What is the molarity of the acid?
