PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun

phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an
object.
 In, off, to, for, by, etc. As a result of, by dint of, by means
of, according to, etc.
He is eligible for the post.
The cat jumped off the counter. Simple They got the building finished on time by
Smoking is injurious to health. dint of hard work.
Prepositions This is a two year course taught by means
of lectures and seminars.
Connect noun or pronouns For the sake of historical accuracy, please
with other words in a permit us to state the true facts.
sentence.
Onto, up to, into, within, etc.

Double Phrase
The baby jumped onto the bed.
Prepositions Prepositions
He stepped out of the car. Prepositions
She walked up to the stage.
When a phrase work as a
a proposition that is made preposition, it is called
by combining two simple phrase preposition
prepositions.
Concerning, pending, regarding,
Beneath, beside, before, behind, given taken, etc.
inside, among, etc. Compound Participle
Prepositions Prepositions Every detail regarding the meeting was
The boy is running behind the thief. true.
I will be there before lunch time. those prepositions that Participle preposition is The dog kept following him home.
The book is inside the cupboard. are made by prefixing a verb ending with '- You will succeed provided that you
the preposition to a ing', '-en' or '-ed', which work hard.
noun, an adjective or also acts as a
an adverb. preposition
 Types of Prepositions

• Preposition of TIME • Preposition of Place

e.g. in 2000 e.g. at the airport
on Monday on the table
at 7 o’clock in the room
in the morning across the road

• Preposition of Direction • Preposition of Manner

e.g. Going to classroom e.g. Fought with courage
left through the door worked with honesty
coming towards me won with ease
looking into the sun dying by inches
 Types of Prepositions

• Preposition of Agency • Preposition of Instruments,

Devices, Machines
(of agent) e.g.
e.g. lock cannot be opened with the key
written by Shakespeare
went to home by a car
noise made by children broke the wall with hammer

• Preposition of Cause, Purpose, • Preposition of Measures,

Reason
e.g. Died of cancer
Standards, Rates, Values
shiver with fever e.g. Sold by the yard
suffer from gout
taller than my friend by 2 inches
took medicine for cold
the very place for picnic charge interest at five percent
 Types of Prepositions

• Preposition of Inference, Motive, • Preposition of Contrast and

Source, Origin Concession
e.g. e.g.
This is a quotation from Shakespeare.
His skill comes from practice. For all his wealth, he is not satisfied.
Light emanates from sun. With all his shortcomings, I like him.
He did it from gratitude.
Six rules of Preposition

• Rule 1- Prepositions must have an object.

• We climbed up the hill.

• They are in the room.
• I put it in the box.
• He put his head on his pillow.
Six rules of Preposition

• Rule 2- Must be placed before noun or pronoun.

• We climbed up the hill.

• They are in the room.
• I talked to Ali.
• Smoking is injurious to health.
Six rules of Preposition

• Rule 3- The Pronoun following the Preposition should be an object

form.

• Haya gave it to them.

• That is between him and me.
• Ali bought a pencil for me.
Six rules of Preposition

• Rule 4- Preposition forms

Prepositions have no particular form.
The majority of prepositions are one-word prepositions, but some are two-
or three-word phrases known as complex-prepositions.
• one-word prepositions (before, into, on)
• complex prepositions (according to, but for, in spite of, on account of)
• He arrived before time.
• he was suddenly cold in spite of the sun
Six rules of Preposition

• Rule 5- Do not confuse preposition 'to' with infinitive 'to'

• I look forward to lunch
I look forward to seeing you
• I am used to cars.
I am used to driving.

• They used to live in Moscow.

• They love to sing.
Six rules of Preposition

• Rule 6- A Verb cannot be an object of a preposition.

• He placed the book on the table.
• Ali bought a notebook for me.
• He lives in Australia.
• She is afraid of flying. (gerund)
• The milk owner isn’t interested in paying the dues of the workers. (gerund)
Other rules:
• Pay attention to what I am going to say. (clause)
• There is no meaning in what you say. (clause)
• Each article was sold at over a pound. (adverb phrase)
• How far is it from here? (adverb of place)
• He must have reached there by now. (adverb of time)
Destination Destination+Direction
I am away from the office until next Tuesday (Sept 21st)
and will answer your email as soon as possible after that date.
 Prepositions

DURING/WHILE/WHEN
During – preposition He broke his arm during the fight.
(requires a noun or equivalent)

While/When – conjunctions He broke his arm when they were fighting.

(require a clause)

IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE

In spite of / Despite: 1. He completed the race in spite of pain in his leg.
Both are Prepositions 2. He completed the race despite pain in his leg.
Don’t require a clause 3. He completed the race in spite of he has pain in his leg.
4. He completed the race despite he has pain in his leg.
 AMONG/BETWEEN
Separate individuals or specific number of 1. The agreement was signed between Ali,
objects in mind (Between). Akram and Aslam.
2. What is the difference between Picture A,
Picture B and Picture C?

Body or Group (among) He distributed money among the poor.

From-to ; From till or Until

From-to (Travel) We travelled from Multan to Lahore.
From-till/until (Time) We will work from 9 A.M until/till 9 P.M.

MADE

Made of (Original Material Visible) The watch is made of steel.

Made from (Original Material NOT Visible) This pudding is made from eggs.
 ON; UPON (MS)
ON (Physical) He is walking on the road.
UPON (Abstract) He did not act upon my advice.

REVENGE ; AVENGE
Revenge: MORE THAN JUSTICE I shall take revenge ON/AGAINST you.
Revenge + (ON/AGAINST) + Person Don’t take revenge FOR these slight injuries.
Revenge +(FOR)+ Thing
Avenge: JUSTICE He wishes to AVENGE his father.
NO PREPOSITION He avenged the Russian Army for his country.

IN/INTO ; ON/ONTO
In (Location) On (Location)
There are ten boys in the river. There a watch on the table.
Into (Changefulness) Onto (Changefulness)
Ten boys Jumped into the river. He picked the watch from the table and placed
it
onto the cupboard.
 IN THE BEGINNING ; IN THE END
AT THE BEGINNING ; AT THE END
In the beginning, In the end (Context Needed)
• Respected audience! In the beginning of my speech, I would like to tell the reasons
of corruption and afterwards I would suggest the remedies.
• Respected audience! I have mentioned different causes of corruption in Pakistan,
and in the end I would say that it can be eradicated through changing our behaviour.
Note: in the end also means (after a long time or eventually)
1. Unceasing struggle brought success for him in the end.

At the beginning (At the point where something starts)

Give out line at the beginning of your essay.
At the end (at the point where something stops)
At the end of this row, the boy is sleeping.
 AT THAT/IN THAT
At that (In addition 1. There are a number of problems and extremely complicated at that.
or Contrast) 2. This chair is too expensive but durable at that.

In that (Because) 1. I will help him in that he is poor.

TO/TOWARDS/UP TO
(Destination) He is going to school.
(Direction+Destination) He is moving towards the wall.
(Direction+Destination+Ending point) He went up to the principal and made a
request.

Date or Day: ON He was born on 25th May 2007.

He was born on May 25, 2007.
Month: IN He was born in May, 2007.
Year: IN He was born in 2007.
 After/Behind
After (Series/Later) We ate pudding after the meal. (Series)
After the elections, our leaders disappear. (Later)

Behind (Position) There is a secret room behind the wall.

AGREE (MS)
Agree (TO) thing Pakistan will not agree TO extremism.
Agree (WITH) someone Husbands seldom agree WITH their wives.
Agree (WITH) I admit that I don’t Agree With the new pronunciation.
something = accept
Agree (ON) a The shopkeeper agreed ON Rs. 5000.
price/suggestion/ Let’s try to agree ON a date.
matter of discussion We agree ON his suggestion.

Agree (in) principle Nobody agrees in unity, faith and discipline.

 ANXIOUS
Anxious (ABOUT) : concerned or upset The mother was anxious ABOUT her lazy child.

Anxious (FOR): Keen The child was anxious FOR the birthday gift.

ATTEMPT
Attempt AT/TO (an objective) His attempt AT/TO winning the match became
successful.
Attempt ON Attack Poverty attempts only ON the poor.

ARGUE (MS)
Argue +(WITH)+ Person The anchor argued WITH the politician.
Argue +( ABOUT)+ Thing The politician argued ABOUT bringing justice in Pakistan.
Argue +( FOR)+ Thing The lawyer argued FOR the dismissal of the case.
Argue +( AGAINST)+ Thing The anchor argued AGAINST corruption.
 ANGRY/ANNOYED/OFFEND

Angry or Annoyed +( WITH)+ Person I am angry WITH you.

Angry or Annoyed +( AT)+ Thing I am angry AT your carelessness.

APOLOGIZE/GRATEFUL
Apologize+( TO)+ Person He apologized TO his teacher.
Apologize+( FOR)+ Thing He apologized FOR his poor performance.
Grateful +( TO)+ Person I am grateful TO you.
Grateful +( FOR)+ Thing I am grateful FOR your help.

APPLY
Apply +(TO)+ Person He applied directly to the principal.
Apply +( FOR)+ Thing He applied for the job of a chemist.
 Authority
Authority +(ON) Nusrat Fateh Ali was an authority on singing.
Skillful
Authority +( OVER) His father dares not challenge his mother’s authority
Rule over the house.
BESIDE/BESIDES
BESIDE (NEAR) He is sitting BESIDE me.
BESIDES (IN ADDITION TO) Television can educate us BESIDES entertaining.

BLIND
Blind (to) He is blind to his laziness.
Not to be conscious of, unable to
understand
Blind (in) He was blind in one eye.
unable to see
Blind (with) The politicians blind the public with false
Confuse promises.
 Bring in
to use the skills of This is an opportunity to bring in new talent.
a particular group or perso
n
to earn amount, or Each sale of her book brings in $20.
produce profit
to introduce a new law or She said the government would bring in
system the necessary legislation to deal with the problem.
to involve someone in I’d like to bring in Donald Trump to hear his comments.
a radio or TV discussion

Bring out
To publish He brought out a research paper this year.

Bring Back
Cause someone to Visiting my old school BROUGHT BACK memories of when I
remember was a pupil there.
 Bake

Bake + (OVER) + fire/flame/coals. Bake (IN) oven.

BAD AT; GOOD AT; CLEVER AT

He is good AT cricked but bad AT He is clever AT making lame excuses.

football.

COMPARE TO; COMPARE WITH

Compare +(TO) Can you compare Iqbal to Wasi Shah.
1. to mention differences
Compare +(WITH) I can compare Iqbal with Ghalib.
1. to mention similarities
 Carve
Carve up: He wants to carve up his opponent.
(to damage)
Carve on/in: One of the first records of famine was carved in
granite.
CONFESS
Confess+(NP)+Object He confessed his mistake.
Confess+(TO)+Person He confessed to me that he has done wrong.
Confess+(TO)+Gerund He confessed to doing wrong.

CONNECT
Connect +(TO) The speakers were connected to the laptop.
Bring into contact/memory
Connect +(WITH) The motorway connects with many city
Join together to access routes.
 Comprise/ Comprised of
Comprise {Consist of/contain} The jury comprises five judges.
(Active voice – No Preposition)
Comprised of (Passive voice – OF Preposition) The jury was comprised of five judges.

CURE
Cure (verb) = of The patient was cured OF his chronic
(Heal) constipation.
Cure (Noun) = for There is no cure FOR AIDS.
(Remedy, Solution) Zakat is a cure FOR poverty.
Cure (Verb) = (NP) The mechanic CURED the rattling noise in my car.
(to deal with the problem successfully)

COMPETE
Compete +(WITH) + Person Ali will compete with Akram in the next election.
Compete +(FOR) + Thing He is competing for the post of president.
 CONGRATULATE
Congratulate +( NP)+Person The Minister CONGRATULATED the successful MPA.
Congratulate +( ON)+Thing I congratulate ON your exam result.
Congratulate+( ON/FOR)+Doing I congratulate you FOR winning the first prize.
Something

COMPLAIN
Complain +(TO) + Person You should complain to the authorities.
Complain +(ABOUT) + Thing The guests complained about the noise.
Complain +(AGAINST) + Person/Thing I will complain against you.
I will complain against your rude behaviour.

Confide
Confide +(IN) He confides in his sincere friends whenever he has a
(to trust somebody) problem.
Confide +(TO) Keep your secrets to yourself. Don’t confide to anyone.
To tell secrets
 Consist
Consist +(OF) ‫اجزاۓ ترکیبی‬ Human body consists of cells.
Made up of This MCAT class consists of 120 students.
Consist +(IN) Success consists in determination.
‫ اہم خصوصیت ہونا‬،‫انحصار ہونا‬ (The essential feature of success is determination)
Essential features

Correspond
Correspond +(TO) To be similar toA deceiver’s words do not correspond to his actions.
‫مشابہت‬
Correspond +(WITH) To write and to I have corresponded with him in the past but now he does
receive letters ‫مراسلت‬ not reply.

DIFFER
Differ +( WITH)+ Person A cynic differs WITH everyone.
Differ +( ON)+ Thing Both differed ON the matter of their future.
Differ +( FROM)+ Thing Your opinion differs FROM mine.
 DIE
Die of
Thousands, even millions, will die of starvation.
The Maternity Hospitals were devastated by puerperal fever in every country, and an
appalling number of women died from the disease.
Pasteur tried taking some of the nervous tissue of an animal which had died of the
disease
I’m here to look at her throat on the chance that she might have diphtheria and
possibly die of it.
Do you want her to die of diphtheria?

Die from: After the accident, he died from the

injuries.
Die for: I can die for my country. Die in: He died in an accident.
Die out: (End): The flickering flame died Die back: (Fade) The flowers die back if not watered.
out.
 DISAPPOINTED

Disappointed with someone I was disappointed with my friend.

I was disappointed at Akram’s insincerity.
Disappointed at/about something

DESIRE

Desire (verb) +(FOR) The greedy desire for inordinate gains.

Desirous (adjective) +(OF) The greedy are desirous of unlimited wealth.

DEAL
Deal +(IN) My elder brother deals in rice.
Business/ trade
Deal +(WITH) Don’t deal rudely with the poor.
Treatment
 END IN/ PUT AN END TO

His entire struggle ENDED IN smoke. The teacher PUT AN END TO the debate.

In the running ; Out of running

In the running (In competition) I am not in the running with my juniors.

Out of running (Eliminated) After the first round, the American boxer was out of running.

Impress
Impress +(ON) The teacher impressed on us the need for hard work.
To make someone understand

Impress +(WITH) I am impressed with his painting skills.

Dazzle, move
 Fight
Fight +(WITH) Aziz Bhatti fought with courage.
Support/Adjective

Fight +(AGAINST) Let us fight against sectarianism.

Opposition

FAMILIAR ; RECONCILE
Familiar +(TO)+ thing Familiar +( WITH)+Person
Reconcile +(TO)+thing Reconcile +( WITH)+ Person

Hold
Hold +(WITH)+ instrument The mechanic held the pipe with pipe wrench.
Hold +(BY)+ Part of Body The cat held the kitten by its neck.
 LIVE
Live (at) an address Live (on) Street
Live (in) House, City, Country Live (with) People

LOOK
Look upon (Remember) (Consider as) He looks upon his visit to Murree.
He looks upon her as his daughter.
Look over (Quick inspection) The teacher looked over my essay and gave
me A.
Look through (Quick search) I looked through the book, but I haven't
had a chance to read it.
Look out (Be careful) (Protect) You should look out your business or it will
stagger.
Look down upon (Spite) Don’t look down upon the poor; they are
also humans.
Look to (Pay heed) Look to your studies if you want to pass.
 NATIVE
Native OF (Noun) Eidhi is A NATIVE OF Pakistan.
Note: The article “A” confirms that
“Native” is a noun here.
Native TO (Adjective) Eidhi is NATIVE TO Pakistan.
Note: “Native” is after linking verb and
describing Edhi, so it is an adjective here.
Negligent
Negligent +(IN) Modern parents are negligent in training their children.
Failing to take proper
care
Negligent +(TO) The officers are negligent to their duties.
Sense of Duty, Law
Of/ Off
Of (belonging) The owner of this factory has gone abroad.
Off (Separation) He stood up and went off.
 On the Phone; Over the Phone
On the Phone (Calling) He is on the phone with his friend.
Over the Phone (Means of You can give interview over the phone.
Communication)

On the list ; In the list

1. Your name is the first one on the list. (Presence)
2. Her novel is on the list of recommended readings. (Presence)
3. We were included in the guest list.(Inclusion)
4. Included in the list of available cars, we find Mercedes. (Inclusion)

On the menu; In the Menu

1. Chicken Handi is right there on the menu; you can't miss it. (Presence)
2. It's hard to resist the Armenian dishes in the menu. (Inclusion)
 Over above Under below
1. Over: exactitude
2. Under: exactitude

PASS
Pass (ON) I shall pass your message on when he gets free.
1. Transfer I shall pass on the dinner because I am not hungry.
2. Decline an invitation
Pass (OVER) Let’s pass over the past mistakes and plan for the
Ignore, Refuse to discuss best.
Pass (By) I was just passing by when I saw that accident.
1. Go past without stopping I was passing by your house when I heard your wife
2. Visit briefly abuse you.
Pass (AWAY) Die Eidhi passed away after a short illness.
 PLEASE
Please with someone My teacher was pleased with me.
Please about/at something My teacher was pleased at my best
performance.
PART
PART WITH: (Give up) HE WILL PART WITH THE BAD HABITS.
PART FROM: (Leave) SHE PARTED FROM HIM AND MARRIED HER COUSIN.

PROVIDE
Provide +(FOR) +Someone I have two children to provide for.
To give somebody the things that he
needs i.e food money and clothing.

Provide +(WITH) + Something Punjab Government is providing public with

metro bus service.
 RIGHT
Right to (LAWFULNESS) Women got right TO vote.
Right to (EXACTLY) He went right TO school.
Right verb (STRENGTHEN): They RIGHTED their sinking business.

RESPONSIBLE
Responsible +(FOR) Parents are responsible for the ethical training of their
Duty, Job children.
Responsible +(FOR)
Blamed for something
Corrupt politicians are responsible for the lawlessness in
Pakistan.
Responsible +(TO) Bureaucrats consider themselves responsible to none.
To report or to explain about
something done
 SUBJECT
Subject (to) 1. Your proposal is subject to the approval of the
1. Dependent or conditional upon president.
2. Likely to be affected by 2. Infants are subject to diphtheria.
3. Cause or force someone or something to 3. Her step mother subjected her to marry that
undergo ruffian.
Subject (of)=topic Terrorism is the subject of today’s discussion.

SUCCEED
Succeed +(IN)+doing something He succeeded IN getting the first prize.
(to be successful)
Succeed +(IN)+something He succeeded IN business for his hard work.
(to be successful)
Succeed +(TO)+something The prince succeeded TO the throne after
(to gain something, inheritance) king’s death.
 SUSPECT
Suspect+(NP)+Person I SUSPECT HIM of stealing the money.
Suspect+(OF) thing Jane was suspected OF stealing.
Suspect+(OF) doing something The drug is suspected OF causing many
deaths.

Since, For
Since (Starting Point of an action) Since morning, since evening, since when,
since then

For (Duration) For two minute, for two hours, for a year
 TURN
Turn out (develop, expose) He is turning OUT to be a scholar.
Turn out: Expel Jane turned him out.
Turn around (change direction) The lion turned AROUND and attacked.
Turn into: Transform He turned INTO an agile athlete.
Turn down (reject) Teena turned his proposal DOWN.
Turn up (increase) Inflation is turning up.
Turn over (upside down) He turned the box over and emptied it.

TIE
Tie up (Bind) Tie UP your luggage.
Tie down (Defeat) He tied DOWN his opponent.
 TALK
Talk (to) someone I shall talk to your father and he will agree.
Discuss/inform/ask

Talk (with) Nawaz Sharif talked with Moodi about Indo-Pak relations.
Conversation/ dialogue

Talk (about) The committee talked about corruption.

Some issue/matter

Talk (against) Nobody is allowed to talk against military plans.

 WRITE
Write WITH your new pen.
Write IN blue ink.

WORRIED
Worried (ABOUT) person The mother was worried ABOUT her lazy kid.
Worried (FOR) thing The mother was worried FOR the result of
her lazy kid.

FOR (A VARIETY OF/MANY/FEW) Reasons

IN THE RIGHT, IN THE WRONG
SIGN, SIGNATURE, LESSON, LECTURE, DOTE (LOVE), BENT (to do something at any cost) , (ON)
IMPERATIVE, INSIST, KEEN, KEEP, MEDITATE, RELY,

AFRAID, AWARE, FOND, PROUD, WORTHY, TIRED, ACCUSED, ROB, APPROVE, AVAIL, (OF)
CERTAIN, CAREFUL, CONVINCE, ENVIOUS, CONVICTED, FORGETFUL, GUILTY OF,
INDICATIVE, INDEPENDENT, INSENSIBLE, IRRESPECTIVE, NEGLECTFUL, REMIND, WANT,
WEARY, VOID, JEALOUS

NEED, CONCERN, DESIRE, HOPE, REASON, RESPECT, SORRY, APOLOGIZE, STUDY, ( FOR)
WORK, ACCOUNTABLE

INTEREST, TRUST, PARTICIPATION, SUCCESS (IN)

ACCLIMATE, FIMILAR, CONFORM ,IDENTICAL, PREFER, SENIOR, JUNIOR, INFERIOR, (TO)
SUPERIOR, REFER, PRIOR, ANALOGOUS, ADD, ADDICTED, ADHERE, ADVERSE, APPEAL,
ALLUDE(hint), ATTEND, ATTACH, BAR (hurdle), CONDUCIVE (BENEFICIAL), DESTINED, ENTRUST,
ENTITLED, HAPPEN, IMPART, FAITHFUL, FATAL, HOSTILE, IMPEDIMENT, INCLINED,
INJURIOUS, KIND, INDEBTED, INTRODUCE, KEY, LIABLE, OCCUR, OBEDIENT, PARTIAL,
OFFENSIVE, PECULIAR, REDUCE, SUBSCRIBE (DONATION), TRUE, VICTIM, ANTIDOTE,

BLOCKED, COMPATIBLE, COPE , CONGRUENT, CLOGGED, RAPPORT, REWARD, COMPLY, (WITH)

CULMINATE, ARM, BESET, CONCUR, CONDOLE, CONVERSANT (TO BE FAMILIAR) , GIFTED,
FURNISHED, MAD, INVEST (PAKISTAN IS INVESTED WITH NATURAL RESOURCES.) ,
SEPARATE, PREVENT (FROM)
 PREPOSITION
NO PREPOSITION My love for you is limitless.
Love, Hate, resemble, ask, obey, order, downstairs, Note: love is a noun here
upstairs, inside, outside, upside, downside, abroad,
reach, approach, underground, Patrol (Watch over)
1. The guard is patrolling in the streets.
2. The teacher order to me to sit down.
3. He resembles with his father.

ADJECTIVE + (DAY,WEEK, MONTH, YEAR) = NP We will meet on Monday.

We will meet on next Monday.
We met in last week.
They left for Lahore in last month.

DISCUSS+(NP)+SOMETHING DISCUSS +(WITH)+ SOMEONE

We should discuss the matter. I discussed with my father.
ENTER +(NP)+ PLACE ENTER +(into)+ AN AGREEMENT
He entered the room. Pakistan tries to enter into a peaceful settlement
with India.

LACKS (VERB) +(NP) LACK OF MONEY (NOUN)

The poor lack money. Lack of money is a cause of crime.

MARRY SOMEONE BE MARRIED TO SOMEONE

He married his childhood fiancé. He was married to his childhood fiancé.
SEARCH +(NP) ‫تالشی لینا‬ SEARCH+FOR ‫تالش کرنا‬
The police searched the man from head to foot. The police are searching for the criminal.
I believe you. (Trust) Muslims believe in God.
ATTACK (verb): India Attacked Pakistan in 1965. Attack on= criticize, insult
Attack (Noun) – ON: The mob planed an attack on the Attack of some disease etc
police.
 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
TIMES OF THE DAY PARTS OF THE DAY PRECISE TIME DAYS, SPECIAL DAYS AND
DATES
In the morning On Tuesday morning At dinner time On Tuesday
In the evening On Friday evening At bed time On Friday
In the after noon At sunrise On 6 March
Exceptions:
At sunset On Christmas day
At night
At the moment On my birthday
At noon
At the break of the day On Kashmir day
At mid night
At the fall of the night On that fateful night

MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES, OCCASIONS WEEKEND DMY

LONG PERIODS, SEASONS
In may At Eid At weekend (Br) On 25th May
In summer At Christmas On weekend (Am) On May 25
In 1990 On 25th May 2017
In 1990’s In May 2017
In ice age In 2017
In the past
In the future
In the holidays
In+Future He will return in two hours.
He will leave in three weeks.

After=Past He returned after two hours.

He left after three weeks.

Till (Point) Wait for me till I come and I shall return at 9 o’ clock.

Until (Duration) Wait for me until I come and I shall return in two hours.
 WITH

Together, involved I ordered a sandwich with a drink.

Having I met a man with a long beard.

Using He cut my hair with scissors.

Feeling He spoke with confidence.

 BY
Nearness He was standing by me.
The post office is by the bank.
Passive voice The microwave was fixed by the mechanic.
The flowers were delivered by a postman.
Past The bus went right BY him without stopping.
Before a deadline I'll be back by 7 o'clock.
The deadline is 7 o'clock so I promise to be back any time before 7, latest at 6:59.
Born or begot of He had two sons BY his first wife.

With the witness of Greeks used to swear BY all the gods.

According to Oranges are sold BY the pound.
With respect to
Javed is a lawyer BY profession.

To indicate successive The honey was falling down into the pot drop BY drop.
units

In the opinion of someone It is all clear BY me.

To indicate an action with I expressed my feeling toward her BY writing a letter.

a specific purpose She finally broke the record BY pure effort.

To indicate a means or Please send this package to Russia BY airmail.

method I came here BY subway.
The door was closed, so the thief entered BY the window.
 So far ; Thus far; By far
So far/ Thus far Only one drug has been approved so far to treat the disease.
Up to the present moment
by far
To the extreme degree She is by far the best worker in the company.

To feel equal to I don’t feel equal to decorate the room; it is already well-furnished.
to consider something
important