The document discusses cephalometric radiography and landmarks. It describes how cephalometric radiographs were developed in the early 1900s [1]. It then differentiates lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric views based on patient positioning and clinical indications [2]. Next, it provides details on positioning a patient for a lateral cephalometric radiograph [3]. Finally, it defines common cephalometric landmarks categorized as anatomic, constructed, soft tissue, hard tissue, bilateral, and midsagittal [4-5].
The document discusses cephalometric radiography and landmarks. It describes how cephalometric radiographs were developed in the early 1900s [1]. It then differentiates lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric views based on patient positioning and clinical indications [2]. Next, it provides details on positioning a patient for a lateral cephalometric radiograph [3]. Finally, it defines common cephalometric landmarks categorized as anatomic, constructed, soft tissue, hard tissue, bilateral, and midsagittal [4-5].
The document discusses cephalometric radiography and landmarks. It describes how cephalometric radiographs were developed in the early 1900s [1]. It then differentiates lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric views based on patient positioning and clinical indications [2]. Next, it provides details on positioning a patient for a lateral cephalometric radiograph [3]. Finally, it defines common cephalometric landmarks categorized as anatomic, constructed, soft tissue, hard tissue, bilateral, and midsagittal [4-5].
The document discusses cephalometric radiography and landmarks. It describes how cephalometric radiographs were developed in the early 1900s [1]. It then differentiates lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric views based on patient positioning and clinical indications [2]. Next, it provides details on positioning a patient for a lateral cephalometric radiograph [3]. Finally, it defines common cephalometric landmarks categorized as anatomic, constructed, soft tissue, hard tissue, bilateral, and midsagittal [4-5].
DEN196 March 13, 2022 1. When was Ceph Xrays used in Dentistry? And by who? Radiographic Cephalometry was invented by Hofrath of Germany and Broadbent of the United States in 1931.
They simultaneously published
methods to obtain standardized head radiographs in the angle orthodontist and in Fortscritte der Orthodontie, respectively. 2) Differentiate Lateral Cephalometric Radiograph from PA Ceph with regards to patient positioning and indications for use. Lateral Ceph Patient Positioning PA Ceph ▪ Most common in dentistry ▪ 2nd most common in dentistry ▪ image receptor parallel to sagittal plane ▪ X-ray tube behind the patient’s head, ▪ Patient orientation: Head in “natural Image receptor in coronal plane position”, Frankfort plane horizontal, ▪ Patient orientation: natural head mouth closed, centric occlusion, lips position, Franfort plane perpendicular to relaxed image receptor 2) Differentiate Lateral Cephalometric Radiograph from PA Ceph with regards to patient positioning and indications for use. Indications Lateral Ceph PA Ceph ✓ Evaluation of craniofacial ✓ Presence of facial asymmetries morphology and growth ✓ Crossbites ✓ Orthodontic diagnosis (skeletal ✓ Orthognathic surgery and dental relationships) ✓ Others: Cranial vault fractures, ✓ Orthodontic Treatment Planning investigation of frontal sinuses, ✓ Treatment progress lesions in posterior third of body/rami, conditions affecting cranium (Paget’s, Mult Myeloma, Hyperparathyroidism) 3) Describe the proper positioning in taking a Lateral Cephalometric Radiograph. (Include distance measurements and correct head position requirement)
✓ Distance between X-Ray Source and Midsagittal plane of patient: 5ft
✓ Object-film distance: 15cm ✓ Film size: 8x10 inches ✓ Patient: Positioned with ear rods in external acoustic meatus, made to bite at Maximum Intercuspation, Lips at rest, Frankfort plane parallel to floor, Midsagittal plane vertical and parallel to film 4) Describe the different ypes of Cephalometric Points. (ie. Anatomic and Constructed)
Cephalometric Landmarks
Based on location Based on type
Soft Tissue Hard Tissue Anatomical Constructed
Bilateral Midsagittal Cephalometric Landmarks Anatomical Landmarks Represent actual anatomic structures of the skull
Constructed Landmarks Obtained secondarily from anatomic landmarks/structures
Soft Tissue Landmarks Landmarks situated on the skin
Hard Tissue Landmarks Situated on the bone (also referred as “osseous”, “bony”)
Bilateral Landmarks Structures that can be found on both right and left sides
Structures that are situated in the midsagittal area of the
Midsagittal Landmarks skull 5) Define each of the ff points: Na, Or, ANS, point A, point B, Pog, Gn, Me, Go, Ar, Ba, Po, S, PNS Landmark: Na
Most anterior point midway
between the frontal and nasal bones on the fronto- nasal suture Landmark: Or / Orbitale
Most inferior point
of each infraorbital rim Landmark: ANS / Anterior Nasal Spine
Most anterior midpoint of the anterior nasal spine of the maxilla Landmark: Point A
Point of maximum concavity in the midline of the alveolar process of the maxilla Landmark: Point B
Point of maximum concavity in the midline of the alveolar process of the mandible Landmark: Pog / Pogonion
Most anterior midpoint of the chin on the outline of the mandibular symphysis Landmark: Gn / Gnathion
Most anterior and
inferior point on the contour of the mandibular symphysis Landmark: Me / Menton
Most inferior midpoint of the chin on the outline of the mandibular symphysis Landmark: Go / Gonion Point at each mandibular angle that is defined by dropping a perpendicular from the intersection point of the tangent lines to the posterior margin of the mandibular vertical ramus and inferior margin of the mandibular body or horizontal ramus Landmark: Ar / Articulare
Intersection of the posterior
border of the vertical mandibular ramus and the outer margin of the cranial base Landmark: Ba / Basion
Effect of Power Arm Length Combined With Additional Anterior Torque On The Axial Orientation of The Maxillary Incisors During en Masse Retraction A Finite Element Analysis
Effect of Power Arm Length Combined With Additional Anterior Torque On The Axial Orientation of The Maxillary Incisors During en Masse Retraction A Finite Element Analysis
