Monthly Current Affairs Through Workbook With Pavneet Singh

Features of the programme and workbook

• Comprehensively covers six newspapers on a monthly basis for civil services
exam
• Making it the most relevant and most comprehensive course on current
affairs for prelims and mains exam
• Covers: The Hindu, The Indian Express, Economic Times, Financial Express,
Times of India and Hindu Business Line
• Covers issues and facts in a uniquely designed workbook that aids retention
ad revision
• The programme also includes monthly quizzes that help consolidate the
studies and understanding
• The programme is provided FREE OF COST
• Unlock the live free classes on Un Academy App using the code PAVNEET10

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 Table of Contents:
Monthly Current Affairs Through Workbook With Pavneet Singh:
June-2021

Section: A: Analysis of Issues in News Current Issues Related To Indian Economy in News

Current Issues Related To Indian Polity in News 1. Issue Number-1: The Surplus Transfer of RBI to Central
Government-Analysis
1. Issue Number-1: Development or Mis-Administration: The Case 2. Issue Number-2: Food Safety During Pandemic in India
of Lakshadweep 3. Issue Number-3: Is Our Economy Growing Symptoms of
2. Issue Number-2: Strategies for reducing judicial pendency of Stagflation?
cases in India 4. Issue Number-4: Indian Arbitration on Slow Road to Death-An
3. Issue Number-3: ‘E’asing access to justice for all enquiry
4. Issue Number-4: Sedition Weapon and Observations of Supreme 5. Issue Number-5: Analysis of RBI Annual Report-2020-21
Court 6. Issue Number-6: Sugarcane Control Order 1966 and Amendments
5. Issue Number-5: Challenging Election Results: Process and in 2021
Procedures 7. Issue Number-7: Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Asset Council
6. Issue Number-6: Rival factions and political parties: Role of Of India
Election Commission 8. Issue Number-8: Model Tenancy Act Cleared By Cabinet:
Analysis
9. Issue Number-9: National Merit Order Dispatch and Why It
Matters
10. Issue Number-10: Fishing in territorial waters, WTO Subsidy
Structures and Indian Policy
11. Issue Number-11: Should India Print Money To Boost Economy?
12. Issue Number-12: Commodity Markets and Supercyclic
recovery?
13. Issue Number-13: The metric of GDP and Its Relevance
14. Issue Number-14: Decoding Reasons for High Inflation in India
and Options for RBI
15. Issue Number-15: The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure
and Development Bill, 2021

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Current Issues Related To Environment, Ecology and Climate Current Issues Related To Geography in News
Change in News
1. Issue Number-1: Technology for Breeding Red Snapper Fish and
1. Issue Number-1: Data Central To Effective Climate Action- Benefit to Growers
Analysis 2. Issue Number-2: Edible Oils and Issues of Oil Politics in India
2. Issue Number-2: Ecosystem Restoration: Moving Beyond 3. Issue Number-3: Establishing an era of Green Hydrogen Gas-
Anthropocentric Approaches Workable Strategies
3. Issue Number-3: The Draft Plastic Waste Management 4. Issue Number-4: Rain deficit As The New Normal in India’s
(Amendment) Rules, 2021 Northeast
4. Issue Number-4: Floodplains and Sarus Cranes in India and 5. Issue Number-5: Jalgaon Banana Export and Banana Industry of
impact on ecology India
5. Issue Number-5: Rethinking the value of water in India and 6. Issue Number-6: Pulse Import Policy under WTO Scrutiny:
Strategies Reasons
6. Issue Number-6: International Energy Agency Report on Net Zero 7. Issue Number-7: Aluminium: The dream metal of Electric
2050 and Analysis Vehicle Manufacturers
7. Issue Number-7: Glaciers of Himalayas, Climate Change, Black 8. Issue Number-8: India and Deep Ocean Mission:
Carbon and Regional Resilience Report-2021: World Bank Multidimensional Analysis
9. Issue number-9: Gold Hallmarking Scheme 2021 and Need
10. Issue Number-10: Depleting Nutrients in Rice and Wheat and
Impact on Health
11. Issue Number-11: Uniqueness of India’s Monsoon and Why it
Matters

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Current Issues Related To Indian Agriculture in News Current Issues Related To Governance in News

1. Issue Number-1: Coarse Cereals Unlikely To Attract Growers in 1. Issue Number-1: National Medical Commission and Medical
India and reasons Colleges in India
2. Issue Number-2: Rise in area under rice cultivation and reasons 2. Issue Number-2: Regulation of E-Pharmacy Sector in India
3. Issue Number-3: Decline in Basmati Rice Export Value 3. Issue Number-3: Role of Artificial Intelligence in Transforming
4. Issue Number-4: Chili Farming in India and issues associated in Indian Judiciary
cultivation 4. Issue Number-4: Debate over Right To Be Forgotten and Judicial
5. Issue Number-5: Pandemic and Impact on Dairy Farmers Observations.

Current Issues Related To Science and Technology in News Current Issues Related To Social Issues and Social Justice in
News
1. Issue Number-1: Solar Make in India needs a long-term strategy
2. Issue Number-2: Monoclonal Anti-bodies and India as a potential 1. Issue Number-1: Same Sex Marriages and Rights of People
market 2. Issue Number-2: Sustainable Development Goal Index Report-
3. Issue Number-3: The Microbe Menace and Impact on India 2021 and Indian Performance
4. Issue Number-4: Bose-Einstein Condensation and thermoacoustic 3. Issue Number-3: Mental Health Strategy for India
instabilities 4. Issue Number-4: States and Performance Grading Index -2021
5. Issue Number-5: Aduhelm Drug and Potential Impact on India 5. Issue Number-5: Migration and Development Brief: World Bank-
6. Issue Number-6: Edge Computing and Potential in India 2021 and India
7. Issue Number-7: Evidence for protosolar graphene in Allende and 6. Issue Number-6: Decriminalizing Suicide in India: Debating
QUE 94366 meteorites Need and Strategies
8. Issue Number-8: Is India slipping on space launch?
9. Issue Number-9: Cryogenic Electron Microscopy and
Photoacoustic Imaging and India

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Current Issues Related To International Relations in News Current Issues Related To History and Culture in News

Issue Nmber-1: PEGIDA Movement and Why it matters Issue Number-1: Impact of Monsson on Economy, Ecology and
Issue Nmber-2: Senkaku Island Dispute and Implications Indian Culture
Issue Nmber-3: CoRe Partnership and Implications on India Issue Nmber-2: Putola Nach
Issue Nmber-4: Foreign Military Sales Route and Indo-US Relations Issue Nmber-3: Govindraja seen as Ram
Issue Nmber-5: The 17+1 Initiative and Stand of India Issue Nmber-4: Karma Without Pride
Issue Nmber-6: India and EU Naval Exercise Issue Nmber-5: Specialty of Ramayana
Issue Nmber-7: India and Japan Naval Exercise Issue Nmber-6: Salvation via surrender
Issue Nmber-8: India and Thailand COPART Issue Nmber-7: Ineffable Grace of Guru
Issue Nmber-8: Supremacy of Devi
Current Issues Related To Internal Security in News Issue Nmber-9: A Devotee is rewarded
Issue Nmber-10: Unchanging Vardaraja
Issue Nmber-1: Article-371A and Why It Matters?
Issue Nmber-2: INS Vikramaditya and Why It Matters? Anecdotes Related To Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude in News
Issue Nmber-3: Fake Buster Tool and India
Issue Nmber-4: Steadfast Defender 21 Games and Indian Diplomacy Issue Nmber-1: Charity the Buddha way
Issue Nmber-5: INS Sandhyak and Its Contribution To Nation Issue Nmber-2: Ways to lead an enlightened ethical life
Issue Nmber-6: Innovations for Defence Excellence and Defence
Innovation Organisation
Issue Nmber-7: Political Dialogue in Kashmir and Its Relevance

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Section-B: General Knowledge Facts General Knowledge Facts Related To Environment, Ecology and
Climate Change in News
General Knowledge Facts Related To Indian Polity in News
1. Global Climate Trends
Cases in News 2. Stony coral tissue loss disease
3. Green buildings
1. Budhadev Karmaskar vs State of West Bengal 4. Corals and climate change
2. Sudama Singh case 2021 5. Saving planet
3. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation case 6. Big Cat Boom
4. Shantisar Builders Case 7. New Snake Species in Delhi
8. Habitat Guild
Judgements That Matter 9. Bdelloid Rotifer
10. Mice invasion
1. 1963 MP High Court Judgment 11. Brood X
2. 1989 SC Ruling 12. Operation Olivia
3. 2020 Madras HC ruling 13. Crimson March Glider
14. Anaimalai Flying Frog
15. Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher
General Knowledge Facts Related To Indian Economy in News 16. Magical Setae of Spiders
17. Forests and Wildlife
1. Low interest rates and savings: RBI Study of 2021
2. High FPI inflows in India in 2021
3. Crypto currency and taxation
4. Greening Capital

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General Knowledge Facts Related To Geography in News

1. Basmati Rice issues

2. Pulses in India
3. Jute in India
4. Cotton and monsoon
5. Coffee crops
6. Cotton Seeds
7. Ghar Wapsi of Gir
8. Pakke Tiger Reserve
9. Monsoon and Species

General Knowledge Facts Related To Science and Technology in

News

1. UV Rays and Covid-19

2. Piezo Material
3. MFSD2A
4. Cheapest Hydrogen Pathway
5. Silver nano sanitizer

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 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF INDIAN POLITY: JUNE-2021

Issue Number-1: Development or Mis-Administration: The Case of Lakshadweep

What is the issue?

What is unique in
Maldives?

What are
competing views
available?

What is a coral reef It is a ring like structure which encloses a coral lagoon. The atoll island sits within the coral lagoon and the island is
atoll? itself formed from broken corals and other biological materials from the reefs. To draw an analogy, an atoll is an
underwater fortress that protects the island from within. If the atoll framework is intact, the islands are safe as the
framework is a living, self-repairing one which is dependent activity of growing corals.
What has
happened to coral
reef atolls of
Lakshadweep?
What is the
proposal related to
cow slaughter and
beef?

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Why is there a
protest?
What is the
proposal related to
Two-Child policy?
Why is there a
protest?
What is the
proposal related to
Land Acquisition
powers?
Why is there a
protest?

What is the
proposal related to
Anti-Goonda
regulation?
Why is there a
protest?

What is the
proposal related to
SOPs for Covid-19?
Why is there a
protest?

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What is the new
rationale of the
Administrator?
What did the SC say
in Dev Sharan vs
State of UP case?
What is the
economy of
Lakshadweep like?
What is the There are 36 islands across 12 atolls and only 10 are inhabited. As per 2017 data, 97% land of islands is covered by a
geography of forest, the highest in India.
Lakshadweep?
What was the It was a part of Malabar District under Madras presidency and after the formation of Kerala in 1956, it was given the
political status of tag of UT. The islands have dweep panchayat councils.
Lakshadweep
historically?
What is the As per 2011 census, it has a population of 65,000 and Muslims constitute 96% of the population(belonging to Shafi
Demography? School of Islam). Around 94.8% population is ST and Malayalam, Mahl and Dhivehi are dominant languages.

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Issue Number-2: Strategies for reducing judicial pendency of cases in India

What is the issue?

What does the study

of Department of
Justice and
Administrative Staff
College of India say?
What can the
Supreme Court do to
reduce pendency?

What about
commercial
litigations?
How can
government officials
play a role here?

How did the CrPC

increase judicial
backlog of cases?

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What can the
executive
magistrates do
today?

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Issue Number-3: ‘E’asing access to justice for all

What is the issue?

What does the vision

assert?

How has the Vision

reimagined digital?

What about the

Online Dispute
Resolution (ODR) of
NITI Ayog?

What are the four core

building blocks of the
Vision?

What are the core

principles?

What are the potential

benefits for citizens?

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What are the potential
benefits for lawyers?

What are the benefits

for the judges?

How will the judiciary

benefit as an organ?

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Issue Number-4: Sedition Weapon and Observations of Supreme Court

What is the issue? In a recent hearing of two Telegu journalists who had been booked under sedition law, the SC has offered to re-examine
sedition law.
What happened Two Telegu journalists were booked by Andhra Pradesh government for airing a speech of a parliamentarian which aimed
in the case? to have promoted disaffection against the government. The journalists have been booked under Section-124 A of IPC
What is Section-
124 A of IPC?
How did Section-
124 A of IPC
originate?

How did Gandhi

react to Section-
124 A of IPC?

What happened
in ND Majumdar
case 1942?
What did Privy
Council observe?

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What did Sardar
Patel do in
Constituent
Assembly?
How did Court
respond?

Why is Kedar
Nath judgment
quoted?

What are Kedar

Nath Singh
Guidelines?

Why the problem

then?

What has been

the observation
of Law
Commission?
What about the
case of Vinod
Dua?

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How is sedition
weaponised?

What does NCRB The NCRB asserts that there has been a 160% increase in charges of sedition between 2016 and 2019 and in cases of sedition,
say? the conviction rate is as low as 3.3% and lower courts often refuse to grant bail and examine charges thoroughly.

Are the judges Yes. In the hearing of the Andhra Pradesh sedition case, the SC Judge DY Chandrachud said that will the sedition charges be
alert about applied even against those who reported about floating dead bodies in Ganga?
misuse of law?
What is the need
of hour?

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Issue Number-5: Challenging Election Results

What is the issue?

What is an election
petition?

How can the

petition be filed?

What does the RPA,

1951 say?

What are the The election can be challenged on the grounds that
grounds to • The candidate winning the election was not qualified to contest the polls
challenge the • The winning candidate, under Section 123 of RPA, 1951, indulged in corrupt practices like bribery, use of force,
elections? coercion, appeal to vote or refrain from voting on grounds of race, religion, community and language
• Improper acceptance of nomination papers or rejection of nomination papers
• Malpractices involved in counting of votes and non-compliance of counting process
What happens
when court finds
the contention of
malpractice as
correct?
What happened in
Indira Gandhi case?

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 What happened in In 2008, Rajasthan leader CP Joshi filed a petition to seek election of Kalyan Singh Chauhan void by Rajasthan High Court
PC Joshi case? due to improper reception of votes. The court, in response to a petition filed declared the winner Kalyan Singh’s election
void but did not hold Joshi as the winner as the petitioner never sought the same.

Issue Number-6: Rival factions and political parties

What is the issue?

Does the Election

Commission have Suo-
Motu powers?

What does the Section

15 of the Symbols
Order say?

How does the ECI

examine the claims
and what is test of
majority concept?
Are splits in political
parties a new
phenomenon?

Has the decision of

ECI ever been
challenged?

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What has Supreme
Court stated on
Election Symbols
(Reservation and
Allotment) Order,
1968?
But Election Symbols
(Reservation and
Allotment) Order,
1968 came in 1968,
what happened
before that?
What happened after
1964 issue?

What happened in
1997 then?

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 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF INDIAN ECONOMY: JUNE-2021

Issue Number-1: The Surplus Transfer of RBI to Central Government

Who has the right

over the surplus?
How does the RBI
accumulate this
surplus?
Why the need for
transfer?

Is the rising fiscal

deficit owing to
covid-19 be a
concern?
How are the facts
and figures?

Are RBI accounts

singular in terms
of activities?
What could be the
plausible
domestic reasons
for higher
surplus?

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Is the contingency
risk buffer of RBI
adequate?

What could be the

plausible
international
reasons for higher
surplus?
What is the
implication of the
transfer?

What are the fault During 2020-21, the RBI was entrusted to manage the gross market borrowings of the Central government to the tune
lines in the RBIs of ₹13,70,324 crore comprising the actual gross borrowings of ₹12,60,324 crore and borrowing to the tune of ₹1.10
surplus transfer lakh crore under the special window for States and Union Territories towards GST compensation cess shortfall. The
to the RBI injected huge liquidity into the system which was around 6.9 per cent of GDP, and as a fallout of this liquidity
government? support, the RBI as debt manager was able to manage the market borrowing of the government at a weighted average
cost of 5.79 per cent, which was a 17-year-low with a weighted average maturity of 14.49 years. Any liquidity support
by the RBI by injection of liquidity is by printing money. Again, the gross market borrowings for 2021-22 through dated
securities are placed at ₹12,05,500 crore, on the top of gross market borrowings of ₹13,70,324 crore in 2020-21.
Should the RBI inject huge liquidity and overplay its role to mobilise the borrowing amount at lower cost as in 2020-
21? The available data, on the contrary, reveals that the borrowing cost has gone up. For example, the cost of
borrowing for a 10-year bond, which was 5.76 per cent in 2020-21 (May 15), has increased to above 6 per cent in the
current fiscal so far (in the range of 6.20-6.31 per cent, till May 21, 2021). Thus, higher surplus transfer in the disguise
of a quasi-fiscal operation is an attempt to lower the fiscal deficit and reduce borrowing cost.
It will not be out of place to mention the increased level of Ways and Means Advances (WMA) which the Central
Government avails itself of from the RBI to meet the temporary daily cash mismatch. The WMA limits were fixed at
₹1,25,000 crore for H1 of 2021 and subsequently increased to ₹2,00,000 crore. For H2, the WMA limit was set at

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 ₹1,25,000 crore. The Central government resorted to overdraft (OD) for 63 days with a highest amount of WMA and
OD at ₹2,24,078 crore on May 3, 2020. Availing of higher WMA limits along with OD is not only a reflection of weak
and inefficient cash management of the government as it is tantamount to the use of WMA as a resource to finance
the deficit of the Central Government. Higher surplus transfer is again an attempt to cushion the weak cash
management of the government. In the end, the fault lines in surplus transfer are all pervasive. Fiscal support during
a pandemic is important but it should not come at the cost of fiscal sustainability. The fault lines are a reminder of the
famous line Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, “The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars — but in ourselves

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Issue Number-2: Food Safety During Pandemic

What is the issue?

What did the department

of Food and Public
Distribution do?
What are PDS, provisions PDS was established to achieve food security by managing scarcity and ensuring availability of grains at
of NFSA and TPDS? affordable prices. The PDS is jointly operated by Center and States where Center procures the grain and
allocates to States and States in turn distribute to eligible beneficiaries they identify. In 1997, as per a reform
in PDS system, a TPDS was launched and households were divided into below and above poverty line
households. Building upon the TPDS, the POI passed NFSA in 2013 and made right to food a justiciable right.
What problem arose A study was done by Dreze to show that only 81.3 crore people or 67% beneficiaries have benefited from grains
then? under TPDS and NFSA and more than 10 crore people have been left out. This necessitates the need to establish
an inclusive architecture of NFSA and TPDS in association with the Centre.
Who are these 10 crore Most of them are migrants and have lost livelihoods due to lock downs and have been devastated.
people?
What can be done for the
10 crore people?
What are the indicators
of Scheme of Concurrent
Evaluation?
What is the way ahead?

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Issue Number-3: Economy Growing Symptoms of Stagflation

How was
stagflation
conceptualised?
What is It is a situation where there is a slowly growing economy or a stagnated economy that co-exists with high inflation.
stagflation Normally, when there is economic growth, people have more money in hand and this leads to more demand for goods.
then? The goods being short in supply and failure to meet demand leads to a rise in price. In case of recession, reverse happens
as the economy shrinks and the prices continue to rise.
What of the case
of India today?

Why is the
situation in India
complex now?

What are the

monetary policy
choices
available?

Is it time to drop
extreme fiscal
orthodoxy?
But isn’t fiscal
measure bad at
this time?

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 But what about
unemployment?
How to boost
demand?

How to
introduce the
stimulus
package?

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• Comprehensive Course PAVNEET10 and Mains since 1979.
on International
Relations: September- • Handbook on Internal Security
2021 for Civil Services Exam.

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on Internal Security: Through Mind Maps.
September-2021

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Issue Number-4: Indian Arbitration on Slow Road to Death

What is the issue?

Why was Singapore the

model in mind of India in
2015?
What are the ingredients
of a successful arbitration
model?
Did the 2015
Amendment make any
difference?

What is the hurdle in

India becoming
Singapore then?
What happened in Bar The SC restricted the foreign lawyers to fly in and fly out on a casual basis to give advice and even asked the Bar
Council of India vs AK Council and government to think about a legislation for foreign lawyers. Such a view of SC was perceived negatively.
Balaji and others case,
2018?
What is the way ahead? The covid-19 has already devastated the economy and boosting arbitration can be one positive factor in boosting
economy. These emerging areas of growth being traversed by entrepreneurs are set to be exemplary catalysers for
economic growth, augmenting quality of life and raising ease of living. Undoubtedly, these are difficult times.
Moving forward, we must strive to get into the sunrise sectors of growth – genomics, AI, clean and connected
mobility, green hydrogen and advance cell chemistry. These are all areas of big opportunity and we must use
technology to leapfrog. The prevailing pandemic presents us with unique opportunities to hasten their adoption.

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Issue Number-5: Analysis of RBI Annual Report-2020-21

What is the issue?

What were the

variables used?
How did RBI manage
the negative impact of
lockdown?
What is repo rate? If a customer goes to a bank to borrow money, the bank will give money but charge an interest on principal
amount. This charge of interest on the principal amount is the cost of credit. Similarly, the banks also borrow
money from RBI and RBI lends money to banks also on some interest rate. This interest rate that a bank pays to
RBI for borrowing money from RBI is called Repo Rate. But the bank has to present some collateral to RBI while
taking the borrowing. So, they give the RBI some securities and borrow money on the basis of those securities.
The Repo means Repurchasing Option which implies that the bank will repurchase the securities it has kept with
RBI at a predetermined date. The transaction ends as the bank gets cash and RBI gets securities.
How does repo rate
impact inflation?

What is the relationship

of repo rate and
liquidity?

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What did the RBI do in
2020-21?

What are Long Term In Long-Term Repo Operations, the RBI allows the banks to borrow money at repo rate but for a period of one-to
Repo Operations and three years. The difference between LTRO and Repo Operations are that under repo operations, the banks borrow
how are they different money only for a fortnight but in LTRO, they borrow money for one-to three years. However, in both operations,
from Repo Operations? the banks borrow with securities as a collateral only. The LTRO money is then used by banks to push credit at
cheaper rates in the economy and boost consumption.
What are Targeted Long Firstly, the term called TLTRO was coined by European Central Bank, the RBI equivalent of Europe. The RBI too
Term Repo Operations? decided to go for TLTRO operations. In TLTRO, the RBI fixes the end usage of the money and this makes it a
targeted operation. This means that if banks borrow money from RBI under TLTRO, then the sector in which this
money will be used is fixed by the banks.
What did the RBI do in
2020-21?
How did RBI enhance
liquidity?
What is Cash Reserve The RBI has directed the banks that they need to keep a certain proportion of their total deposits in cash. They
Ratio? can either keep the cash in the vault of the bank or with the RBI. The objective of keeping the cash as a reserve is
to use it in case the customer demands. If the banks keep CRR with RBI, they do not get any interest on the
amount. A low CRR can help the banks to maintain lesser reserve. This gives them more cash available at their
disposal. This allows the banks to lend the surplus money to industry and businesses and boost growth.
What is Emergency
Credit Line Guarantee
Scheme?
What are the
implication of RBI
policies?

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Does it mean that
transmission
mechanism failed?
Why has the demand
collapsed?

What is the end result?

What fiscal tools could

spur the economy?

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Issue Number-6: Sugarcane Control Order 1966 and Amendments in 2021

What is the issue?

What is India’s
relationship with sugar?

What does the

amendment do?

What was the case till

now?
How does it help? Till now, one tonne of cane would yield 115 kilos of sugar and 45 kilos of molasses. This 45 kilo of molasses could
be used to produce 10.8 liters of ethanol. However, now, the cane juice can be directly used and no sugar will
be produced from the cane but 840 kilos of ethanol can be derived.
But why is central
government interested in
boosting ethanol
production?
How does the
amendment impact the
spirits industry?
How does the
amendment impact the
farming industry?

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What is fair and While the sugar prices are determined by the market dynamics, the price of sugarcane is determined by central
remunerative price? and state governments. The FRP is the minimum price that a sugar mill has to pay the farmer to procure
sugarcane and is decided by the Commission on Agriculture Costs and Prices. The States normally announce
State Advised Prices to lure the vote bank and the SAP is normally higher than the FRP.
What is Commission on It is an attached office in the Agriculture ministry and was established in 1965. Being an advisory body, its
Agriculture Costs and recommendations are not binding upon the government.
Prices?

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Issue Number-7: Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Asset Council

What is the issue? In a bid to establish legitimacy in the market and position themselves as legitimate players, the crypto industry has
decided to standardise their regulation.
What is Blockchain and
Cryptocurrency Asset
Council?
What processes of
standardisation are
being planned?
What is National National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), an umbrella organisation for operating retail payments and
Payment Corporation of settlement systems in India, is an initiative of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Indian Banks’ Association (IBA)
India? under the provisions of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007, for creating a robust Payment & Settlement
Infrastructure in India. The ten core promoter banks are State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Canara Bank,
Bank of Baroda, Union Bank of India, Bank of India, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Citibank N. A. and HSBC.
What is a crypto Cryptocurrency is a form of payment that can be exchanged online for goods and services. Many companies have
currency? issued their own currencies, often called tokens, and these can be traded specifically for the good or service that the
company provides. Think of them as you would arcade tokens or casino chips. You’ll need to exchange real
currency for the cryptocurrency to access the good or service. Cryptocurrencies work using a technology called
blockchain. Blockchain is a decentralized technology spread across many computers that manages and records
transactions. Part of the appeal of this technology is its security.
What is the status of There are 1.5 crore crypto currency holders in India and 15,000 crore is the total value holding of VCs.
crypto currency holders
in India?
What is the RBI
Directive of 2018?
What did the Supreme
Court do in 2020?

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How did the RBI
Respond to Supreme
Court order?
What did NPCI do with In the absence of directive from the RBI, the NPCI, the industry level body facilitating payments, driven by the
respect to crypto ruing of the Supreme Court, has refused to ban VCs and has left it for the banks to decide based upon advice by
currencies recently? their legal and compliance departments.
What is the implication
on crypto trades in India
due to the policy of
NPCI?
How does the present
scenario impact crypto
ecosystem of India?
Why is RBI reluctant
despite Supreme Court
ruling?
How is Central The Central government has also not clarified yet whether trade in crypto currencies is legal or not and this
Government creating a ambiguity has created a regulatory vacuum which itself is dangerous for the system because the investors have no
regulatory vacuum? recourse available in case of default in settlements.
How will
Cryptocurrency and
Regulation of Official
Digital Currency Bill
help?
What lessons can India
learn from other
countries?

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Is banning crypto
currencies in India a
solution?

What are the challenges

in the crypto currency
industry of India?

What can India learn

from El Salvador?

What is RBI’s In June 2021, the RBI came out with a notification on customer due diligence. The RBI has asked banks to follow
notification on KYC, AML and CFT obligations of regulated entities under the PMLA, 2002. As of now, only Ministry of
“Customer Due Commerce has announced that companies need to disclose the amounts of crypto currencies they hold in their
Diligence for annual financial statements. Meanwhile, the Blockchain and Crypto Assets Council has been setup as part of
Transactions in Virtual Internet and Mobile Association of India as a board to oversee implementation of a regulatory code to comply with
Currencies”? AML and CFT obligations. Despite the RBI notification, there continues a regulatory vacuum.
Apart from regulation
and misuse, what are
other potential
concerns?

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Are Central Banks
averse to digital
currencies?

What is the stance of

RBI on Central Bank
Digital Currencies?

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Issue Number-8: Model Tenancy Act Cleared By Cabinet

What is the act

about?
Why is the law
needed?

What problem
does the law
solve?

How will the

MTA solve the
problem?

How are tenant

and landlord
disputes to be
resolved?
How will the law
help achieve
Housing For All
by 2022?

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But why are 1
crore flats
almost vacant?

What is the size As per a study of Primus Partners and Gesture Co-Living, the size of India’s residential rental market in 2020 was 1.45
of the lakh crores and 68% of the same was in urban areas.
residential
rental market?
What does As per Census, share of households living on rent in rural areas was five percent and the figure was 31% in the urban
Indian Census areas and more than two-third of urban rental housing market remains in the unorganised sector.
2011 say?
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Issue Number-9: National Merit Order Dispatch

What is the issue?

Why is there a need

for this?

What is the merit While India is able to undertake massive generation of power from renewable sources, the demand is not being
order dispatch and fulfilled by renewable energy and discoms have to depend upon power from coal based plants. For every region,
why is it needed? the government has established a central generating station. All beneficiaries are allocated power from these
central stations that can be distributed. But because of dependence upon coal based power, cheap power is not
being made available and consequently, the power for end consumer is costly.
What is
government
proposing?

What will it lead to?

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Issue Number-10: Fishing in territorial waters, WTO Subsidy Structures and Indian Policy

What is the issue?

What is India’s
position in
aquaculture?
Why is WTO
proposing
eliminating
subsidies?
Is there overfishing
happening?

What subsidies
does India offer?

What did India

argue at WTO?

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What is India’s
policy?

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Issue Number-11: Should India Print Money To Boost Economy?

What is the issue?

What is the path

adopted?
What is the issue The budget stated that center will have a FD of 6.8% and states will have a FD of 4%, thereby combined FD of 10.8%.
with fiscal deficit? however, studies argue that FD of center could be 7-8%of GDP due to covid. To meet a large FD, the government will
need to undertake large borrowing with support of RBI. Through various operations, even the RBI is pumping money
in the system.
Should RBI go for
monetizing
deficit?

What are the risks

involved?

What should
government do?

Why is
monetisation an
issue?

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Issue Number-12: Commodity Markets and Supercyclic recovery?

What is the issue?

What does a
commodity
market have?
What is the
surge?
What caused
demand
destruction?

Why is the
sentiment
upbeat?
Is there a super
cyclical recovery?

What factors
affect the
commodity
markets?

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Issue Number-13: The metric of GDP and Its Relevance

What is GDP?

Is GDP a faulty
metric to map
economic growth?

How true is this

argument?

Does GDP while

accounting for
economic activity
fail to account for
things that bring
down welfare?

So, what
alternatives exist in
this case?

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What does Austria
do?

What are Well

Being,
Sustainability and
National Resilience
Indicators of Israel?
What is Measuring
National Wellbeing
Programme?

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Issue Number-14: Decoding High Inflation and Options for RBI

What is inflation?

How is inflation
measured?
What is the worry? The worry is that CPI inflation has increased to 6.30%.
What drove this sharp
rise?
Is supply side
constraint the sole
factor?
What is the impact of
fuel?
What about cotton?

Will a good monsoon

help?
What is the future The inflation in the current form is likely to remain high because of international factors like high crude oil prices.
outlook?
What can RBI do in the
meanwhile?

What about supply

chains?

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 What can the
government do?

Issue Number-15: The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development Bill, 2021

What is the law?

What is a DFI?
How was
infrastructure
financing done in
India?

Did that actually

happen?

What problems did

PSBs face?

What is new now?

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How will the new
DFIs achieve the
stated goals?

How will RBI help? The RBI will lend money to DFIs and obtain central government guarantees on merit and a fees.
What is a learning
for India from
Chinese DFIs?

What can India

learn from KfW
Development Bank
of Germany?

How does
environment
influence a DFI?

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 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: JUNE-2021

Issue Number-1: Data Central To Effective Climate Action

Is data central to
challenges of the 21st
century?
What is the observation The policy places data at the centre of all decision making. It advocates use of datasets by civil society and
of National Data government for decision making. Under the policy, the government also created a data portal that acted as a pool
Sharing and to share data between civil society and different government departments. The use of datasets have been
Accessibility Policy- enhanced with each ministry appointing Chief Data Officers (CDO) who would play the role of a facilitator
2012? ingenerating data that enhances understanding of local capacities, local geographies, vulnerabilities and
opportunities to mainstream climate change.
What is the challenge?

What did NITI Ayog do?

What is the need of the

hour?
What is the first reform
needed?

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How can the data
collection be made
accountable?

What can the National

Data Governance
Center do?

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Issue Number-2: Ecosystem Restoration: Moving Beyond Anthropocentric Approaches

What is ecosystem
restoration?

What does a healthy It leads to more biodiversity, economic stability and sustainable growth.
ecosystem lead to?
What approach have
we adopted for
restoration?
What does
ecosystem
restoration
approach do?
How will ecosystem
restoration be in
India?

What should India

focus upon?

Is ecosystem We certainly cannot restore the ecosystem to what it was in the pre-industrial era, but restoration should
restoration incorporate the adaptability to climate change. We can start at individual level by adopting healthy eating habits,
practical? growing plants in houses and having a kitchen garden.

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Issue Number-3: The Draft Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2021

Why they
matter?

How do the
Rules work?

What is different
in the Rules?

Will a national
ban work?

Why is this so?

What are the

other causes for
failure?

What does
international

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experience
show?
What about
local waste
management?

Is command and
control
approach an
issue?
What is to be
done?

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Issue Number-4: Floodplains and Sarus Cranes

What is Sarus It is the tallest flying bird in the world and tallest ones are found in the Gangetic plains.
What do studies
show?
What is the
significance of
Sarus in UP?
How do Sarus If the humans disturb a sarus, they chase away the humans. This behavior proves that bird is not fearful of humans.
behave?
Why is Sarus
threatened
today?
What is causing
homogenization
of birds?
What is a savior?

Why are high

numbers of
sarus still in
India?

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Issue Number-5: Rethinking the value of water

What is the issue?

What is the need

today?

What does UN say?

What is C-40? C-40 is a global initiative with a project called Water Secure Cities. It brings together 97 participating cities to share
knowledge and drive sustainable action on climate change.
Who are
participants from
India?

What is India trying

to do?

What is the
challenge in urban
areas?

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 What is the stress The stress is caused by excessive water wastage, high operational costs and high energy consumption.
on distribution
networks?
What can be a
solution?

What can be done

additionally?

Issue Number-6: International Energy Agency Report on Net Zero 2050

What is the issue?

What does the

report say?

Why does the

report matter?

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Why is the IEA It is a milestone because it provides a consolidated list of 400 targets to be achieved between now and 2050 for
report important? states to achieve the net zero targets.
What does the
report prescribe?

What does the

report suggest
eventually?

What does the

Financing Clean
Energy Transition
in Emerging and
Developing
Economies report
suggest?
What is India’s India has not yet articulated its net xero pledge but is likely to do so in the future. But as the world is shifting away
case? from fossil fuels, similar shifts are seen in India also. India certainly needs a “green print” for its economy.

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Issue Number-7: Glaciers of Himalayas, Climate Change, Black Carbon and Regional Resilience Report-2021: World Bank

What is the issue?

What is Black It is a short lived pollutant that is second largest contributor to global warming after CO2. The unique feature of BC
Carbon? is that unlike other GHGs, the BC can be eliminated from atmosphere if emissions of BC stop. The BC is a localised
source of pollution and has a greater localised impact.
What does the
research say?

What can be the

impact of positive
policy?

How does deposit

of BC hasten glacier
melting?

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 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF GEOGRAPHY: JUNE-2021

Issue Number-1: Technology for Breeding Red Snapper Fish

Who developed
the seeds?
What are the The red snapper is a high value fish and is called Seppili in TN and Chembally in Malayalam.
features of Red
Snapper?
How does the
technology help?
What are unique
features of the
fish?
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Issue Number-2: Edible Oils and Issues in India

What are the major edible Groundnut oil, Mustard oil, Vanaspati oil, Soya oil, Sunflower oil and Palm oil.
oils?
What is the issue?

What is the consumption

pattern?

What is the production

and import component?

What are the reasons for

rise in prices in the
international markets?

What is India’s policy

architecture?

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Issue Number-3: Establishing an era of Green Hydrogen Gas

What is natural
gas?

What is India’s
energy mix?
Why does it
matter?
Analysing the Hydrogen is a colorless gas that gets represented in colorful forms. Most of the hydrogen used for industrial purposes is
colorful forms of prepared via gasification of coal and is called brown hydrogen and is not carbon friendly. Blue hydrogen is formed by splitting
colorless natural gas into hydrogen and CO2 through a technique called Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) or Auto Thermal Reforming
hydrogen? (ATR) and then capturing the CO2 generated through a process called carbon capture usage and storage. If we do not capture
the CO2 and let it go in the environment, it Is called grey hydrogen. The green hydrogen is produced by splitting water through
electrolysis. This leads to production of hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen is released in the environment and hydrogen is
stored. The electricity for electrolysis also comes from clean source only. Pink hydrogen is also produced via electrolysis but
energy for electrolysis is nuclear energy and it is called yellow hydrogen when it is solar power supplies energy for electrolysis.
Why does green
hydrogen
matters?
What measures
can be adopted
for the change?
What can be
done in case of
steel industry?

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Where else can It can also be used for industrial use in case of hot water, steam and heat.
hydrogen be
used?
What can India
do?

How to create
an ecosystem
for use of green
hydrogen?

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Issue Number-4: Rain deficit and the new normal in India’s Northeast

What is the issue? While the rest of India is likely to witness a normal or surplus rainfall, the Northeast is likely to witness a deficit.
What do statistics
say?
Doesn’t
geography favor
high rains in
Northeast?
Why is this
happening?

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Issue Number-5: Jalgaon Banana Export and Banana Industry

What is India and Banana

relation?

What is Jalgaon Banana?

What is the ray of hope? In the pandemic, 22 Tones of Jalgaon banana have been exported to Dubai and the farmers hope that their
losses could be mitigated by such exports.
What is unique about
Jalgaon?

What is the request of

farmers to APEDA?

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Issue Number-6: Pulse Import Policy under WTO Scrutiny

What is the issue?

Who are the major The major pulse exporters are Australia, US, Russia and Canada.
pulse exporters?
What is the issue?

What is India’s
restriction policy?

What is the basis of

India’s restrictions of
imports and issue?

What do the exporters

aim to know?

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Issue Number-7: Aluminium: The dream metal of Electric Vehicle Manufacturers

What is the issue?

What is the role of Aluminium is an old partner of the automobile industry and has been used in making of doors, vehicle body parts,
Aluminium in bumpers, brakes etc. the rise in demand for EV will also push the demand for Aluminium exponentially. The
electric vehicles? Aluminium industry also offers a higher strength to weight ratio compared to other metals, ability to absorb larger
amount of crash energy and higher vehicular performance enhancements.
What is Aluminium
industry trying to
do?
Where is
innovation
needed?
Why is there a need
to raise the
production of
Aluminium?

What can
government do?

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Issue Number-8: India and Deep Ocean Mission

What is the
issue?
What will the
mission do?

Who will
implement and
where?
What are the
components of
the mission?

What are
polymetallic
nodules?

What will the

exploration
studies pave
way for?
What is
International

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Seabed
Authority?
What is Ocean
Climate
Change
Advisory
Services?
Will the
mission study
hydrothermal
metals?

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Issue number-9: Gold Hallmarking Scheme 2021

What is the scheme?

Why is a need felt for India is the biggest consumer of gold and 30% of Indian gold jewellery is only hallmarked presently. The non-
hallmarking? availability of Assaying and Hallmarking Centers certified by BIS are less. At present only 954 AHC centers exist and
they can hallmark 1500 articles per day and 14 crores articles per year.
Who does
hallmarking in India?

What exactly is
hallmarking?
What are purity
standards for gold
and silver
hallmarking?
Are there any As per the Department of Consumer Affairs, jewellery for international exhibitions, B2B domestic exhibitions shall
exemptions? be exempted and they include gold watches, fountain pens, Kundan, Polki and Jadau.
Is there a penalty for
non-compliance?

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Issue Number-10: Depleting Nutrients in Rice and Wheat

What is the issue?

Who found this? The study by ICAR and Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya studied this.
What did they
study?
How did they study
this?

Why do these
institutions
matter?
How did the
findings arrive?

What were the Zinc in rice in 1960s 27.1 mg/kg

research findings? Iron in rice in 1960s 59.8 mg/kg
Zinc in rice in 2021 20.6 mg/ kg
Iron in rice in 2021 43.1 mg/kg
Zinc in wheat in 1960s 33.3 mg/kg
Iron in wheat in 1960s 57.6 mg/kg
Zinc in wheat in 2021 23.5 mg/kg
Iron in wheat in 2021 46.4 mg/kg

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What are likely
reasons for
depletion?

What are the

effects of zinc and
iron deficiency on
people?
How can
biofortification
help?

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Issue Number-11: Uniqueness of India’s Monsoon

What did monsoon

began?

What is a monsoon Monsoon is defined as a seasonal change in wind direction and rainfall. This definition explains monsoons in
and is it unique to tropics and sub-tropics. However, such seasonal changes are global and this makes monsoon a global event.
India? However, Indian monsoon is unique because in terms of energy, it is an intricate natural system that has
interrelationship with the human society.
Why does Monsoon of India is the greatest show on earth with confluence of multiple mind-boggling scientific factors. It is
monsoon matter? caused when a low pressure heat zone develops over eastern Himalayan foothills. The landmass of India is so
unique that it traps this heat and intensifies the heat. Meanwhile, the temperature over southern Indian Ocean
begins to cool and as nature abhors a vacuum, the winds, rich in moisture, from the seas, flows towards the low
pressure heat zones. As these winds travel across the gradient of India, they rise and the gain in altitude causes a
drop in temperature and drives condensation, causing rain.
What is the role of
solar radiation in
monsoon?
How does rising
CO2 impact
monsoon?

What are the two

opposing forces at
play?

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What is the finding
of International
Ocean Discovery
Programme?

How are long dead

organisms vital for
understanding
monsoons?

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 CURRENT AFFAIRS RELATED TO INDIAN AGRICULTURE: JUNE-2021

Issue Number-1: Coarse Cereals Unlikely To Attract Growers

What is the issue?

What are coarse Bajra, Jowar, Maize and Ragi

cereals?
Why does
government want
so?
What are farers
likely to do and
why?

What can be a
workable solution
to convince a shift
in cropping
pattern?
What can the
government do?

How can the

Millets Mission
help?

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Issue Number-2: Rise in area under rice

What is the issue?

Why does the

government want a
shift?

How are the states

performing in
convincing farmers?

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Issue Number-3: Decline in Basmati Rice Export Value

What is the issue?

What is the Iran

angle in decline?

What is the
pesticide issue?

Are there any other

factors for decline?

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Issue Number-4: Chili Farming in India

What kind of crop is

chili?
What is the issue?

Which are the most

preferred varieties?

What is leaf curl

virus?

What is the concern

for farmers?

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Issue Number-5: Pandemic and Dairy Farmers

What is India’s Milk

Story?

Is India’s Milk
Production uniform?

What was the impact

of covid-19 on
agriculture?
What is the scenario
of dairy & livestock
sector?
What happens
during natural
calamities?

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What is the impact of The second wave has thrown the milk producers from frying pan to fire. This is because unlike the sugarcane and wheat
second wave on milk farmers, the cattle raisers come under the unorganised sector and have no political clout to get their voices raised.
producers?
Why do milk
producers matter?

Why small and

landless farmers do
not prefer
cooperatives?
How has the
pandemic affected
them?

What are challenges

to the milk industry?
What is the
government
intervention?

What more can the

government do?

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 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: JUNE-2021

Issue Number-1: Solar Make in India needs a long-term strategy

What steps has the

government taken to
bolster domestic solar
panel manufacturing?

What are the

hinderances in
establishing a domestic
solar panels
manufacturing market?

What is the scenario of

Indian solar panel
market?

Why is a long term

roadmap necessary?

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What can India learn
from China?

What has china also

done?

What should India do?

What kind of goal clarity

India needs to have?

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Issue Number-2: Monoclonal Anti-bodies and India as a potential market

What are monoclonal

antibodies?

Can monoclonal Yes, because they are similar to reference biologic medicine. The REGEN-COV2 is a cocktail of two monoclonal
antibodies be called antibodies to target covid spike protein.
biosimilars?
How is it different from
plasma?

What can be in store for

India here?

Is producing monoclonal
antibodies easy?

When are monoclonal

antibodies put to use?

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Issue Number-3: The Microbe Menace

What is the issue?

What causes AMR?

What is the
available evidence?

What does AMR AMR will cause 10 Million deaths by 2050 and an economic cost of 90 trillion dollars.
cost to a society?
What can the
industries do?

What can be the

role of regulators?

Are there any

global role models?

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Issue Number-4: Bose-Einstein Condensation and thermoacoustic instabilities

What is thermoacoustic instability? Thermoacoustic instability, which comprises self-sustained large amplitude periodic oscillations,
can overwhelm the thermal protection system in combustion chambers, cause damage to
structural parts such as turbine blades, or even affect the guidance and control system of rockets
and lead to mission failures.
What were the causes of Apollo rocket Initially, every time the scientists tested the rocket, the engine would get into this instability and
failure? explode. They later introduced baffles that disrupted the interactions between the flames and
that between the flames and the combustion chamber giving the engine the desired stability.
What does understanding of the emergence In BEC, Bosons, which are elementary particles having spins that take integer values, such as 0,
of order in chaotic systems by drawing an 1 or 2, condense to the lowest energy level when temperature is taken to very low values. The
analogy with a phenomenon widely studied group has shown an analogous condensation taking place in the case of order emerging from
in quantum statistical physics Bose-Einstein chaos in turbulent systems. To understand this, take the concept of phase space – an dynamic
condensation (BEC) imply? imaginary space where a particle is represented by its position and momentum at every instant
of time. The acoustic dynamics of the combustor is represented as a trajectory moving in this
imaginary space.
What is the issue of orbit condensation? During chaotic movement, there are several possible orbits, and so even as the trajectory moves
towards one orbit, it is attracted to a different orbit, and therefore does not stick to any one
orbit. However, as the parameter is tuned and the system makes a transition towards order, the
number of orbits is reduced and therefore, the trajectory gets caught in a few stable orbits. The
researchers label this process a type of “condensation.”

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Issue Number-5: Aduhelm Drug

What is it?

What is
Alzheimer?

What are the

statistics?

What does the

drug do?

What is the
issue?

Why it matters?

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 How is India
managing
Alzheimer?

Issue Number-6: Edge Computing and Potential in India

What is the
issue?

What is edge
computing?

How does edge

computing
help?

What does the

infrastructure
look like?

What does edge

computing seek
to achieve?

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 Why does edge
computing
matter?

Issue Number-7: Evidence for protosolar graphene in Allende and QUE 94366 meteorites

What are Allende and In 2008, two scientists, Andrew Steele of the Carnegie Institution, Washington DC, and Marc Fries of the US space
QUE 94366? agency, NASA, studied two meteorites — Allende and QUE 94366. These were chondrite meteorites, which were
formed by the aggregation of the dust of the ‘protosolar nebulae’ — namely, around the time the solar system was
beginning to be formed. The meteorites were about 4.5 billion years old.
What is calcium- Among the constituents of these rocks was something called the ‘calcium-aluminium rich inclusion’, or CAI, which
aluminium rich can form only at extremely high temperatures — around 2,000 degrees Celsius. And, embedded within the CAI, they
inclusion ? found extremely tiny needles of graphite, called ‘graphite whiskers’.
What are cosmic The CMB is believed to be a relic of the Big Bang at the beginning of the universe. What was visible light then
microwave somehow got converted into the high-wavelength CMB. Scientists guessed that graphite whiskers were needed to
background radiation? absorb the higher wavelength light and emit CMB.
What does the paper It finds that remnants of a vast reservoir of carbon allotropes that existed in the high-temperature and highly-reduced
find? nebular zones around the proto-Sun. This is a notable point because carbon exists in many structural forms
(allotropes) — the better known are coal, diamond and graphite. But there are also other structures — graphene
and fullerenes (bucky balls).
What does the future There are several small solar system bodies such as asteroids, trojans, comets, dwarf planets and trans-Neptunium
hold? objects that are carbonaceous in nature. While mining them is some decades away, it is necessary to start
prospecting projects. The first thing that comes to mind when you say “moon mining” is Helium-3, touted to be a

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 great energy source and practically absent on Earth, it is nearly useless to be thinking about it. There are potentially
other materials, if only you care to look for them. The discovery of graphene on the two meteorites only underscores
this point.

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Issue Number-8: Is India slipping on space launch?

What is the issue?

How did The pandemic created a stiff competition in the global space sector. Iran launched its indigenous space vehicle while US
pandemic affect and China sent space mission to Mars. Monaco, Slovenia, Guatemala, Tunisia, Moldova and Paraguay entered the space
global space for the first time via commercial contracts. While Chinese launched their 6G satellite, Japanese Hayabusa-2 capsule
programmes? Is it returned from Ryugu asteroid.
an attempt to
democratise
outer space?
How did India
compare to the
world?
Did India reform
its space sector?

Is the reforms
picking up pace?

How will the delay

impact space
customers?

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How has
pandemic
affected ISRO?

What should be
the path ahead?

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Issue Number-9: Cryogenic Electron Microscopy and Photoacoustic Imaging and India

How much do imaging To be able to see what lies beneath is a virtue but to see what is happening at a deeper and molecular level is
techniques matter in the future. While we all know the importance of CT scans but there is a promising buzz about advancements in
drug discovery and imaging techniques that can help understand which drugs may work and which may not work on humans.
diagnostics?
Which technologies hold
promise here?

How is India performing

with respect to these two
emerging technologies?

What is Science It is the science research funding agency of the Government of India.
Engineering and
Research Board?
what are proteins and
why is knowledge about
them important?

What is X-Ray
Crystallography?
What is the issue in X-Ray The issue is in growing the protein crystals to be used as the growth process takes months.
Crystallography?

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What is Cryogenic
Electron Microscopy?

But why freeze the

protein?

How can Cryogenic

Electron Microscopy help
India?
What is photoacoustic
imaging technique?
How does photoacoustic The photoacoustic imaging technique shoots beams of laser pulses (simply, light) on a sample tissue. The
imaging technique work? naturally present coloured molecules in the body (colour can be say due to haemoglobin) will absorb the laser
pulse and expand. This expansion will generate a high energy sound wave and the acoustic detectors will pick
up the sound signals and reconstruct an image digitally. Thus, photoacoustic imaging technique in short is like a
sound scan where ultra sound waves are sent to analyze the echoes.
What is the role of The doctors will use spectroscopic multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging and spectral unmixing algorithms to
artificial intelligence in differentiate signals coming from different molecules and AI models will construct independent component of
photoacoustic imaging each colour giving molecule from the given photoacoustic data. The more the data gets generated, the easier
technique? will it get for AI to operate.
What lies ahead for There is a huge potential for Indian industry to enter into manufacturing of these systems and with support of
India? government, India can emerge as a global leader.
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 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF GOVERNANCE: JUNE-2021

Issue Number-1: National Medical Commission and Medical Colleges in India

What is the issue?

What is Capitation
Fees?

Why the ban?

Are there any facts

that justify the
claims of NMC?
What does NMC
actually want?

What are operating

costs?

What is the
implication of NMC
policy here?

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What does the All The AISHE report states that seven states (TN, KT,MH, WB, TG, GJ and KR) account for 65% of 315 medical colleges in
India Health Survey India. The report asserts that states like UP, MP, BH, RJ and AP suffer from a deficiency of medical education
of Higher Education infrastructure.
2019-20 say?
What lesson can To create a healthy doctor-population ratio, India, like Cuba, can tie up with 330 private hospitals of India that have
India learn from 300-800 beds that already conduct post-graduate courses to run undergraduate courses also.
Cuba?
What is the way
ahead?

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Issue Number-2: Regulation of E-Pharmacy Sector

What is the issue?

What is the debate

over regulation of e-
pharma?

What is the position of

judiciary on
regulation?

What is the case of The rules are yet to be notified and the rules do provide for mandatory registration of e-pharmacy business.
Draft Rules for e-
pharmacies, 2018?
Why is clarity on
regulation on e-
pharmacy important?

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Why does the
distinction matter?

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Issue Number-3: Role of Artificial Intelligence in Indian Judiciary

What role can AI

play in judiciary?
Will AI replace
human reasoning
of judges?
What is Supreme
Court Portal for
Assistance in
Court’s
Efficiency?
What does the
report “Just and
Equitable AI Data
Labelling:
Towards a
Responsible
Supply Chain”
predict?
What is the
observation of
Justice BN
Srikrishna?
What does the
recent paper
“Responsible AI
for the Justice
System” argue?

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Issue Number-4: Debate over Right To Be Forgotten

What is Right To Be
Forgotten?
Why is it in news?

What was the core

argument of the
court?
What is the
observation of
Supreme Court?

Why does the right

matter?

What is different
here in order of Delhi
High Court and why
it matters?

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 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF SOCIAL ISSUE: JUNE-2021

Issue Number-1: Same Sex Marriages and Rights

What is the issue?

How did the Center

respond?

Why did the matter The response of the GOI in Delhi High Court was perceived to be very insensitive because the community as the
flare up? GOI responded in the court saying that “nobody is dying because they don’t have a marriage certificate”. Also,
denying rights provided to spouses despite being partners is a violation of Article-14 (equality and equal protection),
Article-15 (prohibition of discrimination), Article-19 (individual rights) and Article-21 (personal liberty) of Indian
Constitution.
What has been the
stand of Center on
Same Sex Marriages?

What is the logic of

center?

How rational is the It is surprising to see that GOI says that same sex marriages are against Indian cultural ethos at a time when Hindu
argument of the mythology has many instances queer unions.
Center?

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How has Supreme
Court responded to
such petitions?
What is the way
ahead?

How Can Special To avoid backlash from religious communities, the GOI can start recognising the same sex marriages under Special
Marriages Act help? Marriage Act and remove anti-privacy 30 day period notice requirement criteria.

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Issue Number-2: Sustainable Development Goal Index Report-2021

What is the issue?

What is Sustainable
Development Goal
Index?
What is a positive
push?

What goals require They are hunger and gender equality.

specific attention?
Why does the index
matter?

What are the There are socio-economic and governance disparities in southern and western states and north-central and
challenges? eastern states. These disparities exacerbate federal challenges and outcomes. Secondly, the index has used new
methodology to measure inequality and because of that, many states show an improvement from 2019 scenario.
It is important to have standard stability because UN has already stated that covid-19 will create an increased
inequality. Lack of adequate measures of economic and social inequality appear to be a glaring miss. Also, the
2021 index has dropped social indicators like representation of women in legislatures and crimes against SC/STs.

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Issue Number-3: Mental Health Strategy

What is the issue?

What is mental
health?
What do statistics
suggest?

What is the case of

India?

Is the world
spending enough
on mental health?
What is the In India, the expenditure on hospitals dealing in mental health issues is 1.3% of total health expenditure. Also, the
situation in India? share of mental health hospitals in India is 0.01 per 1 lakh population, as per WHO. As per Lancet, India ranges from
mild to severe in mental disorders and the total burden of cases has doubled from 1990 and 2017.
What can India do?

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Issue Number-4: States and Performance Grading Index -2021

What is Performance
Grading Index?

What are the sources

of data?

How are states

scored?

What are broad

parameters
involved?

What does the The government does not rank states as ranking casts a stigma of underperformance but grades the states. The grading
government do? enables states to make intervention in areas they lag upon.
How is the
performance
interpreted?
What is the 2019-20 Since 2019, no state has reached Level-1 yet and Chandigarh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andamans and Kerala are in Level
performance? 1++ pr Level-II. The UT of Ladakh is in Grade VII and this is because it has been assessed for the first time since its
caring out of Kashmir.
Where do states
need to improve?

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Issue Number-5: Migration and Development Brief: World Bank-2021

What does the

report say?
What does the
report say for
India?
What is the Since 1990-91, there has been a forty fold growth in inward remittance in India and in the last two decades (2000-2020), the
importance of inward remittances were 1.04 trillion dollars while net FDI and FPI inflows were 521 and 233 USD Billion. Today, remittance
remittance in accounts for 3.1% of our GDP and was 0.7% in 1990-91.
India?
What are the
challenges to
inward
remittances in
India?
How will
Industry 4.0
impact
migrants?
What is the
impact?

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What can the
government
do?

What
monetary
measures are
needed?

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Issue Number-6: Decriminalizing Suicide

What is the issue?

What does the NCRB data

suggest?
What is Section-309 of
IPC?
What is the issue in
Section-309 of IPC?

What did the Supreme

Court say in Gian Kaur
versus State of Punjab
case, 1996?

If there is a right to live,

isn’t it logical to have a
right of not to live as well?

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What does the Mental The Centre in 2017 passed Mental Healthcare Act and Section-115 (1) of the same asserts that if a person attempts
Healthcare Act argue? suicide because of some stress, unless otherwise proven, then Section-309 may not be used.
What is the problem in the
Mental Healthcare Act?

What is the way ahead?

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 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: JUNE-2021

PEGIDA Movement and Why it matters Senkaku Island Dispute and Implications

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CoRe Partnership and Implications on India Foreign Military Sales Route and Indo-US Relations

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The 17+1 Initiative and Stand of India India and EU Naval Exercise
India and Japan Naval Exercise
India and Thailand COPART

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 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF INTERNAL SECURITY IN NEWS

Article-371A and Why It Matters? INS Vikramaditya and Why It Matters?

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Fake Buster Tool and India Steadfast Defender 21 Games and Indian Diplomacy

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INS Sandhyak and Its Contribution To Nation Innovations for Defence Excellence and Defence Innovation
Organisation

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Political Dialogue in Kashmir and Its Relevance

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 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF HISTORY AND CULTURE: JUNE-2021

Issue Number-1: Impact of Monsson on Economy, Ecology and Indian Culture

Why does monsoon There are 20 Asian and African countries where 80% of their precipitation comes from monsoons and
matter? thereby the life cycles of these countries are greatly influenced by the rain.
How vital is monsoon for The monsoon impacts India’s moisture, biodiversity, plant productivity and culture. The festivals like Teej
India? center around the rain.
What is the impact of The rains have been always a time of peace because during the rains the armies could not march. In the
monsoons on history? Indus-Ganga- Brahmaputra plain, the rivers broke their banks during monsoons and quantum of waters rose
hundred fold while peninsular rivers became raging torrents. The dry seasons where war seasons because
rains, rivers and malarial mosquitoes were all limited.
What is the link of history, In the 17th century, there was a weak monsoon and crops eventually perished. In India, the 17th century was
economy and monsoon? marked by Mughal war of succession. At the same time, Japan also saw a weak monsoon during the reign
of Tokugawa Shogun reign. Both, Mughals and Tokugawa distributed off, wrote off taxes and resorted to
Keynesian pump priming of economy.
How did British look at In 1908, a British official remarked that Indian budget is a gamble on the monsoon. And good rains meant
monsoon? good sowing.
What is the case of Earlier, animal and human power was needed to extract groundwater. In 1960s, with introduction of
groundwater? motorized pumps, India’s relationship with groundwater changed and fossil fuel based energy could extract
this groundwater.
How did motorization The motorization led to double cropping, raising of high intensity crops but also a groundwater deficit in
impact agriculture? many regions owing to overuse of water. This made monsoon relevant to recharge groundwater again.
How does monsoon The monsoon impacted surface water bodies like ponds, rivers and lakes by recharge of water. This led to
impact surface water maturation of a miniature fish industry.
bodies?

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 What is the impact of In India, the culture, that ranges from cinema, paintings, cuisines and songs; all show a deep emotive link
nature on culture of India with rains and monsoons and we Indians happen to cherish nature. This is not the case of Chinese where
and how is it different from their cultural revolution aimed to dominate the nature.
China?
What care needs to be India needs to be responsible for ensuring adequate mitigation due to global warming, excessive
taken? groundwater extraction, and conservation of water.

Putola Nach

Traditional puppet theatre from Assam

Also called Putola Bhaona
Uses scenes from Ramayana and Mahabharata
Dhol, Harmonium, Kansi, Double reed wind instrument, bell metal plate and stick used
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History Facts To Remember From Fait: The Hindu

Govindraja The Govindraja shrine is located in Chidambaram. Ram is born in Surya Kula and is described as a warrior “Veeran”. Vedanta
seen as Ram Desika wrote Raghuveera Gadhyam and praised Ram as “Jay, Jay Mahaveera”. Rangaraja Stava is a work in praise of Lord
Rangaraja of Srirangam.
Karma In Kidambi Narayanan, it is stated that Lord Krishna’s duty was not only to be the charioteer of Arjuna but also to care for
Without horse. He would also attend to the wounds of horse and bath them. This is a proof that one must do duty without fail.
Pride Krishna, as stated in Gita, asserts that one must do Karma without pride and he demonstrates the same by upkeep of the
horses.
Specialty of While Mahabharata contains the Bhagwad Gita and Vishnu Sahasranama. Vyas wrote a follow up called Hari Vamsa to speak
Ramayana about the greatness of Hari. Hari Vamsa and Mahabharata are separate works but Hari Vamsa is called an addendum to
Mahabharata. Ramayana is also called Adi Kavya as it was one of the earliest Kavyas written in Sanskrit. Dandin wrote the
rules for writing the Kavyas but Ramayana provided the material for all the rules. So, the work on how to write a Kavya was
based on pattern designed in Ramayana. The Samhita portion of Vedas talks about how to perform Yagas. The Upanishad
was no story but information about brahman.
Salvation via The path to salvation is hazy. The Charama Sloka in Bhagwat Gita says that salvation is release from all sins. In Gita, there is
surrender a mention that if one takes refuge on the feet of Lord, the one can be liberated from the sins.
Ineffable Adi Shankara is synonymous with Advaita Siddhanta. He has composed many Prakarana Granths to instill faith and belief in
Grace of this tradition at a time when people were doubting the validity of the Vedas and Supreme Brahmana.
Guru
Supremacy of Adi Shankara has composed many hymns in praise of Goddess Devi. Devi was hailed as Supreme Power Shakti. Gowri is
Devi shown inseparable from Siva and is the essence of Sat-Chit-Ananda Swaroop. Devi is considered to be grantor of Moksha
also.
A Devotee is Appayya Dikshitar carried forward the tradition established by Adi Shankara. He meditated in Chidambaram for Siva and
rewarded longed to attain Siva Pada.
Unchanging Vardaraja Stavam is unchanging in nature. The Visishtadvaita philosophy explains the sareera-sareeri relationship between
Vardaraja Supreme One and Universe. The Sareera or body is subject to change and body changes appearance as body ages. But Atma
remains same. Vardaraja is Ananta and he is nitya and ever present and is kind to his devotees.

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 ANECDOTES FOR ETHICS, INTEGRITY AND APTITUTDE: JUNE-2021

Issue Number-1: Charity the Buddha way

Companies in India invest a modest part of their profits in areas such as poverty alleviation, health, sanitation, education, environment
and other sustainable development projects under ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ (CSR). Though the goal is laudable, yet we see
instances of omission and commission by many companies in the execution of CSR. It would help if companies introspect when
undertaking a CSR activity. Are CSR norms being followed just as ‘compliance burden’? Are CSR norms being adhered to out of fear of
law? Is CSR activity being projected for publicity and gimmick? Is CSR activity being carried with a sense of vanity or superiority?
If the answer to any of these questions is ‘yes’, the spirit of real charity in CSR is missing. So, what is real charity?
First, the essence of charity is to give something without expecting anything in return. Secondly, a charitable person should not make
other people feel small, indebted to him, or use charity as a way of exercising control over them. He should not even expect others to be
grateful. Thirdly, real charity should be wholesome, emanating as a whole act of body, heart and mind. The act of true charity is selfless
and has no strings attached. And, finally, charity is an opportunity to serve others.
The Buddhist lessons, acting as moral compass, can help improve quality of CSR activities, reduce cases of corporate lapses, and can build
a satisfying pathway for noble activities.

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Five ways to lead an enlightened life

We have a choice – to live an ordinary life and suffer, or to live an enlightened life and enjoy. Ordinary life is characterised by drudgery,
dissatisfaction, and sorrow. It is a rat race with others who are also sailing in the same boat. There is no understanding of life and happiness. As
opposed to that, an enlightened life is represented by the exercise of choice, and action with awareness. Here are some ideas to lead an
enlightened life. First, there should be a perfect balance in our activities. One has to give due importance to the following four pillars: maintaining
good health, work life, family life, and social life. We tend to overemphasise one and neglect others, therefore, happiness eludes us. A healthy
body can only be an instrument of enjoyment. Fulfilling work engagement gives us livelihood and satisfaction. Family is the fulcrum of our
happiness. Society is a big support system for our wellbeing. So, one should not neglect any of these four pillars in our day-to-day life.
Second, happiness comes if we travel light in life. Too many properties and possessions are more of a burden than means of happiness. Instead
of the possessions serving us, we spend more time maintaining, servicing, and protecting them. It may be properties, vehicles, clothes, or shoes.
It adds to the load on our mind. The mind has to be free to enjoy life. Minimalist living is the best way to be happy. A smaller but beautiful place
of dwelling, fewer possessions, few good friends is all that one needs to be happy. Third, our attitude towards our professional work can positively
change our life for the better. Adopting a motto of excellence in whatever we do, no carelessness, no laziness, using our best brain for our work,
and having minimum expectations of rewards will help. Getting the satisfaction of having done the best is powerful enough to make you happy.
Fourth, enjoy life but with full awareness. There is no direct correlation between money and happiness. There are so many intermittent factors
in between that decide the level of happiness. One has to constantly watch and think. Whether what we call enjoyment gives us real happiness,
or does it have consequences that will ultimately make us unhappy? Like tobacco gives a temporary high, but it has serious health consequences.
Is it enjoyment or suffering? We have to use our faculty of discrimination while enjoying anything. We travel thousands of miles to holiday and
end up only taking pictures and videos, with no time to feel and enjoy the moment. When we have full awareness, showering in the bathroom
too can be enjoyable. Fifth, there should be a few good people in our life to make it meaningful. These are the people who make us laugh and
also stand by us in case of need. They inspire good instincts in us and make us happy. We share common interests. They are kind souls. They are
full of wisdom. Having a few such people around makes our life worthwhile. But most people have tens and hundreds of relationships but none
so meaningful. Just stop and think. Go for enlightened living.

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 SECTION-B: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE FACTS

FACTS RELATED TO INDIAN POLITY

Cases in News

Budhadev Karmaskar vs
State of West Bengal
Sudama Singh case 2021

Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation case
Shantisar Builders Case

Judgements That Matter

1963 MP High Court

Judgment

1989 SC Ruling

2020 Madras HC ruling

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 Rights Issues in news

UNESCO on urban
settlements
UN Resolution
Against Forced
Evictions

FACTS RELATED TO INDIAN ECONOMY IN NEWS

Low interest rates and

savings: RBI Study of
2021

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High FPI inflows in
India in 2021

Crypto currency and

taxation

Greening Capital RBI has joined the Network of Greening the Financial System. This will help steer public and private sector for green
projects.

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FACTS RELATED TO GEOGRAPHY IN NEWS

Milk and
India

India’s water
stress

Rice and
water
sensitivity

Mission
Shukrayaan

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FACTS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT IN NEWS

Facts In News related to Climate Change

Global
Climate
Trends

Stony coral
tissue loss
disease

Green
buildings

Corals and
climate
change

Saving planet

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 Facts in News Related to Ecology

Big Cat Boom

New Snake Species

in Delhi

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Habitat Guild

Bdelloid Rotifer

Mice invasion

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Brood X Cicadas live underground for extended periods of time, typically 13 or 17 years, and feed on roots of trees both
underground and above it. The term ‘brood’ refers to a population of cicadas that is isolated from other populations
because of differences in their year of emergence or locality. Brood X is the largest brood of 17-year cicadas and is found
in Pennsylvania, northern Virginia, Indiana and eastern Tennessee, according to the US National Park Service (NPS).
When underground, cicada nymphs go through five stages of development. Once they become adults, which takes about
17 years for some periodical cicadas, the males emerge from underground. While it is not clear why cicadas take so long
to develop, some researchers believe that it could be because they want to avoid predators above the soil. When they
come out, they shed their exoskeleton (outer skin) to take their winged form. Their emergence is to ensure continuation
of their species. Male cicadas emerge first and start singing to attract females. Male cicadas produce the loudest sounds
in the insect world Females respond with a clicking sound with their wings. This process lasts for about a month, after
which the cicadas die, with most of them having accomplished the task of procreating. After mating, the eggs are laid in in
small twigs and branches. Once they hatch after about six weeks, the nymphs fall to the ground, and burrow their way into
the ground. After becoming adults, these nymphs will emerge again 17 years later (or 13 years in some broods). Some
cicadas will be eaten by frogs, fish, birds or raccoons. But they come out in such huge numbers that many will be able to
mate and ensuring survival of their species. Cicadas also do not bite or sting, but when the males sing, their collective
chorus can reach up to 100 decibels, a noise level that can possibly cause severe damage if you are exposed to it for several
hours. One hundred decibels is equivalent to a jet flyover at 1000 feet, a motorcycle or a powered lawn mower. Some
people harvest and eat cicadas by coating them in chocolate, deep-frying them, or using the insects as toppings for a pizza.
They are considered to be nutritious and high in protein and some minerals.
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Crimson March
Glider

Anaimalai Flying
Frog

Oriental Dwarf
Kingfisher

Magical Setae of
Spiders

Forests and
Wildlife

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FACTS RELATED TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEWS

Facts related to Healthcare

UV Rays and
Covid-19
Piezo Material

MFSD2A It is a transporter protein molecule developed by the scientists to pull omega-3s across the blood brain barrier.
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 Facts related to General Technology

Cheapest
Hydrogen
Pathway

Silver nano
sanitizer

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