i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

MODULE 1: Conic Sections

Module Overview:

This module contains the conic sections, a particular class of curves which
sometimes appear in nature and which have applications in other fields. This module let
you illustrate how each of these curves is obtained from the intersection of a plane and
a cone, solve problems involving conic sections, and graph the different conic sections
namely; Circle, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. It will help you develop your
Mathematical skills that is very useful in your field.

The learners demonstrate an understanding of key concepts of conic sections

and systems of nonlinear equations

Module Outline: (list of topics)

1.1 Introduction to Conic Sections, and Circle

1.2 Parabola
1.3 Ellipse
1.4 Hyperbola

Target Learning Competencies (MELC)

LC 2.1.a. Illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle,
hyperbola, and degenerate cases.

LC 2.1.b. Determine the standard form of equation of a circle.

LC 2.1.c. Graph a circle in a rectangular coordinate system.

LC 2.2.a. Determine the standard form of equation of a parabola.

LC 2.2.b. Graph a parabola in a rectangular coordinate system.

LC 2.3.a Determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse

LC 2.3.b. Graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system.

LC 2.4.a. Determine the standard form of equation of a hyperbola.

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LC 2.4.b. Graph a hyperbola in a rectangular coordinate system.

Performance Standard:
The learners shall be able to model situations appropriately and solve
problems accurately using conic sections and systems of nonlinear equations

BUDGET OF WORK

MOST LEARNING
WEEK LESSON TITLE LESSON
ESSENTIAL
NUMBER ASSESSMENT
TOPICS
1 Conic Sections Introduction to Conic 1 Assessment
Sections, and Circle 1.1
2 Conic Sections Parabola 2 Assessment
1.2
3 Conic Sections Ellipse 3 Assessment
1.3
4 Conic Sections Hyperbola 4 Assessment
1.4

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LESSON 1: Introduction to Conic Sections, and Circle

Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the leaners should have been able to;

a. Illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle,

hyperbola, and degenerate cases.

b. Determine the standard form of equation of a circle.

c. Graph a circle in a rectangular coordinate system.

The Conic Sections

 Circle - when the plane is horizontal.

 Ellipse - when the (tilted) plane intersects only one cone to form a bounded curve.
 Parabola - when the plane intersects only one cone to form an unbounded curve.
 Hyperbola - when the plane (not necessarily vertical) intersects both cones to form two
unbounded curves (each called a branch of the hyperbola).

Definition and Equation of a Circle

 Let C be a given point. The set of all points P

having the same distance from C is called a
circle. The point C is called the center of the
circle, and the common distance its radius.
 The standard equation of the circle with center
C (h , k ) and radius r :
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
 If the center is the origin(0,0), then h=0 and k =0. The standard equation is then
2 2 2
x + y =r .

Examples: Give the standard equation of the circle satisfying the given conditions.

1. Center at the origin, radius 4

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Solution: C (0,0) center is on the origin, then h=0 andk =0, and r =4

( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2

( x−0 )2+ ( y −0 )2=( 4 )2
2 2
x + y =16
Thus, the standard equation of the circle is x 2+ y 2=16 .

2. Center¿), radius √ 7

Solution: C (−4,3) r =√7

( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2

2 2
( x−(−4 )) + ( y −3 )2=( √7 )

( x +4 )2+ ( y−3 )2=7

Thus, the standard equation of the circle is ( x +4 )2+ ( y−3 )2=7 .

 The general form of the equation of a circle:

A x 2+ A y 2 +Cx+ Dy+ E=0, or
2 2
x + y +Cx + Dy+ E=0
, where A ≠0
Note: We can determine the standard equation by completing the square in both
variables.
1. Examples1: Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation
x 2+ y 2−6 x=7

Solution: The first step is to rewrite each equation in standard form by completing the
square in x and y . From the standard equation, we can determine the center and radius.

2 2
x + y −6 x=7
x 2−6 x +9+ y 2=7 +9
( x−3 )2 +( y−0)2=16
Thus, the center is( 3,0 ) and radius
r =√ 16 ¿ 4
Graph:

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Example 2: Identify the center

and radius of the circle with the
given equation

2 2
x + y −14 x +2 y =−14

Solution: Rewrite each equation in standard form by completing the square in x and in
y

2 2
x −14 x + y +2 y =−14

x 2−14 x +49+ y 2+2 y +1=−14 +49+ 1

( x−7 )2 + ( y +1 )2=36

Thus, the center is C (7 ,−1) and radius r =√ 36=6

Graph:

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Example 3: 16 x 2+16 y2 + 96 x −40 y=315

Solution:

2 2
16 x + 96 x+16 y −40 y=315

5
(
16(x 2 +6 x)+16 y 2− y =315
2 )
5
(
16(x 2 +6 x +9)+16 y 2 − y+
2
25
16
=315+16(9)+ 16)25
16 ( )
2
16 ( x+ 3 ) + 16 y − ( 5 2
4 )
=484

( ) ( )
2 2
( x +3 )2 + y − 5 = 484 = 121 = 11
4 16 4 2

(
Center −3 ,
5
4),r =5.5

Graph:

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Activity Sheet 1.1

Direction: Complete the table below by providing definition and selecting the right graph.

Conic
Definition Graph
Section

Circle

Parabola

Ellipse

Hyperbola

Assessment 1.1

Direction: Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation in each item. Sketch
its graph, and indicate the center.

1. x 2+ y 2=49

2. 4 x2 + 4 y 2=25

( )( )
3. x−
7 2
4
+ y+
3 2 169
4
=
16

4. x 2+ y 2−12 x−10 y =−12

LESSON 2: Parabolas

Specific Objectives:

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1. Determine the standard form of equation of a parabola.

2. Graph a parabola in a rectangular coordinate system.

Definition and Equation of a Parabola

 The standard form of the equation of a Parabola:

( x−h )2=4 a( y−k )
Or
2
( y−k ) =4 a ( x−h )
 The General Equation of a Parabola:
2 2
A x + Bx+ Cy+ D=0 or A y +Bx +Cy+ D=0
 Parts of a Parabola:

 Vertex: If the parabola opens upward, the vertex is the lowest point. If the parabola
opens downward, the vertex is the highest point.
V (h , k )
 Focus: The focus is c units above or below the vertex. Any point on the parabola has the
same distance from the focus as it has from the directrix.
if ¿, then F ( h , k ± a )
if ( y−k )2, then F (h ± a , k)
 Directrix: The directrix is c units below or above the vertex.
if ¿, then the line x=h ± a

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if ( y−k )2, then the line y=k ± a

 Axis of symmetry: This line divides the parabola into two parts which are mirror images
of each other.
if ¿, then y=k
if ( y−k )2, then x=h
 Directions of the graph of a parabola:

Example: Determine the vertex, focus, directrix and axis of symmetry of the equation x 2=12 y .
Sketch the graph.

Solution: rewrite the equation into the standard form: ( x−h )2=4 a( y−k )

( x−0 )2=12( y−0)

Solve for a :

4 a=12

4 a 12
=
4 4

a=3

Vertex V ( h , k )=V (0 , 0)

Focus F ( h , k ± a ) =F ( 0 , 0+3 )

F (0 , 3)

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Directrix l : x=k ± a

x=0−3 ¿

x=−3

Axis of symmetry: x=h

x=0

Graph:

Example 2: Determine the vertex, focus, directrix and axis of symmetry of the equation x 2=−6 y
. Sketch the graph.

Solution: rewrite the equation into the standard form: ( x−h )2=4 a( y−k )

( x−0 )2=−6( y−0)

Solve for a : 4 a=−6

4 a −6
=
4 4

−2
a=
3

Graph: Vertex V ( h , k )=V (0 , 0)

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(
Focus F ( h , k ± a ) =F 0 ,0−
3
2 )
3
F (0 ,− )
2

Directrix l : y=k ± a

3
y=0+ ¿
2

3
y=
2

Axis of symmetry: x=h

x=0

Example 3: Determine the vertex, focus, directrix and axis of symmetry of the equation
y 2 +8 x+ 8 y−24=0 Sketch the graph.

Solution: rewrite the equation into the standard form: ( x−h )2=4 a( y−k )

2
y +8 x+ 8 y−24=0
2
y +8 y=−8 x +24

y 2 +8 y +16=−8 x+24 +16 (Completing the square)

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( y +4 )2=−8 x + 40

( y +4 )2=−8( x−5)

Solve for a : 4 a=−8

4 a −8
=
4 4

a=−2

Vertex V ( h , k )=V (5 ,−4)

Focus F ( h , k ± a ) =F ( 5−2 ,−4 )

F (3 ,−4)

Directrix l : x=h ± a

x=5+2

x=7

Axis of symmetry: y=k

y=−4

Graph:

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Activity Sheet 2.2

Direction: Determine the standard equation of the parabola. Show your complete solution.

1. x 2=−4 y

2. 3 y 2=24 x

2 45
3. 4 y + 40 y +25=−5 x +
2

4. x 2+ 6 x+ 8 y =7

Assessment 2.2

Direction: Determine the vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry of the parabola with the
given equation. Graph the parabola using the obtained values beside each item.

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1. x 2=−4 y

2. 3 y 2=24 x

( )
3. y +
5 2
2 ( )
=−5 x−
9
2

4. x 2+ 6 x+ 8 y =7

LESSON 3: Ellipse

Specific Objectives:

1. Determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse

2. Graph an ellipse in a rectangular coordinate system.

Definition and Equation of an Ellipse

 The standard form of the equation of an ellipse:

( x−h )2 ( y−h )2 ( x−h )2 ( y−h )2
2
+ 2
=1 Or 2
+ 2
=1
a b b a

 The general equation of an ellipse:

2 2
A x + B y +Cx+ Dy+ E=1

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 Center: C (h , k )

 Foci: F 1(h−c , k )or h , k −c ¿

F 2(h+c , k ) orh , k + c ¿

 Vertices: V 1 ( h−a , k ) or (h , k −a)

V 2 ( h+a , k ) or(h , k + a)

 Covertices: W 1 ( h , k−b ) or (h , k −b)

W 2 ( h , k +b ) or( h , k +b )

Example 1. Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and covertices of the ellipse with
x2 y2
equation + =1.
25 9

( x−h )2 ( y−h )2
Solution: rewrite the equation into the standard form of the ellipse: + =1
a2 b2

( x−0 )2 ( y−0 )2
+ =1
25 9

Solve for the values ofa , b∧c :

2
a =25
a=√ 25

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a=5
b 2=9
b=√ 9
b=3
c= √ a −b
2 2

c= √ 25−9
c= √ 16
c=4

 Center: C ( h , k )=(0 ,0)

 Foci: F 1 ( h−c , k )=( 0−4 ,0 )=(−4 , 0 )

F 2 ( h+ c , k ) =( 0+4,0 )=(4 , 0)
 Vertices: V 1 ( h−a , k )=( 0−5 , 0 )=(−5 , 0)
V 2 ( h+a , k ) =( 0+5 , 0 )=(5 , 0)
 Covertices: W 1 ( h , k−b )=( 0 , 0−3 )=(0 ,−3)
W 2 ( h , k +b )=( 0 , 0+3 ) =(0 , 3)

Graph:

Example 2: Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and covertices of the ellipse with
( x+3 )2 ( y−5 )2
the given equation + =1. Sketch the graph
24 49
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( x+3 )2 ( y−5 )2
Solution: + =1is already in the standard form.
24 49

Solve for: a , b ,∧c .

a 2=49
a=√ 49
a=7
2
b =24
b=√ 24
b=2 √ 6 ≈ 4.9
c= √ a −b
2 2

c= √ 49−24
c= √25
c=5

 Center: C ( h , k )=(−3 ,5)

 Foci: F 1 ( h , k −c )=(−3 , 5−5 )=(−3 ,0)

F 2 ( h+ c , k ) =(−3 ,5+ 5 )=(−3 ,10)

 Vertices: V 1 ( h , k−a )=(−3 , 5−7 )=(−3 ,−2)

V 2 ( h , k +a ) =(−3 , 5+ 7 )=(−3 , 12)

 Covertices: W 1 ( h−b , k )=(−3−2 √ 6 ,5 ) ≈ (−7 , 5)

W 2 ( h+b , k )=(−3+2 √ 6 , 5 ) ≈(1.9 , 5)

Graph:

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Example 3: Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and covertices of the ellipse with
the given equation9 x 2+ 16 y 2−126 x+ 64 y=71. Sketch the graph.

( x−h )2 ( y−h )2
Solution: rewrite the equation into its standard form: 2
+ 2
=1
a b

2 2
9 x −126 x+ 16 y + 64 y=71
9 ( x −14 x + 49 ) +16 ( y +4 y + 4 )=71+9 ( 49 )+16 ( 4 )
2 2

2 2
9 ( x−7 ) +16 ( y +2 ) =576
9 ( x−7 )2 16 ( y +2 )2 576
+ =
576 576 576
( x−7 )2 ( x +2 )2
+ =1
64 36
Solve fora , b∧c
a 2=64
a=√ 64
a=8
2
b =36
b=√ 36
b=6
c= √ a −b
2 2

c= √64−36
c= √ 28=2 √ 7 ≈ 5.3

 Center: C ( h , k )=(7 ,−2)

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 Foci: F 1 ( h−c , k )=( 7−5.3 ,−2 )= (1.7 ,−2 )

F 2 ( h+ c , k ) =( 7+5.3 ,−2 ) =(12.3 ,−2)

 Vertices: V 1 ( h−a , k )=( 7−8 ,−2 )=(−1 ,−2)

V 2 ( h+a , k ) =( 7+8 ,−2¿ )=(15 ,−2)

 Covertices: W 1 ( h , k−b )=( 7 ,−2−6 )=(7 ,−8)

W 2 ( h , k +b )=( 0 ,−2+ 6 )=(7 , 4)

Graph:

Activity Sheet 2.3

Direction: Determine the standard deviation of the ellipse. Show your solution.

1. 41 x 2+ 16 y 2+246 x−192 y +289=0

2. 4 x2 +13 y 2=52
3. 9 x 2+ 16 y 2+72 x−96 y +144=0

Assessment 2.3

Direction: Give the coordinates of the center, vertices, covertices, and foci of the ellipse with the
given equation. Sketch the graph.

x2 y2
1. + =1
144 169
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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

2. 4 x2 +13 y 2=52

LESSON 4: Hyperbolas

Specific Objectives:

1. Determine the standard form of equation of a hyperbola.

2. Graph a hyperbola in a rectangular coordinate system.

Definition and Equation of a Hyperbola

 The standard deviation of the equation of a hyperbola:

( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
− =1
a2 b2
Or
( y−k )2 ( x−h )2
2
− 2
=1
a b

Let c= √ a2+ b2

Center: C (h , k )

Foci: F 1 ( h−c , k ) or (h , k −c)

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F 2 ( h+ c , k ) or (h , k + c)

Vertices: V 1 ( h−a , k )∨( h , k −a )

V 2 ( h+a , k ) ∨( h , k +a )

b b
Asymptotes: y=k + ( h−x ) and y=k− ( x−h ) → Horizontal
a a

a a
y=k + (x−h) and y=k− (x−h)→Vertical
b b

Example 1: Determine the foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with equation

2 2
x y
− =1.
9 7

( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
Solution: rewrite the equation in its standard form: − =1
a2 b2

( x−0 )2 ( y−0 )2
− =1
9 7

Solve for a , b∧c :

2
a =9
a=√ 9
a=3
2
b =7
b=√ 7 ≈ 2.7
c= √ a + b
2 2

c= √9+ 7
c= √ 16
c=4

Center: C ( h , k )=( 0 ,0)

Foci: F 1 ( h−c , k )=( 0−4 ,0 )=(−4 ,0)

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F 2 ( h+ c , k ) =( 0+4 , 0 )=(4 ,0)

Vertices: V 1 ( h−a , k )=( 0−3 , 0 )=(−3 , 0)

V 2 ( h+a , k ) =( 0+0 , 0 ) =(3 , 0)

y=k + ( x−h )=0+ √ ( x−0 )= √ x

b 7 7
Asymptotes:
a 4 4

b √7
y=k− ( x−h )=0− ( x−0 ) x=
−√ 7
x
a 3 3

Graph:

Example 2: Determine the foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with equation
y2 x2
− =1.
9 16

Solution: Rewrite the equation into its standard form:

( y−0 )2 ( x−0 )2
− =1
9 16

Solve for a , b∧c :

2
a =9
a=√ 9
a=3

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2
b =16
b=√ 16
b=4
c= √ a + b
2 2

c= √9+ 16
c= √25
c=5

Center: C ( h , k )=( 0 ,0)

Foci: F 1 ( h , k −c )=( 0 , 0−5 )=(0 ,−5)

F 2 ( h , k + c ) =( 0 , 0+5 )=(0 , 5)

Vertices: V 1 ( h , k−a )=( 0 , 0−3 )=(0 ,−3)

V 2 ( h , k +a ) =( 0 , 0+3 )=(0 , 3)

a 3 3
Asymptotes: y=k + ( x−h )=0+ ( x−0 )= x
b 4 4
a 3 −3
y=k− ( x−h )=0− ( x−0 )= x
b 4 4

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Graph:

Example 3: 4 x2 −5 y 2+32 x+ 30 y=1

Solution: rewrite the equation into its standard form:

4 x2 +32 x−5 y 2+ 30 y=1

4 ( x + 8 x ) −5 ( y −6 y )=1
2 2

4 ( x + 8 x +16 ) −5 ( y −6 y + 9 )=1+ 4 ( 16 ) +[−5 ( 9 ) ] (Completing the square)

2 2

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2 2
4 ( x+ 4 ) −5 ( y −3 ) =20
2 2
4 ( x +4 ) 5 ( y −3 ) 20
− =
20 20 20
( x+ 4 )2 ( y−3 )2
− =1
5 4
Solve for a , b∧c :
2
a =5
a=√ 5
b 2=4
b=√ 4
b=2
c= √ a2+ b2
c= √5+ 4
c= √9=3

Center: C ( h , k )=(−4 , 3)

Foci: F 1 ( h−c , k )=(−4−3 ,3 )=(−7 ,3)

F 2 ( h+ c , k ) =(−4 +3 , 3 )=(−1 ,3)

Vertices: V 1 ( h−a , k )=(−4−√ 5 , 3 )

V 2 ( h+a , k ) =(−4 + √ 5 ,3 )

b
Asymptotes: y=k + ( x−h )=3+
2
( x−(−4 )) = 2 √ 5 x + 8 √5 +3
a √5 5 5

y=k− ( x−h )=3− √ ( x−(−4 ) ) =¿

b 7 −2 √5 x 8 √ 5
− +3
a 3 5 5

Graph:

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Activity 2.4

Direction: Determine the standard equation of the hyperbola. Show your solution.

1. 4 y 2−5 x 2+30 x +32 y=1

2. ( x−1 )2− y 2 =4
3. 5 x 2−39 y 22+150 x+ 390 y=−225

Assessment 2.4

Direction: Determine the foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with equation given
below.

2 2
x y
1. − =1
36 64

2. 2 5 x 2−39 y 22 +150 x+390 y=−225

Performance Check:

Direction: Solve the given word problem. Show your complete solution

1. A satellite dish has a shape called a paraboloid, where each cross-section is a parabola.
Since radio signals (parallel to the axis) will bounce off the surface of the dish to the

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focus, the receiver should be placed at the focus. How far should the receiver be from
the vertex, if the dish is 12 ft. across, and 4.5 ft. deep at the vertex?

ANSWER SHEET- Lesson 1

Name: _________________________________ Strand and Section: ________________

Subject Teacher: ________________________ Date of Submission: ________________

Activity Sheet 1.1

Direction: Complete the table below by providing definition and selecting the right graph.

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Conic
Definition Graph
Section

Circle

Parabola

Ellipse

Hyperbola

Assessment 1.1

Direction: Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation in each item. Sketch
its graph, and indicate the center.

1. x 2+ y 2=49

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2. 4 x2 + 4 y 2=25

( )( )
2 2
7 3 169
3. x− + y+ =
4 4 16

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4. x 2+ y 2−12 x−10 y =−12

ANSWER SHEET- Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________ Strand and Section: ________________

Subject Teacher: ________________________ Date of Submission: ________________

Activity Sheet 2.2

Direction: Determine the standard equation of the parabola. Show your complete solution.

1. x 2=−4 y

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2. 3 y 2=24 x

2 45
3. 4 y + 40 y +25=−5 x +
2

4. x 2+ 6 x+ 8 y =7

Assessment 2.2

Direction: Determine the vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry of the parabola with the
given equation. Graph the parabola using the obtained values beside each item.

1. x 2=−4 y
vertexV : __________

focus F : __________

directrix: __________

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axis of symmetry: __________

2. 3 y 2=24 x
vertexV : __________

focus F : __________

directrix: __________

axis of symmetry: __________

3. ( )
y+
5 2
2 ( )
=−5 x−
9
2

vertexV : __________

focus F : __________

directrix: __________

axis of symmetry: __________

4. x 2+ 6 x+ 8 y =7

vertexV : __________

focus F : __________

directrix: __________

axis of symmetry: __________

ANSWER SHEET- Lesson 3

Name: _________________________________ Strand and Section: ________________

Subject Teacher: ________________________ Date of Submission: ________________

Activity Sheet 2.3

Direction: Determine the standard deviation of the ellipse. Show your solution.

1. 41 x 2+ 16 y 2+246 x−192 y +289=0

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2. 4 x2 +13 y 2=52

3. 9 x 2+ 16 y 2+72 x−96 y +144=0

Assessment 2.3

Direction: Give the coordinates of the center, vertices, covertices, and foci of the ellipse with the
given equation. Sketch the graph.

x2 y2
1. + =1
144 169
 Center: C ( h , k )=¿

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

 Foci: F 1=¿
F 2=¿

 Vertices: V 1=¿
V 2=¿

 Covertices: W 1=¿
W 2=¿

2. 4 x2 +13 y 2=52
 Center: C ( h , k )=¿

 Foci: F 1=¿
F 2=¿

 Vertices: V 1=¿
V 2=¿

 Covertices: W 1=¿
W 2=¿

ANSWER SHEET- Lesson 4

Name: _________________________________ Strand and Section: ________________

Subject Teacher: ________________________ Date of Submission: ________________

Activity 2.4

Direction: Determine the standard equation of the hyperbola. Show your solution.

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

1. 4 y 2−5 x 2+30 x +32 y=1

2. ( x−1 )2− y 2 =4

3. 5 x 2−39 y 22 +150 x+ 390 y=−225

Assessment 2.4

Direction: Determine the foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with equation given
below.

2 2
x y
1. − =1
36 64

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

Center: C ( h , k )=¿

Foci: F 1 ( h , k −c )=¿

F 2 ( h , k + c ) =¿

Vertices: V 1 ( h , k−a )=¿

V 2 ( h , k +a ) =¿

a
Asymptotes: y=k + ( x−h )=¿
b

a
y=k− ( x−h )=¿
b

2. 25 x 2−39 y 22 +150 x +390 y=−225

Center: C ( h , k )=¿

Foci: F 1 ( h , k −c )=¿

F 2 ( h , k + c ) =¿

Vertices: V 1 ( h , k−a )=¿

V 2 ( h , k +a ) =¿

a
Asymptotes: y=k + ( x−h )=¿
b

a
y=k− ( x−h )=¿
b

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

Performance Check:

Direction: Solve the given word problem. Show your complete solution.

Criteria 5 3 1
Has written and encircled the Has written the correct
Has written the
Answer correct answer without answer with erasures in
wrong answer
erasures. it.
Has a neat, complete and
Solution Has a lessen solution No solution at all.
correct solution.

1. A satellite dish has a shape called a paraboloid, where each cross-section is a parabola.
Since radio signals (parallel to the axis) will bounce off the surface of the dish to the
focus, the receiver should be placed at the focus. How far should the receiver be from
the vertex, if the dish is 12 ft. across, and 4.5 ft. deep at the vertex?

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