PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 111: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods of Test

Foreword

This standard is a revision of the Standards Administrative Order (SAO) series of 1980 –
“Standardization of Procedures of Inspection and Test for Walking-type Agricultural
Tractor”. The pursuance of this standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Enhancing the Implementation
of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards” which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development of
Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed
below:

- title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of

International Standard;
- the scope was delineated thereby indicating the aspects covered and the limits
of applicability; and
- items to be included in the test report were enumerated based on the actual test
report submitted by AMTEC.

In the preparation of this standard, reference was made to the actual testing procedure for
Walking-type Agricultural Tractor.

All annexes in this standard are normative.

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 111: 2000

Agricultural Machinery – Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods of Test

1 Scope

This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for walking-type agricultural
tractor, which can also be temporarily used for riding by the use of attachments. Specifically,
it shall be used to:

1.1 verify the requirements specified in PAES 109 and PAES 110 and the specifications
submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the field performance of the machine

1.3 evaluate the ease of handling and safety features

1.4 determine the laboratory performance of the machine

1.4.1 transmission efficiency

1.4.2 varying load performance

1.4.3 continuous running

1.5 prepare a report on the results of the tests

2 References

The following documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this Standard:

PAES 109:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor –

Specifications – Part 1: Pull-type

PAES 110:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor –

Specifications – Part 2: Rotary-tilling type
 PAES 111: 2000

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 109 and PAES 110 and the
following shall apply:

3.1
applicable work
range of operations that could be performed by the machine as specified by the manufacturer

3.2
ground clearance
distance between the supporting surface and the lowest point of the tractor

3.3
overall height
distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the tractor

NOTE All parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting upwards are
contained between these two planes.

3.4
overall length
distance between two vertical planes at right angles to the median plane of the tractor and
touching its front and rear extremities

NOTE All parts of the tractor, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the
rear are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible,
it shall be set at minimum length.

3.5
overall width
distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the tractor, each plane
touching the outer-most point of the tractor on its respective side and with wheels set for
minimum track

NOTE All parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting laterally are
contained between these two planes.

3.6
slip
ratio of the difference between the speed of pulley or belt and wheels or track with load, to
the speed without load

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PAES 111: 2000

3.6.1 Belt slip of pulley is determined by the following formula:

n0 − n1
Belt slip, % = x 100
n0

where:
n0 is the revolution/minute of the driven pulley without load, rpm
n1 is the revolution/minute of the driven pulley with load, rpm

3.6.2 Slip of driving wheels or tracks is determined by the following formula:

N 0 − N1
Wheel slip, % = x 100
N0

where:
N0 is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for the
same distance without load, rpm
N1 is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for a
given distance with load, rpm
3.7
tractor weight
total weight of the machine excluding ballast and implements with the fuel tank filled to 80
percent capacity and with normal amount of cooling water and lubricating oil (if engine is
integrated with the tractor) and with specified wheels.

3.8
walking-type agricultural tractor
self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or
mounted agricultural implements and machinery

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of the manufacturer/dealer

The manufacturer/dealer shall submit to the official testing agency the specifications and
other relevant information on the walking-type agricultural tractor. An official representative
shall be appointed to conduct minor repair, adjust and witness the test. It shall be the duty of
the representative to make all decisions on matters of adjustment and preparation of the
machine for testing. The manufacturer/dealer shall abide by the terms and conditions set forth
by the official testing agency.

4.2 Running-in and preliminary adjustment

Before the start of the test, the tractor should have undergone a breaking-in period. Before the
field performance test, the tractor shall be operated at the test site to make the necessary
adjustments as per manufacturer's recommendations. No adjustments shall be permitted
during the test.

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 PAES 111: 2000

4.3 Test instruments and other needs

The suggested list of minimum field and laboratory test equipment and materials needed to
carry out the tractor test is shown in Annex A. These instruments should be calibrated
regularly. These instruments shall be physically checked for operation and shall be cleaned
before and after each test. A checklist of instruments and materials shall be prepared to be
used before departure to and from the testing area.

4.2 Suspension of test

If during the test run, the machine malfunctions so as to affect the machine's performance, the
test may be suspended with the concurrence of the official testing agency and the
manufacturer’s representative. If it is the engine that fails, it can be changed with an identical
unit (if the engine is not integrated with the tractor).

5 Tests and Inspection

5.1 Verification of Manufacturer’s Technical Data and Information

5.1.1 This investigation is carried out to verify that the mechanism, main dimensions,
weight and attachments of the tractor conform to the list of technical data and information
submitted by the manufacturer. (see Annex A)

5.1.2 A plain and level platform shall be used for this investigation.

5.1.3 The items to be inspected and verified are given in Annex B.

5.2 Field Performance Tests

5.2.1 These are carried out to test the field performance of operations applicable to the
tractor to be tested. For wetland test field, the field shall be soaked for at least twenty-four
(24) hours.

5.2.2 The tests shall be carried out on a dry/wet field where the soil type, dimensions, soil
moisture content/depth of water, soil resistance, shape and other conditions are to be
recorded.

5.2.3 The kinds of field performance tests shall be the following:

5.2.3.1 Plowing
This shall be done for fields of not less than 500 m2 and shall be rectangular with sides in the
ratio of 2:1 as far as possible with three replications using circuitous method of plowing
operation. Plowing depth shall be 100 mm + 10 mm. The field may be irrigated or flooded
depending on the condition.

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PAES 111: 2000

5.2.3.2 Rotary tilling

This shall be done for field of not less than 500 m2 and shall be rectangular with the sides in
the ratio of 2:1 as far as possible with three replications. Tilling depth shall be 100 mm to 120
mm. The field may be irrigated or flooded depending on the condition.

5.2.3.3 Harrowing
This shall be carried out after plowing test on the same field under dry/flooded conditions.

5.2.4 The items to be measured, investigated and recorded during the field performance
tests are given in Annex C.

5.3 Laboratory Performance Tests

5.3.1 Transmission efficiency

5.3.1.1 This is carried out to determine the efficiency of the transmission system of the
tractor, using an electric motor that is either calibrated or coupled with a torque transducer.

5.3.1.2 The tractor on test, without its wheels, shall be fixed on the test frame. Brake load is
applied on the wheel axle and/or rotary tilling shaft by a dynamometer.

5.3.1.3 Power is transmitted from the motor output shaft to the input shaft (first shaft) of
transmission box in the same manner as those from engine to that of tractor, for instance, V-
belt. The diameter of the pulley on the output shaft of the electric motor is computed so that
speed of input shaft at rated speed of electric motor is the same as that of rated engine speed.
This test will not be applied to a tractor which engine and transmission box are directly
coupled.

5.3.1.4 Brake load shall be applied until the computed axle power or tilling shaft power
reaches the maximum value.

5.3.1.5 Items to be measured and recorded are given in Annex D.

5.3.2 Varying load performance

5.3.2.1 This is carried out to determine the performance of the tractor under different loadings
applied to the wheel axle or rotary tilling shaft.

5.3.2.2 The tractor on test, with its engine but without its wheels, shall be fixed on the test
frame.

5.3.2.3 The engine shall be set at its rated speed and brake load shall be applied on the wheel
axle or rotary tilling shaft by a dynamometer at an increment of 5-kg load until the engine
stalls.

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 PAES 111: 2000

5.3.2.4 The load, speed of engine output shaft, transmission input shaft and axle, fuel
consumption and temperature of exhaust gas, transmission oil, atmospheric dry bulb and wet
bulb temperatures shall be measured simultaneously every 3 minutes at each applied brake
load.

5.3.2.5 Items to be measured and recorded are given in Annex E.

5.3.3 Continuous-running test

5.3.3.1 This is carried out to evaluate the operating performance and to find out any
abnormality or trouble under the continuous running condition of the tractor.

5.3.3.2 The tractor on test, with its engine but without its wheels, shall be fixed on the test
frame. Brake load is applied on the wheel axle or rotary tilling shaft by a dynamometer.

5.3.3.3 The engine shall be set at its rated speed and a brake load equivalent to the maximum
axle/rotary tilling shaft power taken during the varying load performance test shall be applied
on the wheel axle/rotary tilling shaft.

5.3.3.4 The load, speed of engine, transmission input shaft and axle/rotary tilling shaft, fuel
consumption, and temperature of exhaust gas and transmission oil shall be measured
simultaneously every thirty (30) minutes.

5.3.3.5 The testing methods for each type of walking-type agricultural tractor shall be as
follows:

5.3.3.5.1 Pull type

5.3.3.5.1.1 A brake load shall be applied on the wheel axle.

5.3.3.5.1.2 The change-gear position shall be at the largest-ratio-reduction within the plowing
speed range mentioned in the specifications.

5.3.3.5.1.3 The duration of continuous running test shall be 5 hours.

5.3.3.5.2 Tilling type

5.3.3.5.2.1 A brake load shall be applied on the rotary tilling shaft.

5.3.3.5.2.2 The change-gear position shall be at the largest-ratio-reduction within the tilling
speed range mentioned in the specifications.

5.3.3.5.2.3 The wheel axle shall be driven with no load.

5.3.3.5.2.4 The duration of continuous running test shall be five (5) hours.

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PAES 111: 2000

5.3.3.5.3 Dual-purpose type

5.3.3.5.3.1 There shall be two kinds of tests under dual-purpose type: wheel axle loading
and tilling shaft loading tests.

5.3.3.5.3.2 The method of loading on wheel axles and rotary tilling shaft shall be the
same as in pull type and tilling type, respectively. However, the duration of continuous
running shall be for two and a half (2.5) hours in either case.

5.3.3.6 Items to be measured and recorded are given in Annex F.

6 Data Analysis

The formulas to be used during calculations and testing are given in Annex G.

7 Test Report

The test report shall include the following information in the order given:

7.1 Name of testing agency

7.2 Test report number
7.3 Title
7.4 Summary
7.5 Purpose and scope of test
7.6 Methods of test
7.7 Description of the hand tractor
7.7.1 Table 1 – Hand tractor Specifications
7.8 Results of Field Test
7.8.1 Table 2 – Field Performance Test Data
7.9 Results of Laboratory Tests
7.9.1 Table 3 – Results of Varying Load Performance Test
7.9.2 Table 4 – Results of Continuous Running Test
7.9.3 Table 5 – Results of Transmission Efficiency Test
7.10 Observations
7.11 Name and Signature of Test Engineers

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 PAES 111: 2000

Annex A

Suggested Minimum List of Field and Laboratory

Test Equipment and Materials

Items Quantity
A1 Equipment
A1.1 Field Equipment
A1.1.1 Timers
2
Range: 60 minutes: Accuracy 1/10
A1.1.2 Noise Level Meter
1
Range : 30 to 130 db(A)
A1.1.3 Cone Penetrometer 1
A1.1.4 Steel Tape, 50 m 1
A1.1.5 Graduated Cylinder, capacity: 500 mL 1
A1.1.6 Width and Depth Gage 1
A1.1.7 Camera 1
A1.2 Laboratory Equipment
A1.2.1 Load Cells, capacity:100 kg 2
A1.2.2 Strain Amplifier 1
A1.2.3 Multi-testers 2
A1.2.4 Tachometer, contact type 2
A1.2.5 Power Meter
Maximum voltage and current: 1
Vrms and 20 Arms
A2 Materials for Field Test
A2.1 Pegs 10
A2.2 Aluminum Foil 1
A2.3 Labeling Tags 10

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PAES 111: 2000

Annex B

Inspection Sheet for Walking-type Agricultural Tractor

Name of Applicant : __________________________________________________________

Address : _____________________________________________________________
Telephone No. : _______________________________________________________
Name of Distributor : _________________________________________________________
Address : _____________________________________________________________
Name of Manufacturer : _______________________________________________________
Factory Address : ______________________________________________________

GENERAL INFORMATION

Brand :_____________________________ Model :_________________________________

Serial No. : _________________________Engine Serial No. : _______________________
Classification (pull type, tilling type or dual purpose type) : ___________________________
Production date of walking-type agricultural tractor to be tested : ______________________

Items to be inspected

ITEMS Manufacturer's Verification by

Specification Testing Agency

B1 Dimensions and weight of tractor

B1.1 Overall length, mm
B1.2 Overall width, mm
B1.3 Overall height, mm
B1.4 Ground clearance, mm
B1.5 Weight of tractor
(without engine), kg
B2 Engine
B2.1 Make/Country of Manufacture
B2.2 Model
B2.3 Serial Number
B2.4 Type
B2.4.1 Stroke
B2.4.1.1 Four-stroke
B2.4.1.2 Two-stroke
B2.4.2 Ignition
B2.4.2.1 Compression ignition
B2.4.2.2 Spark ignition

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 PAES 111: 2000

Manufacturer's Verification by
ITEMS
Specification Testing Agency
B2.5 Rated speed, rpm
B2.6 Rated power, kW
B2.7 Fuel system
B2.7.1 Type of fuel
B2.7.1.1 Gasoline
B2.7.1.2 Diesel
B2.7.2 Tank capacity, L
B2.7.3 Fuel consumption, L/h
B2.8 Cooling system
B2.8.1 Air-cooled
B2.8.2 Water-cooled
B2.9 Starting system
B2.9.1 Rope recoil
B2.9.2 Hand cranked
B2.10 Weight, kg
B3 Type of clutch
B3.1 Main clutch
B3.2 Steering clutch (if any)
B3.3 Tilling clutch (if any)
B4 Power transmission system
B4.1 Type
B4.1.1 Chain and sprocket
B4.1.2 Gears
B4.2 Lubrication system
B4.2.1 Splash type
B4.2.2 Forced-feed
B5 Engine pulley (outside diameter x
no.of grooves x inside diameter, mm)
B6 Input shaft pulley (outside diameter
x no. of grooves x inside diameter, mm)
B7 Axle, L x W, mm
B8 Hexagonal hub
B8.1 Thickness, mm
B8.2 Length, mm
B9 Type of hitch point
B9.1 Type I – One-hole Hitch
B9.2 Type II – Three-hole Hitch
B10 Tractive Wheels
B11.1 Pneumatic Tire Size
B11.2 Cage Wheel Size, L x D, mm
B11 Attachments
B11.1 Plow
B11.2 Harrow
B11.3 Rotary tiller

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PAES 111: 2000

Annex C

Field Performance Test Data Sheet

Items to be Measured and Inspected

ITEMS Trials Average

1 2 3
C1 Test Conditions
C1.1 Condition of field
C1.1.1 Location
C1.1.2 Soil type (clay, clay loam, sandy, etc)
C1.1.3 Dimensions of field
C1.1.3.1 Length, m
C1.1.3.2 Width, m
C1.1.3.3 Area, m2
C1.1.4 Depth of water/moisture content, mm/%
C1.1.5 No. of hours soaked (wet land)
C1.1.6 Soil resistance, kg/cm2
C1.1.7 Spacing of stubbles, mm
(rows x hills)
C1.1.8 Height of stubbles, mm
C1.1.9 Weed growth, no/m2
C1.2 Weather conditions
C1.2.1 Temperature
C1.2.1.1 Wet bulb, ºC
C1.2.1.2 Dry bulb, ºC
C1.2.2 Weather (sunny, cloudy, rainy, hot,
cold..)
C1.3 Condition of the tractor
C1.3.1 Tractive device
C1.3.1.1 Type
C1.3.1.2 Size
C1.3.2 Implement to be used
C1.3.2.1 Type
C1.3.2.2 Size
C1.3.3 Wheel track
C1.3.4 Additional weight, kg
C1.3.4.1 Front-end
C1.3.4.2 Wheel

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 PAES 111: 2000

ITEMS Trials Average

1 2 3
C1.3.5 Gross weight, kg
C1.3.6 Speed-gear positions
C1.3.6.1 Main transmission
C1.3.6.2 Auxiliary transmission
C1.3.6.3 Belt speed-change
C1.3.6.4 Rotary speed change
C1.3.7 Others
C2 Field Performance
C2.1 Date of test
C2.2 Kind of field operation
C2.3 Duration of test, min
C2.4 Time lost
C2.4.1 Turning, min
C2.4.2 Others (specify), min
C2.5 Type of implement
C2.6 Method of operation
C2.7 Depth of cut, mm
C2.8 Travelling speed, kph
C2.9 Theoretical width of tillage, mm
C2.10 Actual width of tillage, mm
C2.11 Theoretical field capacity, ha/h
C2.12 Actual field capacity, ha/h
C2.13 Field efficiency, %
C2.14 Fuel consumed, L
C2.15 Fuel consumption, L/h
C2.16 Others (specify)
C3 Observations:

C3.1 Ease of handling and stability of the tractor

C3.2 Ease of manipulating of the operating levers

C3.3 Ease of replacing and adjusting the parts

C3.4 Safety features

C3.5 Failure or abnormalities that may be observed on the tractor or its component parts

C3.6 Others

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 Annex D
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PAES 111: 2000

Transmission Efficiency Test Data Sheet

Test Specimen : ______________________________ Trial No. : _____________________________

Prime Mover : ______________________________ Date : ______________________________
Test Engineer : ______________________________ Place of Test : _____________________________
Test Conditions
1. Air Temperature Motor Input Axle
Dry Bulb, °C : ____________________ No Load Speed, rpm : _________ ________ _______
Wet Bulb, °C : ____________________ Speed Reduction Ratio: ________
2. Relative Humidity, % : ______________

Axle Load, kg Speed, rpm Belt Axle Axle Shaft Power Input Efficiency
Time Slippage Torque Torque Speed Power
Drive Axle
Left Right Total
Shaft Shaft
min % kg-m kW kg-m rpm kW %
 Annex E

Varying Load Performance Test Data Sheet

E.1 Wheel Axle

Test Specimen : ______________________________ Trial No. : _____________________________

Prime Mover : ______________________________ Date : ______________________________
Test Engineer : ______________________________ Place of Test : _____________________________
Test Conditions
1. Air Temperature Motor Input Axle
Dry Bulb, °C : ____________________ No Load Speed, rpm : _________ ________ _______
Wet Bulb, °C : ____________________ Speed Reduction Ratio: ________
2. Relative Humidity, % : ________________

Axle Load, kg Speed, rpm Belt Axle Axle Shaft Temperature, °C Fuel Specific
Time Slippage Torque Power Consumption Fuel
Engine Drive Axle Exhaust Transmission Consumption
Left Right Total
Shaft Shaft Shaft gas oil
min % kg-m kW L/h g/kW-h

PAES 111: 2000

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 E.2 Rotary Tilling Shaft
16

PAES 111: 2000

Test Specimen : ______________________________ Trial No. : _____________________________
Prime mover : ______________________________ Date : ______________________________
Test Engineer : ______________________________ Place of Test : _____________________________
Test Conditions
1. Air Temperature
Dry Bulb, °C : ____________________
Wet Bulb, °C : ____________________
2. Relative Humidity, % : ______________

Time Rotary Speed, rpm Belt Rotary Rotary Temperature, °C Fuel Specific
Shaft Slippage Shaft Shaft Power Consumption Fuel
Load Engine Drive Rotary Torque Exhaust Transmission Consumption
Shaft Shaft Shaft gas oil
min kg % kg-m kW L/h g/kW-h
 Annex F

Continuous Running Test Data Sheet

F.1 Wheel Axle

Test Specimen : ______________________________ Trial No. : _____________________________

Prime Mover : ______________________________ Date : ______________________________
Test Engineer : ______________________________ Place of Test : _____________________________
Test Conditions
1. Air Temperature Motor Input Axle
Dry Bulb, °C : ____________________ No Load Speed, rpm : _________ ________ _______
Wet Bulb, °C : ____________________ Speed Reduction Ratio: ________
2. Relative Humidity, % : ______________

Time Axle Load, kg Speed, rpm Belt Axle Axle Temperature, °C Fuel Specific
Slippage Torque Shaft Consumption Fuel
Engine Drive Axle Power Exhaust Transmission Consumption
Left Right Total
Shaft Shaft Shaft gas oil
min % kg-m kW L/h g/kW-h

PAES 111: 2000

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 F.2 Rotary Tilling Shaft
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PAES 111: 2000

Test Specimen : ______________________________ Trial No. : _____________________________
Prime Mover : ______________________________ Date : ______________________________
Test Engineer : ______________________________ Place of Test : _____________________________
Test Conditions
1. Air Temperature
Dry Bulb, °C : ____________________
Wet Bulb, °C : ____________________
2. Relative Humidity, % : ______________

Time Rotary Speed, rpm Belt Rotary Rotary Temperature, °C Fuel Specific
Shaft Slippage Shaft Shaft Consumption Fuel
Load Engine Drive Rotary Torque Power Exhaust Transmission Consumption
Shaft Shaft Shaft gas oil
min kg % kg-m kW L/h g/kW-h
 PAES 111: 2000

Annex G

Formulas Used During Calculations and Testing

G1 Field Performance Test

G1.1 Estimation of Effective Field Capacity
G1.1.1 Average swath or width of cut, S, (m)
W
S=
2n

where: W is the width of plot, m

n is the number of rounds
2 is the number of trips per round
G1.1.2 Total distance traveled, D, (m)

A
D= = 2 nL
S
where: A = LxW
where: A is the area of plot, m2
L is the length of the plot, m
G1.1.3 Effective area accomplished, Ae, (m2)

Ae = wD = 2nLw
where: w is the width of plow or rotary tiller, m
G1.1.3.1 If width of swath is less than the plow’s or rotary tiller’s width, the
operator has passed over part of the area twice to secure better
coverage, therefore:

Ao = Ae - A

where: Ao is the overlap (area which is plowed or

rototilled twice), m2
G1.1.3.2 If the average width of swath is greater that the plow’s or rotary
tiller’s width, the operator has left part of the area unplowed or
unrototilled, therefore:
Au = A - Ae

where: Au is the unplowed or unrototilled area

(area missed), m2

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PAES 111: 2000

G1.1.4 Effective field capacity, efc, (m2/h)

60A e
efc =
t
where: t is the time used during the operation, min

G1.2 Theoretical Field Capacity, tfc, (m2/h)

tfc = we x v

where: we is the effective or theoretical width of tillage, m

v is the speed of operation, m/h

G1.3 Field Efficiency, Feff, (%)

efc
Feff = x 100
tfc

G1.4 Fuel Consumption, FC, (L/h)

V
FC =
t

where: V is the volume of fuel consumed, L

t is the total operating time, h
G2 Laboratory Tests

G2.1 Axle/Rotary Shaft Torque, T, (kg-m)

T= F x L

where: F is the axle or rotary shaft load, kg

L is the length of pony brake arm, m

G2.2 Axle/Rotary Shaft Power, P, (kW)

Ft x N
P =
1340
where: Ft is the total axle or rotary shaft load, kg
N is the speed of axle or rotary shaft, rpm

G2.3 Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC, (g/kW-h)

Fc x ρf
SFC =
P

where: Fc is the fuel consumption, L/h

ρf is the density of fuel, g/L
P is the axle or rotary shaft power, kW

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