Frequenz 2016; 70(9-10): 455–462

Sandeep Kumar Vyas*, Rajendra Kumar Verma, Shivendra Maurya and V.V.P. Singh

Review of Magnetron Developments

DOI 10.1515/freq-2015-0196 space solar power system (SSPS) requires highly efficient,
Received September 9, 2015 thermally stable, low noise and phase locked magnetrons
[2], [3].
Abstract: Magnetrons have been the most efficient high
In its simplest form, a magnetron consists of a cylind-
power microwave sources for decades. In the twenty-first
rical cathode and a coaxial anode, which contains several
century, many of the development works are headed
individual resonant cavities, and output coupling system
towards the performance improvement of CW industrial
for extraction of output power [4]. The anode of magne-
magnetrons. In this review article, the development works
tron is a corrugated slow wave structure, to reduce the
and techniques, used on different types of magnetrons, for
phase velocity of RF wave [5]. The most commonly used
the performance enhancement in the past two decades have
anode structures for magnetrons are hole and slot type,
been discussed. The article focuses on the state of the art of
vane type, and rising sun type as shown in Figure 1(a)–(c)
CW magnetron and the direction it will take in foreseeable
respectively [4]. Selection of an anode structure depends
future. In addition it also glimpses some of the major var-
upon the frequency, efficiency, power and frequency sta-
iants of magnetron which have further opened up scope in
bility of a magnetron [4]–[6]. Usually anodes have even
mm-THz spectrum of electromagnetism.
number of resonators (cavities). A magnetron cathode on
Keywords: magnetron, microwave tube, microwave the other hand works as electron emitting source.
oscillator Different types of cathode used in magnetron are directly
heated (thermionic cathode), indirectly heated (cold cath-
odes), dispenser cathodes, scandate cathodes, and field
1 Introduction emitter cathodes [7], [8]. The selection of a particular
cathode depends on the anode current requirements,
Magnetron is an efficient, compact size and the most cost magnetron’s lifetime, pulse duration, and the amplitude
effective vacuum electronic microwave source. It has of the electric field near the cathode surfaces.
been developed for many high power and high frequency
ranges. The early accounts of cavity magnetron develop-
ment dates back during the II world war which urged the
need for a high power microwave source for radar appli- 2 Current research works
cation [1]. This fastened the development process of mag-
netrons which is still continue with a steady pace. on magnetrons
Efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and compactness have
been the most significant features of magnetron, enabling Contemporary researches in magnetron are concerned with
it to find potential industrial, defense, and space applica- the efforts to improve the output performance of the magne-
tions. High power continuous wave (CW) magnetrons are trons. This can be achieved by (a) increasing the output
being used in different types of domestic, commercial power [9]–[12] and operating frequency [13]–[15], (b) provid-
and industrial microwave ovens for food, paper, and ing phase and frequency-locking techniques and excellent
mineral processing. Innovative scientific scheme such as phase-stability [16]–[31], (c) by efficiency enhancement [32],
[33], and (d) by performing numerical analysis of the device
by powerful 3-D computer codes for better understanding of
magnetron and its DC to RF conversion phenomena [34]–[41].
*Corresponding author: Sandeep Kumar Vyas, Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research-Central Electronics Engineering Research
Consequently various modifications and transforma-
Institute (CSIR-CEERI), Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India; Academy of tions of magnetron’s design have evolved, which have
Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India, significantly improved its performance to make it suitable
E-mail: sandeepvyas19@gmail.com for certain modern-day applications. Some of the noteworthy
Rajendra Kumar Verma, Shivendra Maurya, V.V.P. Singh, Council of designs and techniques are reviewed and summarized under
Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Electronics Engineering
the following broad headings (A) High Power Magnetrons,
Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India;
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi (B) High Frequency Magnetrons (Terahertz Magnetrons),
110025, India (C) CW Magnetrons, (D) Performance Improvement Schemes.
456 S. K. Vyas et al.: Review of Magnetron Developments

Figure 1: Schematics of different types of magnetron anode structures.

2.1 High power magnetrons

This category encompasses magnetron ranging from MW to

GW power levels. It can be further subcategorized (as per
operating voltage) as conventional magnetrons and relativis-
tic magnetrons. The conventional magnetrons operate at a
anode voltage of less than 500 kV, where the maximum
microwave pulsed power is limited to 7.5 MW (commercially
available) [42]. For a higher output power (with constant
efficiency), the input power is to be increased. Input DC
power increment would require increase of either anode
voltage or anode current. Operating at higher voltage would
have breakdown, arcing, and bulky power supply implica-
tions. Since the anode current is limited by cathode height
and area, the anode current is increased by increasing cath-
ode height, accordingly anode height also increases provid-
ing greater thermal stability. The conventional magnetron
height is generally 0.25 λ [5]. A conventional magnetron’s
variant which has height nearly equal to λ, known as long
anode magnetron (LAM) is used for higher power levels
( ≥ 5 MW). The axial mode generation and mode separation Figure 2: (a) Demountable recirculating planar magnetron assembly,
in LAMs is a critical issue as reported in the literature [9]. (b) experimental S11 parameter of recirculating planar magnetron,
Another high power magnetron variant proposed by a (c) electron bunching [10].

research group of University of Michigan is a recirculating

planar magnetron (RPM). This magnetron provides many
advantages such as increased current due to planar cathode, The second part of the high power category i.e. relativistic
increased electron-wave interaction due to recirculating sec- magnetrons have also proved their worth in very high output
tion enhancing interaction efficiency, simpler construction power domain reaching GW levels. The schematic diagram
due to planar geometry. A variety of planar anode structures of relativistic magnetron is shown in figure 3. These magne-
have been proposed [10] with one shown in Figure 2(a). The trons find applications in directed energy weapons, plasma
cold test simulation result (Figure 2(b)) indicate mode separa- research experiments, electronic counter measures, high
tion in RPM is small and mode competition is an issue to be power microwave modules, transmitters etc. Orzechowski
addressed. The aim of this design is to obtasne high anode and Bekefi developed the first relativistic magnetron in
current to increase the power. Relativistic RPM version pro- 1976. They used a graphite cathode to obtain high current
vides about 60 MW RF power [10], [11]. The RPMs RF extrac- (12 kA) at a high anode voltage of 360 kV. They had achieved
tion system also needs to be improved for efficiency 1.7 GW of power at a operating frequency of 3 GHz [12].
enhancement [11]. The feasibility of other anode structure The maximum power extracted from a single relati-
(rising sun) can also being checked for better RPMs designs. vistic magnetron was around to be 1–10 GW. Extension
 S. K. Vyas et al.: Review of Magnetron Developments 457

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of six cavity relativistic magnetron [12].

of these oscillator powers to higher levels may be inhib-

ited by inherent limits to the electric field sustainable in
resonant cavities and limits on cavity size. For example,
mode competition will occur at large cavity volume
since the number of modes scales as V/λ^3, where λ is
the wavelength [16]. Therefore, for a power of >> 10 GW,
combination of two or more than two relativistic magne-
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of phase locking of relativistic
trons were used. In order to add a group of sources
magnetron [16].
together, it is necessary to phase lock them together to
achieve constructive interference. The first phase locked
regime. This class of magnetrons operate in either the
relativistic magnetron was developed by J. Benford and
forward or backward space harmonic of π/2 mode.
his group in 1988. They achieved 100 GW power from
This provides major advantages of reducing the high mag-
the arrays of relativistic magnetron. The schematic dia-
netic field requirement, larger cavity dimension due to
gram of phase locking of relativistic magnetron is shown
operation in a spatial harmonic, larger mode separation
in Figure 4.
between the operating modes, longer life of magnetron
because of the use of cold cathodes. SHMs in the fre-
quency range of 100–225 GHz have been tested by
2.2 High frequency magnetron (terahertz
Institute of Radio Astronomy of the National Academy of
magnetron)
Sciences of Ukraine for power outputs of kW level [14].
Figure 5(a) and (b) show the 0.210 THz magnetron and its
Terahertz is broadly applied to sub millimeter-wave spec-
anode-cathode sketch diagram. These magnetrons require
trum that fills the wavelength range between 1,000–
precise fabrication control.
100 µm (300 GHz–3 THz). This region is being attractive
due to a number of potential applications of such frequen-
cies like non-invasive imaging and detection, THz spectro-
scopy, security systems [13]. Some of the applications of
THz waves are related to the unique properties of these
waves to excite molecular vibrations and lattice vibrations
in the “Reststrahlen” range. The lack of portable and
compact terahertz sources slows down the development
of both industrial and scientific systems operating at ter-
ahertz frequencies. Now, magnetron is emerging as a pro-
(a) (b)
mising and efficient terahertz source. One of the proposed
and developed magnetron’s variant called spatial harmo- Figure 5: (a) Spatial-harmonic magnetron tube and (b) schematic
nic magnetron (SHM) has proved operational in THz diagram of SHM [14].
458 S. K. Vyas et al.: Review of Magnetron Developments

Recently, a patent has been granted for 1 THz magne-

tron called micromagnetron; claiming 1 % efficiency [15].
The other devices at this frequency have very small effi-
ciency. This magnetron is based on MEMS-based reverse
magnetron configuration, in which the anode is located
at the center of the magnetron surrounded by a cathode
ring as shown in Figure 6(a). Figure 6(b) shows electron
trajectory in this magnetron configuration. These magne-
trons are expected to provide 150 mW to 1 W of output
power at THz frequencies which is much better than the
quantum cascade lasers (20 mW) presently used.

Figure 7: QK707 magnetron with liquid cooling [44].

Figure 6: (a) MEMS based terahertz magnetron sketch diagram

(b) electron trajectory sketch of MEMS based magnetron [15].

2.3 Continuous wave (CW) magnetrons

After II World War a large amount of work on the devel-

opment and analysis of CW magnetrons for use other
than radar or communication had been done. Raytheon
(USA) developed a 0.8 kW CW magnetron (Figure 7) and
produced the first prototype of a microwave oven in the
year 1945–1946 [43].
CW magnetrons have huge application in food, paper,
and textile industries as well as scientific fraternity. In recent Figure 8: Microwave based autoclave system [45].
days, many of the conventional industrial heating process
systems like heating furnace, autoclave system for material
quenching are being replaced by more energy efficient
microwave based heating systems. Scholz Maschinenbau
and the German Aerospace Center have developed a micro-
wave autoclave system for heat treatment of airplane wings
material. Figure 8 shows the microwave based autoclave.
High efficiency (more than 80 %), phase and frequency
locked, low noise, compact magnetrons in S-band (2.48 GHz)
and C-band (at 5.8 GHz) are required for Space Solar Power
(SSP) project. Figure 9 shows a SSP system [46].
For all these applications we have collected data
sheet of commercially available CW magnetron from dif-
ferent companies like MUEGGE GmbH, Germany,
National, Japan, New Japan Radio CO Ltd. (JRC), Japan,
Hitachi, Japan, L-3 Communications Electron Devices, Figure 9: SSP with solar cells – MPT module and tether system.
 S. K. Vyas et al.: Review of Magnetron Developments 459

USA, and Microdry Incorporated, USA. The performance level non relativistic magnetron in the lower L band region
data has been collected from data sheet of CW magne- [32], [39], [40].
trons in different microwave band. These data has been
summarized in Table 1 in term of maximum output power
and efficiency available for different microwave band. 2.4 Performance improvement of CW
magnetron
Table 1: Commercially available CW magnetron.
2.4.1 Noise reduction techniques
Microwave band Maximum power Maximum efficiency
Commercial and military applications for microwave and
L-band  kW  %
millimeter-wave sources, in communication systems,
S-band  kW  %
C-band ≈  kW  %
require low phase-noise oscillators. To put into these
X-band − − uses magnetron is expected to be either a single fre-
quency or a precise frequency tuned oscillator. Hence
various techniques have been used for noise reduction
The state of the art of CW magnetrons performance in terms and precise frequency control in magnetron oscillators.
of its efficiency and power has been shown in Figure 10 [6]. This section will describe some of these techniques.
It can be concluded from Table 1 and Figure 10 that effi- Experimental demonstration of both frequency locking
ciency of magnetron reduces by 15 % from L-band to S-band and noise reduction of magnetron have been done by
and by 25 % from L to C band. In recent years some research the use of a self-injection-locking technique [19], [20]. In
papers have been published reporting the design of MW this, frequency locking is achieved by a frequency-tunable
dielectric resonator (DR) with high quality factor (high-Q)
placed in a feedback loop as shown in Figure 11(a).
Significant noise reduction near the locked frequency has
been observed as shown in Figure 11(b).
Extensive experimental [17], [18], [21] and simulation
[22] research at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has
shown that by azimuthal variation of magnetic field (called
magnetic priming) through addition of extra magnets
around the existing permanent magnet in DC-operating
microwave oven magnetrons, a fast-startup with hastened
mode growth, and noise reduction can be achieved with
10 % loss in power and efficiency. The magnetic field
perturbation technique has been shown in Figure 12(a).
It has been also concluded that this technique works for
all magnetrons. Figure 12(b) gives the evidence of a cleaner
Figure 10: State of the art of CW magnetrons [6]. frequency spectrum. Magnetically primed oven magnetron

Figure 11: (a) Block diagram of self-injection locked magnetron, (b) frequency spectral outputs of (i) free-running magnetron
(ii) self injection – locked magnetron [19].
460 S. K. Vyas et al.: Review of Magnetron Developments

Figure 12: (a) Magnetic field perturbation techniques for noise reduction. (b) The output power spectrum [18], [21].

can be fairly treated as a precise frequency magnetron sources based on klystrons and IOTs, respectively) [24], [25],
oscillator. since the capital costs of the high-power CW klystrons and
Additionally, research group namely Research Institute IOTs and the respective environments costs are high.
for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Japan The CW magnetrons are less expensive in terms of per unit
has found that magnetron can operates without noise in power and maintenance cost. For example cost per unit
the filament off condition as well (Figure 13) [33]. But such power of industrial L-band CW high-power magnetron RF
operating condition reduces magnetron’s efficiency by source is ≈ $1/1 W [25]. Many research groups around the
about 20 % for 2.45 GHz oven magnetron [33]. world are working on the phase stability and phase locked
magnetron have published their work in different litratures
[23]–[25]. Phase stability and phase locked magnetron is the
need of the hour for a high power magnetron array system.
There are many methods like (a) Injected signal into output
cavity, (b) phase locked loop (Measure phase/frequency
and then using pushing and pulling characteristics to shift
frequency so that phase can be driven back to correct point),
and (c) ferrite solenoid have been reported for phase locking
of magnetrons [24]–[31], [47]. Figure 14 show the different
phase locking techniques.
Figure 14(a) shows the injection locking technique for
magnetron phase locking. This technique has a major
drawback that it requires high input power of injection
signal. For example a 825 W, 2.45 GHz magnetron requires
58 W and a 2 MW 425 MHz magnetron require 250 kW of
Figure 13: The output power spectrum with respect to frequency [33]. power for injection phase locking [28]. Figure 14(b) and (c)
show phase locking of magnetron by ferrite solenoid [30],
[31], [47]. In this technique no input power is required.
2.4.2 Phase locking in magnetrons Instead the reference signal is compared with the
phase and frequency of the signal taken from the cavity
Achieving precise phase control of magnetrons opens the load. The error signal or the difference is then directed
possibility of their application to drive accelerators where to the solenoid power supply. The power supply then
multiple microwave sources are required [23]. Linear RF passes a precise amount of current through the ferrite
amplifiers as klystrons and Inductive Output Tubes (IOTs) solenoids based on the error signal (voltage equivalent).
are used in high-power transmitter’s providing power up to This current changes the ferrite generating magnetic field
hundreds kW in CW mode at the carrier frequency in GHz which changes the magnetic field of the magnetron and a
range and the bandwidth of modulation in MHz range, that kind of phase frequency locking is implemented by feed-
is acceptable for superconducting LINAC and telecommu- back mechanism. The theoretical work of this technique
nication. However, the cost per unit power of the traditional has been completed and practical implementation is
RF sources is quite high (~ $5/1 W and ~ $10/1 W for the RF pending.
 S. K. Vyas et al.: Review of Magnetron Developments 461

(a)
(b)

Figure 14: (a) Phase locking of magne-

tron by injecting signal, (b) ferrite loaded
phase locked magnetron,
(c) circuit diagram of phase locking of
(c) magnetron by ferrite solenoid [31].

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