The document discusses the key topics in physics including the definition of physics, the scientific method, branches of physical science, conservation laws, forces in nature, and contributions of important physicists. Physics is defined as the study of nature and natural phenomena. The major steps of the scientific method are systematic observation, logical reasoning, model making, and theoretical prediction. Main branches of physical science are physics and chemistry, with physics dealing with topics on various scales from macroscopic to microscopic domains. Conservation laws discussed include conservation of mass, energy, charge, linear momentum and angular momentum. The four fundamental forces in nature are gravitational, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, and strong nuclear forces.
The document discusses the key topics in physics including the definition of physics, the scientific method, branches of physical science, conservation laws, forces in nature, and contributions of important physicists. Physics is defined as the study of nature and natural phenomena. The major steps of the scientific method are systematic observation, logical reasoning, model making, and theoretical prediction. Main branches of physical science are physics and chemistry, with physics dealing with topics on various scales from macroscopic to microscopic domains. Conservation laws discussed include conservation of mass, energy, charge, linear momentum and angular momentum. The four fundamental forces in nature are gravitational, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, and strong nuclear forces.
The document discusses the key topics in physics including the definition of physics, the scientific method, branches of physical science, conservation laws, forces in nature, and contributions of important physicists. Physics is defined as the study of nature and natural phenomena. The major steps of the scientific method are systematic observation, logical reasoning, model making, and theoretical prediction. Main branches of physical science are physics and chemistry, with physics dealing with topics on various scales from macroscopic to microscopic domains. Conservation laws discussed include conservation of mass, energy, charge, linear momentum and angular momentum. The four fundamental forces in nature are gravitational, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, and strong nuclear forces.
The document discusses the key topics in physics including the definition of physics, the scientific method, branches of physical science, conservation laws, forces in nature, and contributions of important physicists. Physics is defined as the study of nature and natural phenomena. The major steps of the scientific method are systematic observation, logical reasoning, model making, and theoretical prediction. Main branches of physical science are physics and chemistry, with physics dealing with topics on various scales from macroscopic to microscopic domains. Conservation laws discussed include conservation of mass, energy, charge, linear momentum and angular momentum. The four fundamental forces in nature are gravitational, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, and strong nuclear forces.
Q. What is science? It is the systematic method to understand phenomenon as much in detail as possible based on experiment and observation. Q. What are the main branches of science? Physical science and biological science
Q. What are the main branches of physical science?
Main branches of physical science are physics and chemistry.
Q. What is the original name of the word "Physics"?
Name physics is derived From a Greek word called "fusis" which means nature
Q. What is physics? Physics is that branch of science which deals with study of nature and natural phenomenon.
Q. What is scientific method?
Procedure followed in acquiring knowledge in science is called scientific method.
Q. What are the major steps followed in scientific method?
1. Systematic observation 2. Logical reasoning 3. Model making 4. Theoretical prediction Q. What are macroscopic and microscopic domains of physics? Macroscopic domain includes phenomena at the laboratory, terrestrial astronomical scales. The microscopic domain includes molecular, atomic and nuclear phenomena in physics
Q. What is a law? Give example.
Laws or rules in physics are statements given based on the observation, experimentation and analysis. Ex: Newton's law of gravitation, Newton’s laws of motion, Keppler's laws etc.
Q. Explain the nature of physical laws.
Laws or rules in physics are given based on the observation, experimentation and analysis. Laws of motion given by Newton are the basis for the development of mechanics. These laws can successfully explain the motion of the objects in daily life and even the celestial bodies. The various phenomena occurring in the nature can be explained on the basis of certain basic laws and these laws are expressed in terms of some physical quantities. The physical quantities like energy, momentum, charge etc. of a body remain constant if no external force acts on it. Such quantities are said to be conserved physical quantities and the laws governing these physical quantities are called conservation laws, namely Law of conservation of energy. Law of conservation of linear momentum and angular momentum were developed. Laws in physics will not change with time. In addition to these there are several other conservation laws, such as law of conservation of charge, law of conservation of spin etc.
Q. Mention some conservation laws.
Law of conservation of mass, Law of conservation of energy, Law of conservation of charge, Law of conservation of linear momentum and Law of conservation of angular momentum.
Q. What is a conserved physical quantity?
Physical quantity which remains unchanged during the process is called conserved physical quantity
Q. What are the two principal thrust in physics?
Unification and reductionism
Q. What is unification? Give an example
It is an effort to see a physical world as manifestation of some universal law in different domain and conditions Ex: 1) Law of gravitation given by Newton is used to describe a fall of an apple on the ground, motion of moon around the earth, motion of planets around the sun 2) H.C Oerstead and Michael Faraday showed that electric and magnetic phenomena are inseparable aspects of unified domain 3) James Clerk Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism and optics and showed that light is an electromagnetic wave. Note: At present there is an attempt in unification of forces Sheldon Gladshow, Abdus salaın and Steven Weinberg showed that weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force could be viewed as the two 'aspects of single electro-weak force.
Q. What is reductionism? Explaining the properties of complex system using the properties and interactions of its constituent simpler parts is called reductionism. Example: Initially thermodynamics was dealing with bulk system in terms of temperature, internal energy etc. Now the Kinetic theory and statistical mechanics interpreted these quantities in terms of properties of molecular constituents of the bulk system. In particular temperature was related to kinetic energy of the molecules of the system.
Q. Name two Physicists who achieved in unification of electricity and magnetism.
Hans Christian Oerstead and Michael Faraday.
Q. What is technology? Application of scientific knowledge for practical purpose is called technology.
Q. Mention the contribution of physics to technology.
Sometimes technology gives rise to new physics at some other time physics generates technology. Ex: 1) Newton's second and third law of motion is used in rocket propulsion 2) Study of heat and thermodynamics helped us to design heat engine and steam engine. The refrigerator and air condition are the wonders of the technology 3) Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction resulted in the design of generator, induction coi, choke 4) Study of propagation of electromagnetic waves helped in designing radio, television and wireless communication 5) Hahn discovered nuclear fission which is now the main basic principle of Nuclear reactor. 6) Q. Discoveries in physics generate new technology. Give evidence to this. Wireless communication technology follows the discovery of the basic laws of electricity and magnetism.
Q. What is the use of technology to the society?
Following are few advantages of technology to the society. 1) Advancement in the field of communication such as telephone, telegraph, teleprinter, and telex helps us to exchange the messages between far off places 2) The radar and television have made it possible to have instant communication with the other parts of the world. 3) The launching of satellite has totally revolutionized the concept of communication. 4) Lasers, computers and mobiles brought drastic revolution in the society 5) Discovery of X-rays find application in the medical science, where it is used to diagnose various types of diseases.
Q. What are the basic forces in the nature? Explain
There are four Forces which are called basic forces in the nature.
Gravitational force: It is the force of attraction between the two bodies due to their masses and is governed by Newton's law of gravitation. It is always an attractive force. This force is due to the exchange of graviton between the two bodies. It is the weakest force
Weak nuclear force:
It is a force existing between the elementary particles. It appears only in certain nuclear process such as the 𝛽- decay of a nucleus. In 𝛽 decay the nucleus emits an electron and an uncharged particle called neutrino. The weak nuclear force is not as weak as the gravitational force, but much weaker than the strong nuclear and electromagnetic force. The range of weak nuclear force is small, of the order of 10 -16m. In this force neutrino acts as a field particle.
Electromagnetic force: It is the force of attraction or repulsion between the two charges. When the charges are at rest force between them is called electrostatic force and when they are in motion it is called electromagnetic force. Photon is the field particle. It is of long range. It is a central force.
Strong nuclear force:
Forces operating inside the nucleus are called strong nuclear force. In general, force that are responsible for interaction between nucleons. These forces exist due to the exchange of mesons between the nucleons. It is the force of attraction between the nucleons. This force exists between the nucleons only when they are inside the nucleus. The range of this nuclear force is of the order of 10 -15 m. It is an attractive force but it is of short range. It is non-central force. Here the field particle is mesons Note: Fg: Fw: Fe: Fs = 1: 1025: 1036: 1038
Q. Which are the weakest and strongest forces in nature?
Gravitational force is the weakest force in nature and strong nuclear force is the strongest force in nature. Q. Name two Indian scientists who got Nobel Prize in physics. Subramanyan Chandrasekhar and Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Q. Mention one of the major contributions of 's. Chandrasekhar in the field of Physics. Chandrasekhar limit (1.44 solar mass), structure and evolution of stars.
Q. Who proposed elliptical orbit of the plants around sun?
Kepler
Q. Mention one of the demerits of Newtonian mechanics.
It fails to explain some basic features of atomic phenomenon.
Q. What is the result of 𝜶- ray scattering experiment conducted by Rutherford?
It established nuclear model of the atom.
Q. Who introduced the concept of anti particle theoretically for the first time? Paul Dirac
Q. Who confirmed the existence of positron experimentally?
Anderson
Q. Mention the important contribution by Archimedes in fluid mechanics.
Principle of buoyancy
Q. Who proposed wave theory of light?
Christian Huygen.
Q. Who proposed the universal law of gravity?
Sir Isaac Newton
Q. Light is an electromagnetic wave-who proposed this?
James Clerk Maxwell
Q. Who discovered radium and polonium?
Marie Curie
Q. Who was awarded a Nobel prize for the explanation of photo electric effect? Albert Einstein
Q. Who won the Nobel Prize in the field of inelastic scattering of light by molecules? C.V. Raman
Q. Name the elementary particle emitted during 𝜷- decay along with the electron. Anti Neutrino Important discoveries
Discovery Name of the physicists
Positron Carl D. Anderson
Electron J .J. Thomson
Neutron James Chadwick
Proton Ernest Rutherford
X-rays W.C. Roentgen
Gamma- rays P. Villard
IR- rays William Harschel
Birth of stars and structure of stars S. Chandrashekar
Theory of relativity , Explanation of Albert Einstein
