WOLIATA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL STUDIES

THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY POLICING IN PREVENTION OF CRIME: IN CASE OF

WOLAITA SODO TOWN

A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL

STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
BACHELOR OF ART (B.A) DEGREE IN CIVIC AND ETHICAL STUDIES.

BY:

ADVISER:

AGUST, 2021

WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and for most be we would like to express our thanks to our decisive God, that all our work
our life brighter our health and our minds that we think all things are based on the Almighty of
our decisive God. Thanks to God for ever. Secondly, we would like to expresses our heartfelt
gratitude to our sincere adviser Mr ,Belayn for his intellectual kind of guidance, polite full
advise.
We would also like to thanks all our respondents community and policy office in wolaita sodo
town for their contribution in providing we with information that helped our in the data analysis
of this research. In addition, our parents financial assistance and their encouraging help could not
be forgotten.

Abstract

This study is conducted to investigate the role of community policing to prevention of crime in
wolaita sodo to do so, the researcher follows a mixed approach of quantitative and qualitative
approaches: the data was collected from respondents from both community and police members
by using simple random sampling techniques and purposive sampling techniques. In addition,
document review was also used in the study. The researcher also gave the following
recommendation. To develop community partnership, police must cultivate positive relationship
with the community, community must take unified stand against crime and also police should be
informed the fact that crime-control tactics and give awareness for peoples on the concept of
community policing.
ACRNOMYS

CP--------------Community Policing
SARA--------Scan Analyze Respond Assess
 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Community Policing (CP) traces its origin in 19 Century when Sir Robert Pill of England
developed the London metropolitan police force whose function was based on a philosophy of
cooperation and collaboration between police and community in the fight against crime and
improving community Life. Pill believed that developing respect for law and authority would
help to maintain order with a minimum force.
Accordingly community policing movement is emerged as policy designed to bridge the gap
between policy agencies and the community they serve through strengthening and improving
effective relations between policy and community interactions and to widen area decentralization
of police services and inculcate the community with some form of civilization practices
(Tojanowies, 1988: 12). Raising awareness of the community on community policing is
therefore, considered as a vital way to control and prevent a crime commission by the police and
community.
In Africa, just as soon as some countries won their independence from colonizer in the post-
World War second, most of the newly emerged states were forcing serious problem of social
turmoil and disturbance, economic depression and administrative chaos. Eventually as
consequence of this phenomenon, community policing was resorted to as an alternative policing
model to assist the policy in the crime prevention and ignoring the previous policing style
(Bittner 1992: 32).
In Ethiopia, over the more than decades, Ethiopia has gone from extreme feudalism to
Socialism one before adopting the current federalism approaches in 1991s. During those decades,
even if modern institution were said to have been established in 1942 as a low enforcing body.
The continued serving the need of government of the day and ignored or paid lip service to
community problems. Consequently, the structure of police force changed substantially, and each
regional state got its own police force (Muluneh, 2000:7).
Wolaita zone is one of the zone of the south nation nationalities and people region in Ethiopia,
accommodates a host of multi-divers nation and peoples possessing different culture, religions,
and norms that are likely to cause of conflicts of intersts and instability.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

In Ethiopia, crime and other illegal activities become a big problem to the community depriving
them of their states of safety and at large from their national resource guaranteeing them no
protection to their live (Ethiopia central agency in 2005).
Wolaita Zone is one of the Zones of the South nation nationalities and peoples region in Ethiopia,
accommodates a host of multi-diverse nation and peoples possessing different culture, religions,
and norms that are likely to cause conflicts of interests and instability. Consistent with the above
statement, the compelling reasons that necessitated the formulation of community policing are
rooted in the changing nature of communities in diversity and complexity, the shifting character
of crime and violence Theft, Robbery, Shoplifting, Gang activities and Murder) are affecting the
community and history of policing experience and also Economy development of The
community,.
At Addis Ababa University in 2006, Frehiywot Mulat was studied on the challenge and prospects
of the implementation of community policing. In addition to these Martin Mesay was studied at
Hawassa University in 2014 on the role of community policing in prevention of crime. He was
study on property theft and burgles. However, no one research effort made to survival strategies
of community policing in wolaita sodo town

1.3. Objective of the Study

This study has general and specific objectives.

1.3.1. General Objective of the Study

The general objective of this study is to assess the role of community policing in the prevention
of crime.
1.3.2. Specific objective are significant to assess the role of community policing in the prevention in
crime
The specific objectives of the study consist of the following:
• Identify the level of awareness of communities about community policing.
• To explorer the attitude of people toward community police with in locality.
• The role of community policing in prevetion in crime.
• To identify factor affecting implementation of community policing.

1.4. Research Question

1. How are the identify the level of awareness local community is informed about the Wolaita
Sodo Town community policing?
2. How are the identify factor affecting implementation in the Wolaita Sodo Town of community
policing prevention in crime?
3. What is the explorer the attitude of people towards Wolaita Sodo Town community policing
prevention in crme?
4 How far the practice of community policing in the Wolaita Sodo Town preventing and reducing
crime?

1.5. Scope of the Study

The scope of this study was delimited only on the role of community policing in prevention of
crime particular on theft, by be fouling Shoplifting, Murder, Robbery and going activities in
wolaita sodo town.

1.6. Limitation of the study

While conducting and organizing the research paper, the researcher was faced in many
constraints that challenged the successful of completion of the essay. this constraint would
involve the following consideration.
• Lack internet access because there is no sufficient computer in library
• Lack of experience in research work
• Lack of sufficient reference

1.6. Significance of the Study

This study wasl have the following significance: -
• The result of this study wasl have substantial importance for the people of wolaita sodo
town regarding the effect of crime on development.
• This study was have use as a source for the future researcher.
• This study was also use as a source of information about community policing.
 • This study was have aware population of the study about the role of community policing.

1.8. Organization of the study

This study was composed of five chapters. Chapters one was consists of introduction part
including background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research
question, significance of the study, Limitation of the study, scope of study, organization of the
study and ethical consideration. Chapter two included theories, important concept and principles
of community policing and crime were reviewed. Chapter three was consisted research
methodology including research approach, research design, sampling technique, source of data,
data collection tools, method of data analysis technique and sample size.chapter fouer was
consisted data peresemntation, analysis and interpertations. The last chapter will deals with
conclusion and recommendations.

1.9. Ethical consideration

All participants and respondents in this study were decided their participation willingly and the
researcher let them know the purpose of the study, gave them all necessary information regarding
the research. This study was conduct in a manner that will consistent with ethical issues that need
to be consider in conducting a research. Accordingly, a letter from the center of this area of the
study was written for the concern bodies. Moreover, a prior consent of informants and
participants were request before conduct interview.

CHAPTER TWO

2. Literature Reviews

This chapter consists of the review literature part of the research, it contains definitions of
operational terms conceptualizing of community policing and crime prevetions, characteristics,
principles, philosophy, elements of community policing. In addition it also deals with cause
crime, models, principles of crime prevetion. Finally, the conceptual frame work of the study
based on the review literature is also estabileshed.

2.1 Conceptualizing Community policing

Community Policing have been variously defined; some by purpose and functions, others by
structure and programs, still others as a philosophy. The conceptual definitions concerning
community policing given by different writers and institutions.

2.1.1 crime
Etymologically, the word crime came from the Latin term “Cero” which means, “I decide, I give
judgment”. Crime is an act that violated a criminal code enacted by an official constituted
political authority (Sullivan, 2003: 302). Similarly, Steven views crime as the commission of an
act prohibited by criminal law (Steven, 2003: 37). Crime is breach of rules or laws for which
some governing authority (via mechanism such as legal system) can ultimately prescribe a
conviction. It is also an act or omission of act that is prohibited and necessarily punishable under
federal state (principle of criminal law, 2002: 20).

2.1.1. Theories of Crime

Ally and Bacon on their book entitled criminal justice (2000) mentioned the following theories
of crime:

2.1.1.1. Classical Theory

According to this theory, the cause for criminality is “free will decision guided by hedonistic
tendency to maximize the pleasure and minimize pain accordingly, classical theorists suggests
that the remedy to avoided or least reduced crime is deterrence through threat of apprehension
(imprisonment) and punishment. (Roy miller, 2006).
ng

2.1.1.2. Positivist theory

They suggest that the cause for criminality internal and external factor (biological, psychological,
social and economic) that affect individual person. The remedy they suggested to reduce
criminality is rehabilitation or reform by changing the external and internal conditions or
someone's reaction to such condition. (Gregg Barrack, 2007).

2.1.1.3. Structural Theories

Structuralism argues that the case for criminalize is political and economic conditions that
promote the culture of competitive individualism in which individual gain becomes more
important than social good. For structuralism, the remedy to avoid criminality is more equitable
distribution of Power and wealth within a society so that, all individuals will have a greater
access in better society (Buttle Ground, 2007), Criminal justice.

2.1.3. Crime Prevention Method

2.1.3.1. Situational Crime Prevention

This strategy aims at making crime more difficult to commit applying different measures such as
making bars on a window to prevent break, entry and steal increasing house alarm, reducing the
reward from crime and establishing alcohol free area in high risk crime zone (http:// WWW,
crime prevention intl.org(2014).

2.1.3.2. Social Crime Prevention

This strategy aims at breaking the cycle of crime by targeting social factor such as poor
parenting, high absence rates, low level of education and economic disadvantage all of which
increase the likelihood of criminal activity (ibid). There are also punitive (disciplinary,
penalizing, corrective) and reactive measures equally important in crime control (2011 kwazulu-
Natal Community Safety and Liaison)

2.1.3.3. Retributions
Retribution is perhaps the most intuitive - and the most questionable - aim of punishment in the
criminal law. Quite contrary to the idea of rehabilitation and distinct from the utilitarian purposes
of restraint and deterrence, the purpose of retribution is actively to injure criminal offenders,
ideally in proportion with their injuries to society, and so expiate them of guilt (Gordon Hughes,
1998)

2.1.3.4. Vengeance
It is the desire to punish criminals because society gains some measures of satisfaction from
seeing that they are punished (Gordon Hughes, 1998).

2.1.3.5. In capacitance
Is simply the removal of criminals from the community by removing the offenders from the
community through execution, imprisonment or exile, it tries to protect community (Gordon
Hughes, 1998)

2.1.3.6. Deterrence
Refers to prevention of criminal acts by making an example of individual convicted of crime, its
notion is illustrated as “you are to be hanged not because have stolen a sheep, but in order that
others may not steal a sheep (Gordon Hughes, 1998)

2.1.3.7. Rehabilitation
From a humanistic point of view, it refers future crimes can be prevented by changing the
offender’s behaviors. Its philosophy rest on the premise that people who commit crime have
identified reasons for doing so and these can be discovered addressed and altered. Its aim is to
modify behavior and re- integrate the law breaker into the society as productive citizen (criminal
justice, 2002: 45).

2.2. Community Policing

The sage dictionary of criminology defines community policing as a “philosophy of policing that
promotes community based problem solving strategies to address the underlying causes of crime
and disorder and fear of crime and proved reassurance (Vrta,2006: pg: 52). Fielding (2005)
suggests community policing is a processes by which crime control is shared with the public or a
means of developing communication with the public and interest group (fielding, 1995: 25).
Carter and Sapp (1988) argued that community policing is a proactive, decentralized approach,
designed to reduce crime, disorder, and fear of crime, while also responding to community’s
explicit needs and demands ( p: 58). Stevens (2003) contends that; community policing is a
preventive approach through an empowered problem – solving partnership of police and the
community to control crime, reduce the fear of crime and enhance the lifestyle experience of all
community constituents. (p. 13).

2.2.1. Definition, Concepts and Evolution's of Community Policing

Community is a group of people who perceived themselves as having common interests and,
thus a common identity of self- understanding. Community is an organization of human beings
for the purpose of serving together (Little wood, 2002). Community is a group of people who
live together, who belong together; So that they share as a whole a set of interest wide enough
and complete enough to include their live. It is local area over which people are using the same
language, conforming to the same mores, feeling more or less the same sentiments and acting up
on the same attitude (Kingly David, 2002).
The United States dependent of justice provides: community policing focuses on crime and
social disorder through the delivery of policy services that include aspects of traditional law
enforcement, as well as prevention, problem solving, community engagement and citizens to join
together as partners in the course of both identifying and effectively addressing issues of
community (office of community oriented policing 2007).
Bucqueroux(1998) describe community policing is as a premise that both the police and
community must work together as equal partners to identify prioritize and solve contemporary
problem such as crime, social physical disorder and overall neighborhood decay, with the goal of
improving the overall quality of life in an area.
According to Normand (1993), the fundamental elements laid out to help explain community
policing are:
• The mission of the people is basically to act as peace of officers; the policy officer,
in his work respect democratic right and freedoms.
• The attitude and behavior of the policy are always proactive and interactive (police
community).
• The police, together with other major public and private services, help to improve the
quality of life; by their community prevention programs, they try only to contain and
reduce crime but also to reduce the fear of crime and promote a true feeling of
community safety.

2.3. Strategies of Community Policing

2.3.1. Community partnership

Community policing partnership develop information exchange that is the community provides
the police with information about the problem conditions and location, crime concerns, the active
criminals and stolen property and in return police provide the community with information
pertaining to community fears, problems, tactical information and advice about preventing and
reducing crime (Farell,1988). The fundamental element of community policing is that police
become an integral part of the community and the community assists in determining the priorities
and goals as well as the allocation of resources.

2.3.2. Trust Development

Thom (2004) argues that a partnership needs to be based on trust. Developing and maintaining
the goal of the community is pivotal to the success of the community policing to build trust for
an effective partnership, the police must treat citizens with dignity and respect. Arrogance,
rudeness, and the unnecessary or excessive use of force will diminish the willingness of
community members to engage with and provide information to the police.

2.3.3. Problem Solving Orientation

Problem solving is proactive processes that based on the belief that “crime and disorder can be
reduced small geographic areas by carefully studying the characteristic of problems in the area,
and then developing the appropriate solutions “(Eck and Sherman, 1989). Problem solving is an
interactive process, involving police and communities identifying crime problems, and
developing appropriate solution (young and Tinsels, 1998). Policies and communities should be
empowered to adopt problem solving techniques and take every opportunity to address the
conditions that cause incident (Cordner, 1999, condoner, 2007a: corder, 2007b; carrol barracker
and associates Ltd, 2007).
According to the view of Guildenstern (2003), the traditional problem solving method involves
four steps which are called SARA model in which, stands for scanning, for analyzing, for
responding and assessing
• Scan: identify problem and prioritize them incorporating community input.
• Analyze: study information about offenders, victims and crime location.
• Respond: implement strategies that address the cronies character of priority problems by
“outside the box” of traditional police enforcement tactics and using new resources that
were developed by the community to support problem solving efforts.
• Assess: evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy through self- assessments to determine
how will the plan has been carried out and what good has been accomplished.

2.3.4 Administrative decentralization

Building effective community partnerships and developing effective problem solving strategies
requires the adoption of new flexible style of policing management (Bureau of justice assistance,
1994).
Community policing requires the policy organizational structure to become decentralized;
important problem is identified and decisions are to be made from the bottom up instead of from
the top down. This transformation in structure is crucial to the establishment of meaningful and
productive with the community. Decentralization is important not only so that the policy can
become more productive and more preventive, but also so that they can respond to problems of
varying importance and severity with greater effectiveness in faster communication time
decision-making process (Skogan, 2006).

2.4. Community Policing Implementation Strategy

2.4.1. Public Education Programs

Public education program is an important method through which the policy can provide
information to the public on how to avoid being victimized, or in the case of youth, how to avoid
becoming involved in crime (Rosenbaum, 1987).

2.4.2. Neighborhood Watch Programs

Neighborhood watch involves community members coming together in small groups in a local
residence to share information about local crime problems, share crime prevention strategies and
develop plans for “watching” the neighborhood and reporting crimes. Neighborhood watch
meeting are often organized by crime prevention officers from a local policy department or
community organization. A member also discusses feelings and perception of local crime
problems develop solution to deal with them (Rosenbaum, 1987).

2.4.3. Neighborhood Town Meetings

The meetings provided forum for exchanging information and a venue for identifying, analyzing
and prioritizing problems with a community or neighborhood. As with public education
initiatives, neighborhood town meeting also provide the policy with an opportunity to gain public
support for specific initiatives to help them explain at length why an initiative is important and
how it will benefit the community ( Wyckoff and Skogan,1993).

2.4.4. Storefront Ministration

Police ministrations are part of the effort to decentralize the police and bring them closer to the
communities they serve. There is also a useful way for the public to relay crime related
information to the policy. In high crime areas, ministrations may be corrected to give the
appearance of increased police presence (Office of police).

2.4.5. Weed and Seed Programs

This strategy involves two branched approach to crime prevention; law enforcement agencies
and prosecutors cooperate in “weeding out” (removing) violent criminals and drug abusers,
while community based organization work together to seed (Supply) much needed human
services, including prevention, intervention, treatment, and neighborhood restoration programs
(U.S Department of justice,2007).

2.5. Benefit and factors Affecting Community Policing

2.5.1. Benefits: Community Policing Offers the Police and Community

Myriad of Benefits
It improves police community relationship and community perceptions of policy, increases
community capacity to deal with issues, changes police officers, attitudes and behaviors, increase
perception of safety/ decreasing free of crime, reduce crime and addresses anti- social behavior
(Andy Mayhill, 2006: 48).

2.5.2. Factors Affecting Community Policy

(Andy Mayhill, 2006:49) Percent’s the following as barrier limiting successful community
policing implementation, these barriers to successful implementation include: -
• Lack of community ownership of the processes and inequitable power relationships
 • Lack of understanding of their role
• Lack of training for officers on community engagements philosophy and method
• Lack of clear definition and training for the community role in engagement
• Lack of good quality information about crime provided to communities
• Lack of adequate feedback to communities on action from engagement, and not valuing
the contribution of communities and volunteers.
• Lack of organizational commitment and culture change

CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents about the methodology part of the study. It includes the study area,
research approach, research design, data source and data collection tools, document analysis,
sample size, sampling techniques and methods of data analysis techniques as well as target
population.

3.1 STUDY AREA

Wolaita sodo is a town and separate woreda in the South central Ethiopia. The administrative
center of the Wolaita Zone of South Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regions, it has been
latitude and longitude of 6°-54’N 37° 45’E with an elevation between 1,600 and 2,100 meters
(5,200 and 6,900 feet) abovea a sea levels. It will be part of the former sodo woreda which
included Sodo Zuria which completely surrounds it(From Wikipedia)
Wolayta is one of the 21 Zonal Administrations of the southern region in Ethiopia, located 300
kilometers south of Addis Ababa. Wolayta is limited north west by Tambaro, eastward by Bilate
river which divides it from Aris-Oromo, by Southward by Lake Abaya and Kucha, Westward by
Omo River Gilgel Gibe III Dam is a hydroelectric power plant built on Omo river; and the
capacity of 1870 Megawatt, it is third largest hydroelectric plant in Africa.
Based on the 2007 census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia( CSA), the
Zone have a total population of 5,473,190; with an area of 4,208.64 squrare kilometers, Wolayta
have a population density of 356.67. While 172,514 or 11.49% are urban inhabitants, a further
1,196 or 0.08% are pastoralists. A total of 310,454 households were counted in the zone, which
results in an average of 4.84 persons to a household, and 297,981 housing units. The laregest
ethinic group reported in the zone is Welayta (96.31%); all other ethnic group made up 3.69% of
the population. Welayta is spoken as a first language by 96.82% of the inhabitants; the remaining
3.18% spoke all other primary languages reported. 71.34% were Protestants, 21% of the
population said they practiced Ethiopia Orthodox Christianity, and 5.35% embraced Ctholicism.
Originally Wolayta was part of thje Semien (North Omo Zone , and the 1994 national census
counted its inhabitants as part of that zone.(Census 2007 Table)
However friction between the various ethnic gourps in Semien Omo, which was often blamed
on the Wolayat for ‘ethnic chauvinism’ and despite the efforts of the ruling party to emphassise
the need to co-ordinate, consolidate, and unify the smaller ethnic units to achieve the ‘efficient
use of scarce government resource’, eventually led to division of the zone in 2000, resulting in
the creation of not only the Wolayta, but also Gamo Gofa and Dawro Zones and two special
woredas.
In May and December 2019 rallies were held in Wolayta in support the zone form the South
Nations Nationalities, and Peoples Region to become a region in its own right. A rally on 20
December 2019, oppose the failure of the regional council to send a request of the zone to beome
a regional state to the National Board of Election to arrange a referendum. The Sidama Zone
separated from the SNNPR to become the Sidama Rigion in 2020, followinga referendum in
November 201. (‘Wolaita zone admits boycotting SEPDM CC meeting’. Addis Standard.)
Agricuture is the livelihood than 90% of the population in the rural areas. Animal husbandry is
complementary to group productions, and the livestock population of wolayita with estimated
standing populations of 685,886 cattle, 87,525 sheep, 90,215 goats,1951 horses, 669,822 poultry
and 38,564 bee hives. Mixed farming involving the production of cereals, root crops Ensete, and
coffee are practiced (Detailed statistics on roads)

The wolayta are indeed one of prominent ethinc group in the region centuries, the people of
wolayta have preserved their indigenous culture, belifS, civilization, tradition and social
identity that define them as a people, and make them distinct form other people in Ethiopia. One
such hertitage of the wolayta is no doubt Gifaataa celebrate annually in the month of September
Gifaataa is essentially a new year festival of the wolayta. Even thought there are litile written
materials explain the origins of Gifaataa oral history and older account puts the festival form
hunderdS of years back serving as a bridge between accepting the New Year and sending off old
one. These accounts claim gfaataa has been a major identity maker of the wolayta people.During
Gifaataa the youth in wolayta meet ‘of Gaziya’ (traditional location for Gifaataa songs and
dances) and discusses their common issues with blessing of the elders. Gifaataa is notly about
elders blessing but also promoting the useful societal displines to the younger generation.The
major focus of this discussion is strengthening the social factors that holds their relationship.
This critical opportunity for the elder to transfer their traditional culture, language and identity to
the younger generation and promoting it among invited guest in the celebration. According to
Tesgaw Semon Direcctor of Wolayta Zone Culture and Tourism Sport Departement , the Wolayta
has its own culture calendar, ‘ Every Year the festival is celebrated on septemeber and we call
Gifaataa ‘bayra’ or the first month of the Year (septemeber 14 to 20 )’ he say.
3.1.1 Research Approach
In this study, the researcher was used mixed approach it was incorporated both quantitative as we
as qualitative nature. Qualitative survey was used to boost up the quantitative results of the study
and fill the gap where quantitative survey misses to touch. Thus, tringulation of data presentation
from the two sources leads towards sound analysis and research findings.

3.1.2. Research Design

In this study, the researcher was used descriptive design because it is very crucial and in order to
describe the role of community policing in prevention of crime.

3.1.3. Data Source

The data was generated from both primary and secondary data so as to adders the overall
objective of the study and research questions. As to primary sources, information was collected
through the use of interview and questionnaire.
Secondary data was also be gathered through reviewing relevant materials such as reports archive
documents, books, and journals.

3.1.4. Data Collection Tools

The researcher develops tools to collected relevant primary data from the respondent. It was
necessary to know whether the concept was accepted among the police as useful tools.
 3.1.5. Questionnaire
The researcher was prepared a sort of questions distribute for different individual respondent:
These comprise, 10 police ,and 12 community in the wolaita sodo town and 22 respondent.
they have close experience in the role of community policing in prevention of crime and in order
to get close experience. The questionnaire that contains close
ended and open ended questions were administered among communities and police of the
selected community polcing woliata sodo town centers.

3.1.6. Interview
The researcher was interview with the wolaita sodo town officials and leaders of sample kebele /
key informants or representatives were also conducted.. Because researcher has trie to know
through these interviews, how far the concept of community policing has reached the different
levels of The police force, what Experiments has been carried out in wolaita sodo town, whether
these have success or fail, what are the Difficulties in implementing community policing in
wolaita sodo and how to overcome them. The interview was prepared by the form of structure
and unstructured because, the researcher interview formal and informal.

3.1.8. Document Analysis

The researcher was used the following secondary source of data, published information in
newspaper, report of various authorities and internet regarding community policing.

3.1.9. Sampling techniques

Under this study, the researcher was used probability and non- probability sampling techniques.
From the probability sampling techniques, the researcher was used random sampling techniques
because in order to distribute questionnaire for both police and community. In addition to these
the researcher was us purposive sampling technique ‘because the researcher believed that key
informants have immediate and direct knowledge about the concept of community policing.
Hence, they was selected deliberately.’

3.1.10. Target population

The study was specially conducted in some selected kebele community policing police and
community in wolaita sodo town. This is a participant in community policing crime prevention
in local area of one kebele with its total of police and community.
The researcher selected one kebeles out of 11. kebeles through purposive sampling Techniques.
This kebele is, aroge arada kifile ketema hibret kebele . This is because the process of settling
the role of community policing in crime prevention method is exercised almost in a similar
manner across the study area. There fore, the target populations of the study are community
policing police and community in wolaita sodo town, and who actively participate in the
implementation of community policing.

3.2. Data Analysis Technique

After collecting useful data from the target population, the researcher was analysis the collected
data by using descriptive data analysis technique because it is important to describe and interpret
data through table, percentage and frequency and also the table of conunt, percentages and
qualitative descriptive for the data secured from semi structured interview was used to describe
for summarize the results of the investigation.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1. Religion composition

Peoples in study area are follower of different religion. This includes protestant,orthodox,
catholic and Muslim, beliefs with regard to the number of followers, first
protestant(71.34%),second orthodox (21%), third catholic(4%) fourth Muslim (1.35%), at
(central statistics agency wolaita sodo town)

4.2. Data analysis and interpretation

4.2.1. Social-demographic of the respondents

Table1, description of the respondents
Characteristic Characteristic No of respondent percentage
Male 12 55%
sex Female 10 45%
Total 22 100%
18-25 5 23%
Age 26-40 10 45%
 41-60 7 32%
Total 22 100%
protestant 9 41%
orthodox 7 32%
Religion catholic 4 18%
Muslim 2 9%
Total 22 100%
(Source, researcher survey, 2013/21)
As the data of social-demographic respondent's shows that, from out of the total sample size 22,
the sex-distribution of male respondent's accounts 12 or 55% while number of female respondent
constituted 10 or 45%.

In the age-group distribution class of the respondent’s, the majority of them fall under the age of
26-40 years which are make up 10 or 45% of respondent from the total sample of 22 followed
by those lying between 18-25 age category having 5 or 22% of respondents and the remaining
are 7 or 32% were found between 40-60 age classes. This indicates majority of the respondent 10
or 45% fall within the age specification of 26-40.
As the table shows that about the religion composition of respondent, 9 or 41% of the total
respondents was accounted by protestant, who are the dominant followers of Christianity in the
area followed by followers of orthodox religion taking up a percentage 7 or 32% the catholic
with 4 or 18% and Muslim with 2 or 9% and of the total respondents respectively.
4.2.2. Respondents levels of awareness about community policing.
Table2: lists presentation of respondents, levels of awareness about community policing.
Do you have any information No respondent percentage
about community policing
• Yes 18 82%
• No 4 18%
Total 22 100%
(Source, researcher survey, 2013/21)
As it is indicated in the table 2, 18 or 82% of respondents had awareness about community
policing, because they had got access to awareness. As a result, literate peoples are very assertive
in their dealing with police without any frustration and they always contact a police sharing
information about community policing. On the other hand, 4 or 18% replied no. This indicates
lack of awareness was a result of lack of understanding. They were far from community policing
information. Consequently, they hardly cooperate with police and community.
4.2.3. Source of awareness about community policing.
Table3, source of awareness about community policing
Sources of awareness No respondent Percentage
police 7 32%
Kebele official 6 27%
Mass media 5 23%
Reading material 4 18%
Total 22 100%
(Source, researcher, survey, 2013/21)
As understood from the table, the major sources of awareness for community about community
policing are mass media 5 or 23%, police 7 or 32%, kebele official 6 or 27% and reading
material 4 or 18% respectively. As indicated from these tables, the majority of the respondents 7
or 32% are familiarized with community policing through police while 6 or 27% of them
expressed that they got from kebele official.
4.2.4. Level of Attitude of community towards community policing.
Community is a building block of community policing, because the attitude of community
uprightly affects the implementation of community policing.
Table4: attitude of community towards community policing.
How do you evaluate No respondent percentage
the attitude of people
towards community
policing?

excellent 28 56%
Very good 15 30%
Good 7 14%
Bad - -
Total 50% 100%
(Source, researcher survey, 2013/21)
As the above table indicates that,28 or 56% of the respondents expressed that they had excellent
attitude towards community policing while 15 or 30% of them replied they had very good
attitude, others 7 or 14% expressed they had good attitude towards community policing and there
was no bad or negative attitude towards issue. As the respondent's reaction indicates, the
excellent attitude of local community came about as result of the contribution the community
policing offers in preventing a crime and guaranteeing them reliable safety in their area.
Furthermore, they mentioned that it helps to encourage the participation of the community in
crime prevention, raising awareness for them and providing information for the police to create
an area free from the crime and risk. This indicates there is a growing consensus within
community that community policing is a best strategy for fighting a crime in residential
neighborhoods.

4.2.5. Major causes of crime in the area.

As the data from the respondents, the major causes of crime in the area were attributed to the
following reasons:
Table5: major causes of crime in the area.
Which are the major causes of No respondent percentage
crime in your area
economic problem 16 32%
addiction 6 12%
Alcoholism 16 32%
peer pressure 5 10%
delinquency 7 14%
Total 50 100%
(Sources, researcher survey 2013/21)
As the researcher was can understood from the interview and table, the major causes of crime in
the area are economic problem 16(32%) and alcoholism which holds the same level of intensity
16(32%), delinquency7(14%), and addiction 6(12%) and peer-pressure 5(10%), around 16(32%)
of respondents concluded that economic problem holds the causes of crime; this was because of
lack of access to legitimate means of achieving basic standard of living force individuals to
commit crime. According to the respondent’s views, addiction 6(12%) also one of the causes of
crime. An addicted individual became under uncontrolled of the drug even to the extent of being
unable to walking upright if they stay a single. In a day without having it and buying that drug
require a significant amount of money. When individual lack of money to buy the addicted drug;
they are forced to engage in theft or robbery to meet their financial requirements.
The other cause of crime in the area according to the respondents was delinquency (14%) or low
punishment measure against delinquents. When delinquents are caught by police or exposed by
community effort, the punishment measures imposed on them were not balanced or not
proportionate compared to the crime committed, and on some occasions they were released from
prison through grant of pardon in a response to public holidays. As the result, the punishment
measure does not create essence of deterrence in the mind of delinquents when released without
petting any rehabilitative or educated measures for future lessons. As an interview with police
indicates, through peer-pressure from other criminal’s new members commit a crime when
joined together.
4.2.6. Age- crime relation.
Table6: age crime relationship.
Age No respondent percentage
18-25 22 44%
25-35 20 40%
35-40 5 10%
40-60 3 6%
Total 50 100%
(Source, researcher survey 2013/21)
As to an interview conducted with a police and table implies, most crime rates are committed
extremely by young individuals who are found within the age category of 18-25 and 26-35
within corresponding value of (44%) and (40%) respectively. As the data on the table explain,
the adult offense reaches its climax between the ages 25-35 years. As the table indicates, less
crime commission recorded by those who are below 18 and above 35 years.

4.2.7. Community-police partnership

In order to tackle crime, join cooperation between the police and the community is crucial.
Thus, participant was asked to what extent the police work in partnership with the local
community. The responses are described as follows:
Table 7
How do you assess the No of respondent Percentage
community and police relation in
crime prevention and control?
Very high 10 20 %
High 12 24 %
Medium 20 40 %
Low 8 16 %
 Very low - -
Total 50 100 %

The above table indicates that the majority of respondent 40% said there is medium level of
cooperation between the police and the community followed by 24% and 20% who said that
there is high and very high cooperation respectively. Conversely, cooperation was reported by
16% respondent to said low.
4.2.8. Community policing as the strategy to prevention and combating crime
Table 8
Do you believe that No of respondent Percentage
community policing is one
strategy combating and
prevention of crime
Yes 45 90%
No 5 10%
Total 50 100%

As the above tables indicates, the majority of 90% are who said community policing is one of the
strategy prevention and combating crime and 10% of respondents are said no because those
respondent are not believed on community police is one the strategy prevention crime. As
interviews conducted with a key informant (police inspector) indicates, community policing is
essential to encouraging the participation of community in the community to provide the
necessary information for police and reducing fear crime, reducing victimization and preventing
crime. In addition, the key informant said that, it helps to ensure the community participation by
creating suitable situation as well as by clearing the road and environment from any suspicion of
crime and risk.

4.2.9. Problem of hindering community policing implementation in the area.

As the researcher understood from the interview with police inspector, there were some problems
which obstacle the police and community relations to execute the community policing
effectively. Some of these problems were; shortage of police officers trained in modern concept
of community policing, transportation problem to facilitate police community contact, lack of
logistic material and absence of experience to the program in the area as well as police officers
being over loaded with different activities was the problem hindering the police community
relation in implementation process.
CHAPTER FIVE

5.1. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This document has examined the critical components of community policing to help raise
awareness on the concept and to bring required improvement and modification to make
community policing gets to works.

5.2. Conclusion
As a conclusion, communities showed strong ambition for community policing realizing its
paramount importance in maintaining their safety and enhancing their security status. The
communities had excellent attitude and awareness towards community policing, community are
great participation in community policing and also police had trouble communicated with all
socially and culturally diverse communities they served.
As the researcher get evidence from respondent and participant there are a number of problems
to obstacle the implementation of community policing in the study area. These obstacles are: -
absence of police officers trained in modern concept of community policing, transportation
problems, lack of logistics materials and source of information necessary for police.
Analysis of crime statistics shows that the current emphasis on crime fighting as limited effect on
reducing crime. The major causes of crime in the area are economic problem, alcoholism,
delinquency, addiction and peer-pressure. Because of the above mentioned causes the desired
goal, enhanced senses of safety, security and well-being has not been achieved. Many urban
communities are experiencing serious problems with illegal drugs, gang violence, murder,
shoplifting, theft, mugging and robbery. These factors are great problem in financial and
profitable in the study area.
So, both level and nature of crime in the area and the changing character of Wolaita Sodo Town
in diversity and complexity still demands police to seek more effective methods for solutions.

5.3 Recommendation
Fundamental to concept community policing philosophy is the hope for better tomorrow. In this
becoming rapidly changing environment, police agencies cannot alone solve, epidemic drug
problem, gang activity and increased level of violence, so, employing traditional law
enforcement method, they adopt an approach that addresses the causes of crime, encourages
community participation and make a better use of existing resources.
1. To develop community partnership, police must cultivate positive relationships with the
community, must involve them in the quest for better crime control and prevention, and
must pool their resources with those of the community to address the most urgent concern
of community members.
2. By observing the advantage of community policing, community should not put all task
only to the police
3. Community is must take unified stand against crime, violence and attention for the law
and must take commitment to increase crime prevention activities.
4. Police agencies must help build stronger and more self-sufficient communities in which
crime disorder will not thrive.
5. Police should be informed of the fact the crime control tact’s need to be augmented with
strategies that prevent crime, reduce the fear of crime, and improving the quality of
life in neighborhoods.
6. As community institutions are the first line of defense against disorder and crime, it
is essential that the police work closely with all facts of the community to identify
concerns and find the most effective solutions. This is essence of community
policing.
7. The media must be included early in the implementation process to promote
successfully the idea of community policing. Media involvement ensures a wide
dissemination of community policing message and encourages the media to stay
involving in future community policing.

Reference

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Victoria University of Wellington: Wellington

APPENDIX

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIC AND ETHICAL STUDIES
Questionnaire: to be filled by members of Lemo woreda police station and surrounding
communities: -
This questionnaire is prepared with the object to gather information that assist in the assessment
of the role of community policing in prevention of crime, (case study Lemo woreda). So, it is
thought that obtaining the concern and reaction of respondents towards the topic of study is
helpful and acts as a guideline in analyzing the situation under study for suggestion of
recommendation.
The questionnaire consists of both social-demographic characteristics of respondents and
questionnaire related to the role of community policing.
 General Instructions
• You are not expected to write your name.
• Put tick mark for your answer for your background.
• Encircle the letter of your answer for choice items.
• Write your answer of open-ended questions on the space provided after the questions.
This question is intended only for academic purpose and the researcher assure you that your
response would be kept confidential.
Part one)
Questions related to social-demographic characteristic of respondents:
1) Sex: male female
2) Age: 18-25 26-35 36-45 above 46
3) Religion: protestant orthodox Muslim waqefata

Part two) Question related to the role community policing:

4) Have you ever heard about community policing in your area?
A. Yes B. No
5) If your answer for question 4 is yes, from where did you hear it?
A. Mass media B. Police C. Kebele officials
If any…………………………………………….
6) How do you evaluate the attitude of people towards community policing?
A. Excellent B. very good C. Good D. Low E. very low
7. Which are the major causes of crime in your area?
A. economic problem B. Addiction C. Alcoholism D. peer-pressure E. delinquency
8. When you evaluate those who participate in criminal act, which rages of age are engaged
?
A.18-25 B.26-35 C.36-40 D.41-60
9. How do you assess the community and police relation in crime prevention and control?
A. very high B. High C. Medium D. low
10. Do you believe that community policing is one strategy combating and prevention of crime?
• Yes B. No
Party three interview question
11. What are the roles of community policing in prevention in crime…………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………..?
12. What are the major causes of crime in your area…………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..?
13. What are the factor hindering community policing implementation in your
area…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………...?