Topic Objectives
ü Determine shear stress in a prismatic beam
ü Determine the shear flow in a built-up beam
ü Determine the shear flow in thin-walled beam
ü Determine the shear centre of a cross section
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In-class Activities
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Shear in a straight beam
4. Shear formula
5. Shear stresses in beams
6. Shear flow in built-up beams
7. Shear flow in thin-walled beams
8. Shear Centre
9. Concept Quiz
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READING QUIZ
1) Which of the following statement is not true?
a) Shear stresses cause warping of cross section
b) Warping effect is negligible for slender beams
c) “Plane section remains plane” is valid for bending of deep
beam
d) Shear forces in beams cause non-linear shear-strain
distributions over the cross section
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READING QUIZ (cont)
2. Which of the following statement is not
true?
The shear formula should not be used to determine the shear
stress
a) On cross sections that are short or flat
b) At points of sudden cross-sectional changes
c) At a point on an inclined boundary
d) None of the above
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APPLICATIONS
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SHEAR IN A STRAIGHT BEAM
• Transverse shear stress always has its associated
longitudinal shear stress acting along longitudinal
planes of the beam.
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SHEAR IN A STRAIGHT BEAM (cont)
• Effects of Shear Stresses:
• Warping of cross section
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SHEAR IN A STRAIGHT BEAM (cont)
Note:
1. Warping” violates the assumptions of “plane section
remains plane” in flexure and torsion formulae
2. “Warping” is negligible in “slender beam”
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SHEAR FORMULA
VQ
t=
It
where Q = ò ydA = y ' A'
A'
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SHEAR IN BEAMS
Rectangular cross section
• Shear –stress distribution is parabolic
6V æ h2 2ö
t= 3 çç - y ÷÷
bh è 4 ø
V
t max = 1.5
A
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SHEAR IN BEAMS (cont)
Wide-flange beam
• Shear-stress distribution is parabolic
but has a jump at the flange-to-web
junctions.
Limitations on the use of shear formula
• Not on cross sections that are short or flat
• Not at points of sudden cross sectional changes (e.g.
flange-to-web junction in wide flange beam)
• Not at a joint on an inclined boundary
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EXAMPLE 1
A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown in Fig.
7–11a. If it is subjected to a shear of V = 80kN, plot the
shear-stress distribution acting over the beam’s cross-
sectional area.
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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the neutral axis
is
é1
I = ê (0.015) 0.23( )ùú
ë12 û
é1
(
+ 2 ê (0.3) 0.023 ) + (0.3)(0.02)(0.11 )ùú = 155.6(10 ) m
2 -6 4
ë12 û
• For point B, tB’ = 0.3m, and A’ is the dark
shaded area shown in Fig. 7–11c
QB ' = y ' A' = [0.11](0.3)(0.02 ) = 0.66 10 -3 m 3 ( )
t B' = =
( )
VQB ' 80 103 0.66 10 -3 (
= 1.13 MPa
)
It B ' (
155.6 10 -6
(0.3) )
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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• For point B, tB = 0.015m, and QB = QB’,
tB =
VQB
=
( ) (
80 103 0.66 10 -3 )
= 22.6 MPa
It B ( )
155.6 10 (0.015)
-6
• For point C, tC = 0.015m, and A’ is
the dark shaded area in Fig. 7–11d.
• Considering this area to be composed of two rectangles,
QC = å y ' A' = (0.11)(0.3)(0.02 ) + (0.05)(0.015)(0.1) = 0.735 10 -3 m 3 ( )
• Thus, t C = t max =
VQc
=
( )
80 103 (0.735) 10 -3 (
= 25.2 MPa
)
ItC (
155.6 10 (0.015)
-6
)
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SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP BEAM
• Shear flow ≡ shear force per unit length along longitudinal
axis of a beam.
VQ q = shear flow
q= V = internal resultant shear
I I = moment of inertia of the entire cross-sectional area
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SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP BEAM (cont)
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EXAMPLE 2
Nails having a total shear strength of 40 N are used in a beam
that can be constructed either as in Case I or as in Case II, Fig.
7–18. If the nails are spaced at 90 mm, determine the largest
vertical shear that can be supported in each case so that the
fasteners will not fail.
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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Since the cross section is the same in both cases, the moment of inertia
about the neutral axis is
I=
1
12
( ) ( )
(30) 503 - 2éê 1 (10) 403 ùú = 205833 mm 4
ë12 û
Case I
• For this design a single row of nails holds the top or bottom flange onto
the web.
• For one of these flanges,
Q = y 'A' = (22.5)(30 )(5) = 3375 mm3
VQ
q=
I
40 V (3375)
=
90 205833
V = 27.1 N (Ans)
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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Case II
• Here a single row of nails holds one of the side boards onto the web.
• Thus,
Q = y 'A' = (22.5)(10 )(5) = 1125 mm3
VQ
q=
I
40 V (1125)
=
90 205833
V = 81.3 N (Ans)
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SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED BEAM
• Approximation: only the shear-flow component that acts
parallel to the walls of the member will be counted.
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SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED BEAM (cont)
• In horizontal flanges, flow varies linearly,
VQ V [d / 2]((b / 2 ) - x )t Vtd æ b ö
q= = = ç - x ÷
I I 2I è 2 ø
• In vertical web(s), flow varies parabolically,
VQ Vt é db 1 æ d 2 2ö
ù
q= = ê + çç - y ÷÷ú
I I ë 2 2è 4 øû
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EXAMPLE 3
The thin-walled box beam in Fig. 7–22a is subjected to a shear
of 10 kN. Determine the variation of the shear flow throughout
the cross section.
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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
1
• The moment of inertia is I = (6)(8)3 - 1 (4)(6)3 = 184 mm 4
12 12
• For point B, the area A' » 0 thus q’B = 0.
• Also, QC = y A' = (3.5)(5)(1) = 17.5 cm 3
QD = å y A' = 2(2 )(1)(4 ) = 30 cm 3
• For point C,
VQC 10(17.5 / 2 )
qC = = = 0.951 kN/cm = 91.5 N/mm
I 184
• The shear flow at D is
VQD 10(30 / 2 )
qD = = = 1.63 kN/cm = 163 N/mm
I 184
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SHEAR CENTRE
• Shear center is the point through which a force can be
applied which will cause a beam to bend and yet not twist.
• The location of the shear center is only a function of
geometry of the cross section and does not depend upon
the applied load.
Ff d
e=
P
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SHEAR CENTRE (cont)
Ff d
e=
P
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EXAMPLE 4
Determine the location of the shear center for the thin-walled
channel section having the dimensions shown in Fig. 7–25a.
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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• The cross-sectional area can be divided into three component
rectangles—a web and two flanges.
1 3 é æ h ö ù th 2 æ h
2
ö
I = th + 2 êbt ç ÷ ú = ç + b÷
12 êë è 2 ø úû 2 è 6 ø
• q at the arbitrary position x is
VQ V (h / 2 )[b - x ]t V (b - x )
q= = 2 =
I ( )
th / 2 [(h / 6 ) + b] h[(h / 6 ) + b]
• Hence, the force is
b V b Vb 2
F f = ò qdx = ò (b - x )dx =
0 h[(h / 6 ) + b] 0 2h[(h / 6 ) + b]
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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• Summing moments about point A, Fig. 7–25c, we require
Vb 2 h
Ve = F f h =
2h[(h / 6 ) + b]
b2
e= (Ans)
[(h / 3) + 2b]
• As stated previously, e depends only on the geometry of the cross
section.
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CONCEPT QUIZ
1) Which of the following statement is not true?
a) The shear center always lie on an axis of symmetry of the cross
section.
b) A crack along the member at a distance a/3 above/below the
neutral axis will first start to appear due to shear.
c) A crack along the member at the
neutral axis will first start to appear
due to shear.
d) The centroid of the cross section
coincides with the neutral axis.
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