Module 10

Force and Motion

What this module is about

A lot of Physics can be observed in playing

tug-of-war where both ends of the rope are being
pulled in opposite directions. If the players on
one end of the rope suddenly release the rope,
the players on the other end will definitely tumble
to the ground! Force and Motion!

In this module you will learn many things

about Physics particularly about forces that are
the primary cause of changes in motion. This
module includes these lessons such as:
Fig. 1 Tug-of-War
 Lesson 1 - Forces: The Secrets Unfold!
 Lesson 2 - Friction
 Lesson 3 - Newton’s Laws of Motion
 Lesson 4 - The Universal Law of Gravitation
 Lesson 5 - Impulse and Momentum

Read, enjoy, and discover the secrets of Physics!

What you are expected to learn

At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to;

1. define and describe the fundamental principles of force and motion;

2. state the laws of motion;
3. apply the laws of motion to land transportation.
4. explain road safety measures using the concept of impulse and momentum
5. appreciate the contributions of Aristotle, Galileo, and Newton in the study of motion;
and,
6. appreciate physics through its application to practical situations.

How to learn from this module

1
 Here’s a simple guide for you in going about the module:

1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully.

2. Take the pretest. It is a simple multiple-choice test provided at the start to
determine how much you know about the content of this module.
3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page of the
module.
4. Be very honest in taking the test so you know how much knowledge you already
have about the topic.
5. Read the different lessons included in this module.
6. Perform all the activities, as these will help you have a better understanding of the
topic.
7. Take the self-tests at the end of each lesson.
8. Finally, take the post-test at the end of the module.

Good Luck and have fun!

What to do before (Pretest)

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. The law of inertia applies to _______________.

2
 A. moving objects C. both moving and nonmoving objects
B. objects that are not moving

2. If you were in a space ship and fired a cannon ball into frictionless space, the amount of
force needed to keep it going would be ________.
A. twice the force with which it was fired
B. the same amount of force with which it was fired
C. one half the force with which it was fired
D. zero, since no force is necessary to keep it moving

3. Which has more mass, a kilogram of feathers or a kilogram of iron?

A. feathers
B. iron
C. They both have the same mass
D. Cannot be determined from the given information.

4. The force required to maintain an object at a constant speed in free space is equal to
________________.
A. zero C. the weight of the object
B. the mass of the object D. the force required to stop it

5. You would have the largest mass of gold if your chunk of gold weighed 1 N on the
__________.
A. Moon C. planet Jupiter
B. Earth

6. An object weighs 30 N on earth. A second object weighs 30 N on the moon. Which has
greater mass?
A. The one on earth C. They have the same mass
B. The one on the moon

7. Suppose the force of friction on a sliding object is 10N. The force needed for it to maintain
a constant velocity is _______________.
A. more than 10 N C. 10 N
B. less than 10 N

8. Compared to its weight on earth, a 10-kg object on the moon will weigh ________.
A. less C. the same amount
B. more

9. An apple weighs 1N. When held at rest above your head, the net force on the apple is
_____________.
A. 0 N C. 1 N
B. 0.1 N D. 9.8 N

10. An apple weighs 1N. The net force on the apple when it is in free fall is _________.

3
 A. 0 N C. 1 N
B. 0.1 N D. 9.8 N

11. When a woman stands with two feet on a scale, the scale reads 500 N. When she lifts
one foot, the scale reads _____________.
A. less than 500 N C. 500 N
B. more than 500 N

12. A block is dragged without acceleration in a straight-line path across a level surface by a
force of 6 N. What is the frictional force between the block and the surface?
A. less than 6 N C. more than 6 N
B. 6 N D. Needs more information to say.

4
13. As a 500 N lady sits on the floor, the floor exerts a force on her equal to
______________.
A. 1000 N C. 250 N
B. 500 N D. 50 N

14. An unfortunate bug splatters against the windshield of a moving car. Compared to the
force of the car on the bug, the force of the bug on the car is _____________.
A. larger C. the same
B. smaller

15. An unfortunate bug splatters against the windshield of a moving car. Compared to the
deceleration of the car on the bug, the deceleration of the bug on the car is
_____________.
A. larger B. smaller
C. the same

16. The person is attracted towards the center of the earth by a 500-N gravitational force.
The force with which the earth is attracted toward the person is ______________.
A. very very small C. 500 N
B. very very large

17. Two people pull on a rope in a tug-of-war. Each pulls with a 400 N force. What is the
tension in the rope?
A. 0 C. 600 N
B. 400 N D. 800 N
18. What is the minimum resultant possible when adding a 3-N force to an 8-N force?
A. 24 N C. 8 N
B. 11 N D. 5 N

5
 19. How does the acceleration of an object change in relation to its mass? It is
_________.
A. directly proportional
B. inversely proportional
C. acceleration doesn’t depend on mass at all

20. Forces always occur _____________.

A. by themselves
B. in pairs
C. as single quantities
D. in triplets

Key to answers on page 38

Key to Correction on page 18
Lesson 1 Forces: The Secrets Unfold!

(by
(bympem)
mpem)
In
In the beginning therewas
the beginning there wasAristotle
Aristotle Did you know how the word
And
And the objects at rest tend toremain
the objects at rest tend to remainatat “force” has come about? Who were
rest
rest the scientists and great men behind
And the concept? Here’s a very good
And the objects inmotion
the objects in motiontend
tendtotocome
come poem. Try reading it so you would
totorest
rest have a good glimpse of who were
And
And God saw thatititwas
God saw that wasboring
boring behind the development of forces and
although restful
although restful motion!

Then
ThenGod
Godcreated
createdNewton
Newton
And
And objects at rest tend toremain
objects at rest tend to remainatat
rest
rest
And
And objects in motiontended
objects in motion tendedtotoremain
remain
ininmotion
motion
And
And energy wasconserved
energy was conservedandand
momentum was conserved,
momentum was conserved,
And
Andmatter
matterwaswasconserved
conserved
And
And God saw that it wasconservative…
God saw that it was conservative…
What you will do
Activity 1.1 Men behind forces
Objective: To be able to come up with a timeline of force and motion.

Materials:  washer or 10 centavo-coin, centimeter ruler paper

Procedure:

1. The pictures, dialogues and dates on the next page show significant moments in the
development of the concepts of force and motion.

2. Label the picture, dialogue, and date with 1 if you think the set of picture, dialogue
and date occurred first. Label the next set as 2 and so on until all sets are labeled
forming a timeline.
 Johannas
No. _____ Philoponu Hey guys look at this. If
All right! And when that
s I exert an impetus on an
impetus diminishes,
(550 A.D.) object moves. Ha! A
motion also diminishes.
new discovery indeed!
When the impetus is
Impetus keeps a body
removed, the object stops
moving.
No. _____ moving! No. _____
No. _____

Aristotle Let’s rename impetus as force. I

I don’t think that the force is believe that force affects the velocity
proportional to the velocity. Velocity of moving objects. Thus, force is
remains constant if no force, including proportional to the velocity. If no
No. _____ friction, is applied. Force that affects force is applied an object has no
vertical motion creates constant velocity for an object. Thus, the object
acceleration. is at rest.
No. _____ No. _____
Newton

What if I push an object which is already moving

No. _____
horizontally? Wouldn’t its velocity change and cause
acceleration in the object? Thus, force would cause
acceleration in horizontal motion. The natural acceleration
actually observed in vertical motion must be the result of a
Galileo vertical force on the body, without this force the natural
vertical motion would also be at a constant speed, just like
natural horizontal motion. This vertical force is of course the
No. _____ Jean force of gravity. No. _____
Buriden
(355
A.D.)

Key to answers on page 41

Key to Correction on page 18

Terms
Termsto toRemember!
Remember! So, now you know who coined the word “force”. Let’s
Mass
Mass now take a close look at what force is. Force is commonly
Amount
Amountofofmatter
matterininan
an described as a push or a pull. A body with mass is capable
object.
object. of interacting with another body. This interaction between
Bodies
Bodiesin indirect
directcontact
contact two (2) bodies is known to be a force.
Two
Two bodies touchingon
bodies touching on
another
another Force is not something a body has, like mass, but it
is an interaction between one body and another. Depending
on the circumstances, a body may posses a capability of exerting force on another body but
it cannot possess force as a thing in itself.

Forces can be contact or non-contact. Contact forces are forces that result when two
(2) bodies in direct contact (touching each other) interact with one another. Direct contact
must happen between two (2) bodies for the two (2) bodies to interact with each other.

Now try this one so you will have a better understanding of what contact force is!

What you will do

Activity 1.2 Contact and non-contact forces

Objective: To be able to understand the concept of contact force.

Materials:   chair, paper, bag

Procedure:
1. Push a chair.
2. Pull a paper out of your bag.
3. Lift your bag.

Guide Questions:

1. In which of the following cases were you able to have a direct contact with each of
the three objects (chair, paper, bag)?
2. Were you able to exert a contact force? Why do you say so?

Key to answers on page 39

Key to Correction on page 18

In all these cases, contact forces occur. To be able to push a chair your hand should
be placed in contact with the chair. To be able to pull a paper out of your bag you must use
your hand, and your hand must be touching the paper. To lift your bag, you must hold the
bag.
 Terms
Termsto toRemember!
Remember! Non-contact forces, on the other hand, are forces that
Field
Field occur when the fields around objects (e.g. gravitational field,
Space
Spacesurrounding
surrounding electric field, or magnetic field) interact with another field
objects
objects withmass
with massoror located around another body. It is a non-contact force since
objects
objects whichare
which are the bodies themselves are not directly touching each other
electrically
electricallycharged
chargedor
or rather only their fields interact with one another.
have magnetic properties
have magnetic properties

We may see the earth as

constantly kept in orbit by the sun. But behind that
scene we can actually attribute this effect to the
gravitational fields of both the earth and the sun as
interacting with each other. Thus, gravitational forces
are examples of non-contact forces. Gravitational forces
are always attractive in nature. This means that while
the earth is attracted to the sun, earth also pulls the
sun. However, since earth has a smaller mass than the
sun, the earth tends to move around the sun instead of Fig. 1.1. Earth-Sun
the other way around. System

Magnetic fields also interact with each other. The

magnetic fields may be pulling each other as in the case
where opposite poles (North and South Poles) of the
magnet are facing each other. They may also be pushing N S S N
each other as in the case where the same poles of the
magnets are facing each other. This interaction is called
the magnetic force, is another example of a non-contact
force.
Charged bodies are bodies whose number of Fig. 1.2. Magnets and their
electrons is not equal to the number of protons. Bodies magnetic field
that are not charged are called neutral
bodies. These bodies have the same
number of protons and electrons. It
may have happened that some
electrons left the atoms of the object
thus causing the object to have
protons than electrons. This body is
said to be a negatively charged body.
A body, which captures excess
electrons, will eventually have more
number of electrons and protons and
are known as positively charged
bodies. Around every charged object Fig. 1.3. Electric field of charged particles
is an electric field, which interacts with the electric field of another charged body. The
interaction between the electric field of one charged body to another charged body is known
as electrostatic force. Since only electric fields of two charged bodies interact and no direct
contact can be observed between the two bodies, then electrostatic force is also considered
a non-contact force. Take a look at how charges interact in Figure 1.3.

Here’s an illustration of an atom. (Figure 1.4). Can

you identify some of the subatomic particles? As you can
see protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus of an
atom. Protons are positively charged while neutrons are
neutrally charged. Since like charges repel each other,
protons inside the nucleus must be repelling each other.
How then are they able to stay together inside the
nucleus? This is because another non-contact force,
believed to be the strongest among the non-contact
forces keeps the protons inside the nucleus of the atom.
This force is known as the nuclear force. Nuclear force is
usually categorized as a weak or strong.
Fig. 1.4.An Atom

Remember Newton? He was the one who said that a

vertical force directed towards the center of an object is
called gravity. Both gravity and horizontal forces can be
quantified using a force meter of a spring balance. The
standard International (SI) unit of force is newton (N) to pay
tribute to Sir Isaac Newton who was able to conceptualize
the effect of forces on motion. In the English system,
however, the standard unit of force is called pound (lb),
which is defined in terms of Newton as:

11lb
lb == 4.45
4.45NN
1N
1N == 0.225
0.225 lb
lb Fig. 1.5 Newton
 What you will do
Self-Test 1.1

Direction: Write “F” if a contact force has been exerted in the situation and “nF” if a
non-contact force has been exerted.

1. Pushing a cart
2. Touching a rock
3. Falling rock
4. Moon’s attraction to Earth causing tides
5. Your hair being attracted to your comb after stroking it with the same comb.
6. Tissue being attracted to a plastic sheet
7. Kicking a ball
8. Sitting on a chair
9. Your skin hair being attracted to the TV screen when you switch it on or off.
10. Pulling a cart.

Key to answers on page 39

Key to Correction on page 18

Lesson 2 Friction

Did you ever experience slipping in a pavement?

Did you feel embarrassed? What conditions caused you
to slip? Did you slip when the pavement was wet or
dry? Most accidents happen during rainy days because
the road is slippery when wet. It is harder to stop a
vehicle on wet roads You yourself will most likely to slip
if you don’t wear your pair of rubber shoes. This
describes the effect of friction. What is friction?

Friction is a contact force that is present in

Figure 2.1. Road Intersection
walking, running, playing, writing and pushing objects
we still encounter friction.
 What you will do
Activity 1.2 Friction: The opposing force!

Objective: To be able to understand the concept of friction as an opposing force

Materials:  ball, clear pavement or pathway

Procedure:
1. Let a ball roll on a pavement or a clear path way.
2. Observe what happens to the ball as it rolls along the pavement.

Guide Questions:
1. When you rolled the ball on the pavement, did you exert a force?
2. What kind of force did you exert? (contact or non-contact)
3. While the ball is rolling along the pavement are you still exerting a force?
4. What happened to the ball’s motion after some time?
5. Why do you think the ball stopped rolling?

Key to answers on page 39

Key to Correction on page 18

When you roll the ball on the pavement you did exert a contact force since your
hands were in contact with the ball before you released the ball. While on the pavement,
however, your hands were not anymore in contact with the ball thus there is no force was
exerted by your hands on the ball. Eventually, the ball stopped rolling after sometime.
Friction between the surface of the ball and the surface of the pavement caused the ball
to stop rolling. Friction is a force that opposes motion. It is the resistance an object meets
when its surface rubs against another surface like your feet and the floor when you’re
walking. It acts in a direction opposite the natural motion of the moving object.

Friction occurs because objects have bumps

and grooves on their surfaces. Take a look at the
microscopic view of a very smooth and shiny
surface. Even smooth and shiny surfaces have
bumps and tiny points on them, which catch and try
to stick together when they come in contact with
each other. Different objects have different bumps
and grooves on their surfaces. Some surfaces have
few points to catch and stick together. These are the
smooth surfaces.
Fig. 2.2. Grooves and bumps of
surfaces
 The nature of friction force depends on the type of motion that occurs between two
surfaces. If there is no relative motion between two surfaces, friction force that exists
between their contact surfaces is called static friction. On the other hand, the type of
friction that opposes sliding motion is called kinetic friction. This type is weaker than static
friction. The friction force that exists in rolling motion is called rolling friction. This is the
weakest frictional force that opposes motion.

What you will do

Activity 2.2 Factors affecting friction

Objective: To be able to determine how the kind of surface and the weight of an object
affect friction.

Materials:  plastic bag, 4 books, smooth floor (wooden) and a rough floor (concrete)

Procedure:

A. Friction and Weight

1. Place 2 books inside a plastic bag.
2. Drag the plastic bag containing 2 books along a smooth wooden floor. Observe
how you drag the plastic bag.
3. Place 4 books inside the plastic bag.
4. Drag the plastic bag containing 4 books along a smooth wooden floor. Observe
how you drag the plastic bag.

B. Friction and the kind of surface

1. Place 2 books inside a plastic bag.
2. Drag the plastic bag containing 2 books along a smooth wooden floor. Observe
how you drag the plastic bag.
3. Drag the plastic bag containing 2 books along a rough concrete floor. Observe
how you drag the plastic bag.

Guide Questions:

1. On which situation (plastic with 2 books or plastic with 4 books) did you experience
difficulty in dragging the plastic bag?
2. On which case is friction greater: plastic with 2 books and the floor or plastic with 4
books and the floor)?
3. On which situation (plastic bag on a smooth floor or plastic bag on a rough floor)
did you experience difficulty in dragging the plastic bag?
4. On which case is friction greater: plastic bag on a smooth floor or plastic bag on a
rough floor?

Key to answers on page 39

Key to Correction on page 18
 Basically, friction is less when the weight of the object is less. Friction is also affected
by the smoothness or roughness of the surfaces in contact. Rougher surfaces in contact
usually offer greater frictional force as compared with smooth surfaces. Sliding or rolling on
smooth surfaces is very easy because friction is less. Sliding and rolling on rough surfaces
is hard because there is more friction on them.

What happens when you try to start running on a wet pavement? It is difficult to stop
or start moving when little friction is around. But have you tried pushing a car or a tricycle in
which the brakes are set? Too much friction can also be a problem.

Friction is always present in our world. Sometimes it needs to be increased. At times

we need to decrease it. How do we do this? Did you notice the surfaces of the table tennis
racket? Usually, these are padded with rubber so that the tennis balls will not slip when they
hit the pad. While some handles of tennis rackets are wrapped with cloth to give a better
hold on the racket. This way the racket will not fly off when the player swings it. So it’s so
simple! If you want to increase the friction you just have to make the surface rough! Soccer
and softball players use spiked shoes so they can move with ease in slippery playgrounds.

There are cases when we do not need friction like when we want to move heavy
objects from one room to another. How do we decrease friction?

One way to decrease friction is by POLISHING.

Why do you think bowling lanes are shiny? Why do
bowlers wipe their bowling balls before rolling it on the
lanes? Polished lanes and shiny surfaces help
decrease or reduce friction. This way the balls roll very
quickly with much force to topple the bowling pins.

Figure 2.3 Bowling Alley

Streamlining

Have you tried running a 100-m dash through waist-

deep water? Probably you had a really hard time. Friction is
not restricted to solids sliding over one another. Friction also
occurs in liquids and gases. Liquids or gases are called
fluids thus they exhibit the ability to flow. Fluid friction occurs
when an object moving through a fluid pushes aside some of
the fluid. Air resistance is the friction that occurs when an
object moves through air. Racing yatch is polished to a
mirror finish so they can slide through the water very easily
without the water slowing them
down. How’s that done? Fig. 2.4 Submarine
 Racing cars, airplanes, submarines, rockets, racing boats, and motorcycles are
designed specially to reduce friction with the air or with the water. They are specially
shaped or streamlined to move more easily in water or in air. Submarines are shaped
like fishes to let move easily in water. Airplanes are streamlined like birds so they could
glide through air better.

Oiling or lubricating

Why do we usually put oil and lubricant in machines and engines? Why do
lubricants and oil reduce friction? The oil we place in machines and car engines reduces
the friction between the moving parts. The oil serves as a protective layer that prevents
the moving parts from rubbing against each other. The lubricants like cream fill the
grooves and bumps of the two surfaces in contact preventing the two surfaces to come
in direct contact with each other. Thus, there will be less catching and sticking together
of the points of the two surfaces that result to lesser friction.

Using Bearings

Did you know that wheels are used to transport

heavy objects from one place to another? Ball bearings
are used in bicycle wheels so that the bicycle will roll
freely once it moves really fast (accelerates). Ball
bearings and roller bearings are used in many engines
and machines making the surfaces roll over one
another instead of sliding or rubbing against each
other. This reduces friction on the surfaces in contact! Fig. 2.5 Trolley

Friction is a kind of force that acts between

surfaces of materials that are moving past each other. They occur because of the
irregularities in the surfaces of sliding objects. Galileo showed during his time that a force is
needed to keep an object in motion. Otherwise, objects need no force to continue its state of
motion.

What you will do

Self-Test 2.1

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Friction is a force that always acts _____________________.

a. opposite to the object's natural motion
b. in the same direction as the object's motion
c. perpendicular to the object's motion
2. Which of the following is the best description of friction?
a. Friction is never a total advantage
b. Friction can never be eliminated
c. Both a and b

3. Friction increases with ____________.

 a. weight c. an increase in surface area
b. volume

4. All materials below can help reduce friction EXCEPT ____________.

a. ball bearings c. sand
b. lubricants d. wax

5. All materials below can help increase friction EXCEPT ____________

a. using rubber c. using rough surfaces
b. increasing the weight d. applying wax

Key to answers on page 39

Key to Correction on page 18

Lesson 3 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Take a look at a ball on top of a pool table.

Imagine the ball roll and eventually slow down to
stop. How would Aristotle interpret the observation?
How about the interpretations of Galileo and Newton?
How would you interpret it yourself?

It was a common thought for nearly 2000 years

that if an object was moving “against its nature” then
a force of some kind was responsible. Such motion
was possible only because of an outside force. So the
proper state of motion is one of rest. Objects,
Fig. 3.1 Ball on top of a pool
therefore, would always tend to seek a rest state of
table
motion.

Let’s have a close look at our three scientists: Aristotle, Galileo and Newton and
see their contributions to forces and motion. Below are news bits about them.
 Bulletin:
Yesterday,
Yesterday, Yesterday
Yesterday
for
for Today
Today

Aristotle:
Aristotle:AAScientist?
Scientist?
Aristotle
Aristotlewas
wasborn
borninin384
384BC
BCininStagira,
Stagira,aaGreek
Greektown
townofofthe
theAegean
Aegeancoast.
coast.HisHis
father was a physician who looked after the King of Macedonia. As a child
father was a physician who looked after the King of Macedonia. As a child Aristotle Aristotle
lived
livedwith
withhis
hisuncle.
uncle.When
Whenhe hewas
wasaateenager
teenager(17)
(17)he
hemoved
movedsouth
southtotoAthens,
Athens,aaveryvery
important city in the Greek world. He probably went alone. For some twenty
important city in the Greek world. He probably went alone. For some twenty (20) years(20) years
Aristotle
Aristotle studied
studied atat the
the famous
famous Academy
Academy inin Athens.
Athens. The
The principal
principal teacher
teacher atat the
the
Academy was Plato, a Greek teacher of great reputation. Plato was interested in
Academy was Plato, a Greek teacher of great reputation. Plato was interested in logical logical
arguments.
arguments.
InInMiddle
MiddleAge,
Age,Aristotle
Aristotleturned
turnedhis
hisattention
attentiontotowriting
writingbooks
booksthat
thatwould
wouldform
form
an
an encyclopedia of knowledge. By 335 BC Aristotle has returned to Athens and
encyclopedia of knowledge. By 335 BC Aristotle has returned to Athens and has
has
established the Peripatetic School in the Lyceum. In the course of his teaching
established the Peripatetic School in the Lyceum. In the course of his teaching at the at the
Lyceum,
Lyceum, he he discussed
discussed logic,
logic, epistemology,
epistemology, physics,
physics, biology,
biology, ethics,
ethics, politics,
politics, and
and
aesthetics.
aesthetics. The Posterior Analytics is Aristotle’s principal work on the philosophyofof
The Posterior Analytics is Aristotle’s principal work on the philosophy
science.
science. InIn addition,
addition, the
the Physics
Physics and
and Metaphysics
Metaphysics which
which contains
contains some
some aspects
aspects ofof
scientific
scientificmethod.
method. HisHiswork,
work,the
thePhysics
Physicscontains
containsthe
thefirst
firstprinciples
principleswhich
whichincludes:
includes:
All
Allmotion
motionisiseither
eithernatural
naturalor orviolent
violent
All
All natural motion is motiontowards
natural motion is motion towardsits itsnatural
naturalplace.
place.
Violent
Violent motion is caused by the continuingaction
motion is caused by the continuing actionofofan
anagent.
agent.
AAvacuum is impossible
vacuum is impossible
There
Therewould
wouldbebeno nomotion
motionwithout
withoutaacause.
cause.
The
The velocity of a body is inversely proportionaltotoits
velocity of a body is inversely proportional itsown
ownresistive
resistive
power
power and directly proportional to the motive force applied. Thus,
and directly proportional to the motive force applied. Thus,
no force exerted, no motion for object.
no force exerted, no motion for object.
The
Themore
moreearth
earththe
theobject
objecthas,
has,the
themore
moreititmoves
movestotothe
theearth.
earth.
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Objects with more earth tends to proceed to its natural restplace,
with more earth tends to proceed to its natural rest place,earth
earth
Due
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politicalunrest
unrestinin323
323BC
BChe hehad
hadtotoleave
leavethe
thecity
cityand
andmove
movenorth
northtotothe
the
island of Euboea. He died there one year later at the age of
island of Euboea. He died there one year later at the age of 62. 62.
 What you will do
Activity 3.1 Find out about Galileo

Below are clues about Galileo. You may use all the clues to be able to
complete the data needed for his biography.

Biographical
BiographicalNote
Note(Galileo)
(Galileo)

What
What isis the
the full
full name
name of
of Galileo?
Galileo? ___________________________
___________________________
When and where was Galileo
When and where was Galileo born? born?
date:
date: ______________________
______________________
location:
location: ______________________
______________________
In
In what universities, colleges,
what universities, colleges, and
and institutions
institutions did
did Galileo
Galileo study?
study?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

How
How was
was Galileo
Galileo called
called by
by his
his classmates
classmates and
and schoolmates?
schoolmates?
Nickname: ____________________________________________
Nickname: ____________________________________________

What
What were
were his
his discoveries
discoveries in
in Mechanics?
Mechanics?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Did
Did he
he encounter
encounter difficulties
difficulties in
in life?
life? What
What are
are these?
these?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
7.
7. How
How old
old was
was he
he when
when he
he died?
died? ______________________________
______________________________
 CLUES

1. Galileo is universally known by the first name only.

Guilia Ammannati bore the son of Vincenzo Galilei on the 15 th of February

2.
1564 at Pisa, Italy.

Vincenzo Galilei who was then a musician and a mathematician sent his
3. son to University of Pisa to pursue medical studies. This is because
physicians then receive salaries 30X that of mathematicians.

As a student, Galileo had a brilliant wit and he could not resist making bitter
enemies due to his argumentativeness and nonconformity. He even refused
4.
to wear academic robe which cost him several fines. Because of such "the
wrangler" was his pseudonym in school.

While Galileo was at the University of Pisa, he heard lectures on geometry

5. by accident and came upon the works of Archimedes and later pursued
mathematics and sciences.

Galileo performed an experiment on the inclined plane to prove that the rate
of fall of an object is independent of its weight. The velocity of a falling ball
6.
increases steadily with time under the continuous pull of earth, but the total
distance covered increases as the square of the time.
"As the explosion of a gun", a body could move under the influence of 2
forces at one time. One force applying an initial force horizontal could keep
7. a body moving horizontally at a constant velocity. Another force applied
constantly in a vertical direction could make the same body drop downward
at an accelerated velocity.
Galileo said in his published books entitled “Mechanics” that if a structure
8.
increased in all dimensions equally, it would grow weaker.
The volume, he said further, increases as the cube of linear dimension by
9.
the strength only as the square.
A deer expanded to the size of an elephant and kept in exact proportion
10.
would collapse. Its legs would have to be thickened out of proportion.
During 1500-1600 Harvard believed in all theories held by Aristotle and
11.
Ptolemy.
12. Ptolemaic system: Earth is the center of the universe.
13. Galileo was greatly opposed by the church.
In his book, “Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems, the characters
14. were (1) a man holding the Copernican view, (2) a man holding the
Ptolemaic view, and a spectator who is presented as a fool!
Galileo was recanted and was condemned to a penance of psalm recitation
15. each week for 3 years. Before having completed his renunciation he said
”Eppur si muove” (And yet it moves!)
He died in Arceti on January 8, 1642 while dictating his idea on the result of
16. a moving body striking an immovable one. The church refused to bury him
in consecrated ground.

Key to answers on page 39

Key to Correction on page 18
 And so you have met Galileo and Aristotle. Now, here’s Newton.

Sir
SirIsaac
IsaacNewton
Newton
““ InIn the
the beginning
beginning ofof 1665,
1665, II found
found thethe method
method ofof approximating
approximating series
series and
and the
the rule
rule for
for
reducing
reducing any dignity (power) and any binomial to such a series. The same year in May
any dignity (power) and any binomial to such a series. The same year in MayII
have
havefound
foundthethemethod
methodofoftangents
tangentsofofGregory
GregoryandandSlusius,
Slusius,and
andininNovember
November(discovered)
(discovered)
the
the direct method of Fluxion (elements of differential calculus). And inin the
direct method of Fluxion (elements of differential calculus). And the next
next year
year inin
January
January had the theory of Colours, and in May following I had entrance into the Methodofof
had the theory of Colours, and in May following I had entrance into the Method
Fluxions
Fluxions(integral
(integralcalculus),
calculus),and andininthe
thesame
sameyear
yearIIhave
havebegan
begantotothink
thinkofofgravity
gravityextending
extending
toto the
the orb of the moon ...... and having thereby compared the force requisite toto keep
orb of the moon ...... and having thereby compared the force requisite keep thethe
Moon
Moon in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth, and found them toto
in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth, and found them
answer
answerpretty
prettynearly
nearly.....”
.....”

Going back to our previous question, “How would Aristotle explain the
observation that a rolling ball eventually slows down until it stops?” Aristotle would likely
say that the ball comes to a stop because it seeks its proper state – rest. . How about
the interpretations of Galileo and Newton? Galileo would likely say that once the ball is
in motion, what prevents its continued motion is another force, called friction, between
the table and the ball. How would you interpret it yourself? Of course! Only you can
answer that!

In 1665, however, a new set of ideas has been established by the famous Sir
Isaac Newton who has made great revolution in the growth of Science primarily in
Physics with his famous Laws of Motion. His three (3) Laws of Motion include the 1 st
law of motion more popularly known as the Law of Inertia. In his original manuscript it
was stated as:

In other words, an object at rest tends to stay at rest.

And an object in motion continues to move in a straight line
with a constant speed unless an external force acts on it. Law
Lawof
ofInertia
Inertia

This means that things tend to keep on doing what Everybody

Everybodypreserves
preserves
they are already doing. Books on top of the table are in a in
inits
itsstate
stateof
ofrest,
rest,or
or
state of rest, they tend to stay at rest even when you quickly uniform
uniform motion inaa
motion in
snap the tablecloth. right
rightline,
line,unless
unlessititisis
compelled
compelledto tochange
change
If you slide a penny or a coin along the road, the that state by forces
that state by forces
penny or the coin soon comes to rest. If you let is slide impressed
impressedthereon.
thereon.
along an ice, it slides for a longer time and distance. If
you let it slide along a table which constantly emits air it continuously moves. This is
because the table offers no friction. In the absence of a force, a moving object tends to
move in a straight line indefinitely!
 What you will do
Activity 3.2 Going nuts!

Objective
To explore the concept of inertia.

Materials: 12-in wooden embroidery hoop, coke bottle (sakto), ten – ¼ -in nuts

Procedure

1. Carefully balance the embroidery hoop

vertically on the mouth of the coke-bottle.
Stack the nuts at the lower portion of the hoop.
Quickly remove the hoop from the bottle and
get as many nuts as possible into the bottle
without touching them. Do this twice.
Fig. 3.2 Hoop on top of
the bottle
2. Carefully balance the embroidery hoop
vertically on the mouth of the coke-bottle. This
time stack the nuts on top of the hoop. Quickly
remove the hoop from the bottle and get as
many nuts as possible into the bottle without
touching them. Repeat the same procedure for
the second trial.
Fig. 3.3 Hoop on top of
Data and Results the bottle

No of nuts inside the No. of nuts inside the

Condition bottle bottle
Trial 1 Trial 2 Ave Trial 1 Trial 2 Ave
Nuts placed at the
lower portion of the
hoop
Nuts placed on top
of the hoop

Guide Questions:

1. Describe the technique that you used in order to have the highest number of
nuts inside the bottle.
2. Relate your observation to the concept of inertia.

Key to answers on page 39

Key to Correction on page 18
 Objects “tend to keep on doing what they are already doing.” In fact, it is the natural
tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion. This tendency to resist
changes in their state of motion is described as inertia. Thus, inertia is the resistance
an object has to any changes in its state of motion. But how would we know how big
inertia is?

Mass: A Measure of Inertia

Have you ever tried kicking an empty tin can? Compare it when you kick a tin
can full of cement. Which tin can doesn’t move as much? Definitely, the solid tin can
(the one with cement). This is because the solid tin can is more inert and has more
mass than an empty tin can. This means that the greater the mass the object has, the
more inert the object is and thus, the greater is its inertia. A measure of inertia – MASS!

Mass vs. Volume

Most people believe that if an object has a large mass, it must have a large
volume. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It is a constant for every object and
is usually expressed in kilograms. Volume, on the other hand, is the measure of the
space occupied by the object. It is expressed in units such as cubic meter or liter. A
kilogram of cotton in a pillow obviously has more volume than a kilogram of nail
although they have the same mass.

What you will do

Activity 3.3 Rolling Ball

Place a ball along the corridor. Push the ball lightly. While the ball is still moving along
the corridor, ask someone to push it again. Observe what happens to the ball’s speed.

What happened to the ball’s motion or speed right after the second push? In this
case the ball moved faster. Thus, the speed of the ball has changed. In other words,
the ball has accelerated. In symbols;

a
t
Law
LawofofAcceleration
Acceleration

The
Theacceleration
accelerationof of
motion
motionisisever
ever
proportional
proportionalto tothe
the
motive
motive force andisis
force and
When you pushed the ball, which was initially at
made
madein inthe
thedirection
direction
rest and then the ball moved. Thus, the ball accelerated
of
of the rightline
the right lineinin
during that instance. Your friend pushed the moving
which
whichthat
thatforce
forceisis
impressed..
impressed..
ball and the object changed its speed – accelerates. Forces are what produce
acceleration. When your hands are no longer in contact with the ball, the ball
experiences no force, thus it moves with a constant velocity. This is the second law of
motion according to Newton. He realized that the acceleration produced when
something is moved depends not only on how hard the exerted force is but also on the
mass of the object. The greater the force applied on the object the greater is its change
in motion or acceleration if the mass of the object is unchanged. However, as we
increase the mass of the object, the acceleration decreases if the force applied to the
object is unchanged.

More often than not, the force applied is not a single force. Other forces may act
as well. The combination of all the forces that act on an object is called the net force.
The presence of an unbalanced force, usually called the net force, creates an
acceleration of an object. In other words,

Fnet
a
m

where:

Fnet = sum of all the forces acting on the object

m
= expressed in newton (N) [ 1kg. 2 = 1 N]
s
m = mass of the object
a = acceleration

Here’s an example:

Problem: What acceleration is produced by a 3000-N force on a 1000-kg car?

Solution:

Given:
m = 1000 kg
Fnet = 3000 N

RTF: a?
F
a  net
m

Equation:
 3000 N
a
1000 kg
m
3000kg
a s2
1000kg

m
a = 3
s2

What you will do

Self-Test 3.1

If a crate accelerates at 2.5 m/s2 and if the net force exerted is about 500 N,
what is the mass of the crate?

Key to answers on page 39

Key to Correction on page 18

Mass vs. Weight

What is your weight? What about your mass? Many are usually confused
between mass and weight. We usually say something has a lot of matter if it is heavy.
Mass is a measure of the actual material in a body and is expressed in units like
kilogram or gram. It also depends on the number and kinds of atoms that compose it.
Weight, on the other hand, is a measure of the gravitational force that acts on the
material and is dependent on the location of the material relative to the center of the
earth. On higher grounds you encounter lesser weight. It is computed as the product of
your mass or the mass of the body and the acceleration due to gravity. In symbols;

Weight
Weight == mass
massxxacceleration
accelerationdue
duetotogravity
gravity

where the value of the acceleration due to gravity is about 9.8

m/s2.

Weight, like force, is expressed in a unit known as newton.

Take for example a kilogram of rice. It has a mass equivalent to a
 kilogram whether it is on earth or on the moon. But the weight of 1 kilogram of rice
would be very different on earth and on the moon.

Fig. 3.4 Boy leaning on

a wall
Did you know that you could not touch without being touched and that we
always get even?

Law
Lawof
ofInteraction
Interaction

To
Toevery
everyaction
actionthere
there
isisalways
always opposedan
opposed an
equal reaction or the
equal reaction or the
mutual
mutualactions
actionsof
oftwo
two
bodies
bodiesupon
uponeach
each
other
otherare
arealways
always
equal,
equal,andanddirected
directedtoto
contrary parts.
contrary parts.

Imagine yourself leaning against a tree. Did you topple over while you are still in
contact with the tree? Definitely not! This is because while you push or exert a force on
the tree, the tree pushes as hard back on you. That’s why you are supported.

Newton realized that force is not isolated. But it is a part of the mutual interaction
between one object and another. Consider the interaction between a bat and a
baseball. The bat exerts a force on the baseball and lets it fly into the air. Of course,
there must also be a force on the bat. What exerts this force? – The baseball.

The third law of motion also known as the Law of Interaction is stated as:
“Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an
equal force on the first.”

One of the pair of forces is called the “action” force. The other is called the
“reaction” force. It is important to note that for every interaction, force always occur in
pairs.

The action force in a falling stone is the pull of the earth on the stone. The
reaction to this force is the pull of the stone on the earth. Interestingly enough, the pull
of the earth on the stone is the same in magnitude to the pull of the stone on earth. But
obviously, the earth will never move towards the stone.
What you will do
Self-Test 3.2

Identify the action and reaction forces while launching a rocket ship.

Key to answers on page 40

Key to Correction on page 18
 What you will do
Self-Test 3.3

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. The law of inertia applies to ____________.

a. moving objects
b. objects at rest
c. both moving and not moving objects

2. If you were in a spaceship and fired a cannonball into frictionless space, the
amount of force needed to keep it moving would be ___________.
a. twice the force with which it was fired
b. the same amount of force with which it was fired
c. one half the force with which it was fired
d. zero, since no force is necessary to keep it moving

3. An object maintains its state of motion because it has __________.

a. mass
b. velocity
c. speed
d. acceleration

4. You would have the largest mass of gold if your chunk of gold weighed 1 N on
the ________.
a. moon
b. earth
c. Jupiter

5. Suppose a cart is being moved by a force. If suddenly a load is dumped into the
cart so that the cart’s mass doubles, what happens to the cart’s acceleration?
a. It quadruples.
b. It doubles.
c. It halves.
d. It quarters.

6. A tennis ball and a solid steel ball of the same size are dropped at the same
time. Which ball has the greater weight?
a. tennis ball
b. solid steel ball
c. They both have the same weight.
 7. An apple weighs 1N. When held at rest above your head, the net force on the
apple is __________.
a. 0 N
b. 0.1 N
c. 1 N
d. 9.8 N

8. An apple weighs 1 N. The net force on the apple when it is in freefall is _______.
a. 0 N
b. 0.1 N
c. 1 N
d. 9.8 N

9. An unfortunate bug splatters against the windshield of a moving car. Compared

to the force of the car on the bug, the force of the bug on the car is _________.
a. larger
b. smaller
c. the same
10. Two people pull on a rope in a tug-of-war. Each pulls with a 400-N force. What is
the tension in the rope?
a. Zero
b. 400 N
c. 600 N
d. 800 N

Key to answers on page 40

Key to Correction on page 18

Lesson 4 Impulse and Momentum

What do you think is the purpose of a seatbelt?

Does it really prevent us from bumping into the dashboard
of a car? Did you know that it is a lot better for a falling
clay pot to break onto your head than bounce off your
head? Did you know that a “follow through” is very
important in playing golf, baseball, and boxing? Why are
karate experts able to brake several stacks of cement
bricks with their bare hands? Why do we need to strap our
seatbelts when inside a moving vehicle? All these are
concerned with momentum – the inertia of moving objects.

Momentum
Fig. 4.1. Wearing seatbelts
 Which is harder to stop - a massive truck or a
bicycle moving at the same speed? Obviously, the truck
has more momentum than the bicycle. Momentum
means “inertia in motion”. It tells us how difficult it is to
stop a moving object. Operationally, momentum is
defined as the product of mass and velocity. It is
expressed in units like kg-m/s and N-s. In symbols.

p = m
Fig. 4.2. Truck and
where:
Bicycle
p = momentum
m = mass of the moving body
 = velocity of the moving body

A truck, for example has momentum. Since the truck has mass, m and velocity,
v then the momentum of the truck is p. In short p = m x v. A moving bicycle, on the
other hand, has mass, m and velocity, v equals the velocity of the truck. Thus the
momentum of the bicylcle is p. In short; p = m x v. In the case of the car and a
skateboard, the car has greater momentum because it is much more massive than the
skateboard. On the other hand, a truck parked on the side of the road has no
momentum at all. How would you make the momentum of the truck equal to the
momentum of the bicycle initially moving at the same speed?

Fig. 4.3 Car and a skateboard

If we make the
skateboard move

p v
very fast, then its
veloctiy will
increase. In turn, = m x
the magnitude of
its momentum will
increase and will
equal the momentum of the truck. Therefore, an object can have large momentum if its
velocity is increased.

p = m x v

Here’s a sample problem:

Example 1

a) Calculate the momentum of a 30-kg dog running at a speed of 8.0 m/s toward the
west. (b) How fast must a 70-kg person run to have the same momentum as the dog?

Solution:
1.
Given RTF
mdog = 30 kg V
v = 8.0 m/s
mman = 70 kg

2. Equation: p = mv
3. Solution:
p = mv
pdog = pman
mdogvdog = mmanvman
m dog v
vman =
m man

(30kg )(8.0m / s )
vman = 70kg
vman = 3.43 m/s

Impulse: The Change in Momentum

When a moving cart

hits a wall, the cart stops and so
its momentum changes. If the
momentum of an object changes,
either the mass or the velocity, or
both, changes. If the mass of the
object remains constant, as is
often the case, the velocity
Figure 4.4. Car on the road
changes, then acceleration occurs.
This acceleration is produced by an applied force. Hence, whenever a force is applied
on an object, the momentum of the object changes.
 Time of contact or how long the force acts is also a significant factor. Apply a
force briefly to an automobile and it produces a small change in momentum. Apply the
same force for a longer time and a big change in momentum happens. A long-
sustained force produces large change in momentum. Thus, for the momentum of the
object to change, we consider both the applied force and the time of contact.

Impulse is a quantity, which is known as the force multiplied by the time of

contact. If impulse is present, definitely there is a change in momentum.

I = p
where:
I = impulse
p = change in momentum
since I = Ft
where:
F = applied force
T = time of contact

= m
thus: Ft = m

Therefore, the application of force over a certain period of time changes the
momentum of the body. In other words;

Impulse = Change in Momentum

The impulse-momentum relationship is a good tool in analyzing varied

circumstances where momentum is changed. This includes (1) increasing momentum
and (2) decreasing momentum over a long time and decreasing momentum over a
short time.
 What you will do
Activity 4.1 Impulse and Momentum

Objectives
1. To find the relationship between impulse and change in momentum.
2. To determine how impact force works with the time of impact if the change in
momentum is constant.

Materials
2 balls of different masses, 1 raw egg, 1 piece of used fishing net, inclined plane,

Procedure
A.
1. Let your friend roll the ball on an inclined plane placed about 30 o from the
horizontal. Stop the ball at the lower end of the inclined plane.
2. Repeat procedure 1 using the other ball released from the same position. Be
sure that its velocity is the same as that of the first ball just before it is
stopped.
B.
1. Ask a friend to throw the ball twice towards you.
2. The first catch should be done without moving your hands backwards. For
the second throw move your hands backwards. (Note: Be sure that you use
the same ball and that the force exerted by your classmate in throwing the
ball is the same.)

C.
1. Throw a ball horizontally against the concrete wall.
2. Mark the point where the ball first strikes the ground after hitting the wall.
3. From the same position, repeat procedure 1 with greater force.
4. Repeat procedure 2.

D.
1. Using a fishing net, try to catch a raw egg positioned from a height of about 3
meters.
2. Observe what happens.

Guide Questions
A.
1. Which ball is harder to stop? Why?
2. What can you do to make the less massive ball harder to stop than the other
ball?
3. What factors affect the ease or difficulty in stopping objects in motion?
4. Answer Q.1 in terms of momentum.
 B.
1. In which catch do you feel greater stopping force?
2. Compare the amount of the first with the second impact force.
3. In which catch did you notice a stopping force of greater period of time?
4. What relationship exists between impact force and duration of time?

C.
1. In which throw did the ball land farther from the wall?
2. What does longer distance traveled from the wall indicate about the velocity
of the ball after impact with the wall?
3. Compare the momentum of the 1st and 2nd throw of the ball after it leaves the
wall?
4. In which instance is the impact force greater?

Key to answers on page 40

Key to Correction on page 18

Increasing Momentum

A “follow through” is an important thing in playing golf,

baseball, and boxing. “Follow through” helps increase the
momentum of an object. In increasing the momentum of an object,
increasing the force is a requirement. But if the time of contact is
increased the greater the change in momentum occurs – the larger
the impulse.

The forces involved in impulses are usually not uniform,

they vary from instant to instant. A bat, for example, that strikes a
Fig. 4.5. Batter baseball exerts no force until it comes in contact with the baseball.
Then the force increases rapidly as the bat and the baseball are
distorted.

Decreasing Momentum over a Long Time and Decreasing Momentum over a

Short Time

If you were to catch a raw egg with your bare hands while playing egg catch and
throw, how would you do it without breaking the egg? Playing catch and throw is very
familiar to us. Usually we move our hands backward when the object thrown at us
starts touching our hands. Try moving your hands forward and you will end up washing
off the egg yolk from your hands. In these cases momentum is decreased by the same
impulse. The only difference is how long the egg touches the hand. The longer the time
of contact, the lesser the force applied; and the shorter the time of contact, the greater
force is applied.
Ft = Impulse

Ft = Impulse

For this reason, why seatbelts and air bags are used as safety devices in a
vehicle. They make the time of contact between you and the dashboard of the car
longer, which lessens the force of impact.

Conservation of Momentum

If one wishes to change the momentum of an object, impulse must be applied on

it. This impulse must be applied on the object by something located outside the object.
Internal forces, however, are not considered. Try pushing the seat of your car while it is
in motion and it doesn’t affect the motion of the car at all. This is because the force you
have just exerted is an internal force. Internal forces always occur in pairs (Law of
Interaction). They act and react within the body.

Consider a rifle being fired. The force that pushes on the bullet when it is inside
the rifle is equal and opposite to the force that makes the rifle recoil. These forces are
internal to the “system” comprising the rifle and the bullet, so they don’t change the
momentum of the system. The momentum of the rifle, which is at rest, is zero (0) before
firing. Since momentum is a vector quantity, after firing, the momentum of the rifle
cancels the momentum of the bullet. No external force act on the system before and
after firing. This means that no impulse is present to change the momentum of the
system. Momentum is said to be conserved.

Consider a box as our system. Inside the box are a

gun and a bullet. If at this moment the box is at rest,
then the momentum of the box is zero.

If the box is pushed sideward, the momentum

is changed. But if the box remains at rest and the
gun fires the bullet, still the momentum of the box is
zero! Thus we can conclude that the momentum of
the body in the absence of an external force before
and after firing remains unchanged.

The
TheLaw
LawofofConservation
ConservationofofMomentum:
Momentum:
In Figure 4.6. Box
Inthe
theabsence
absenceof
ofan
anexternal
externalforce,
force,the
themomentum
momentumof
ofthe
thesystem
systemremains
remains
unchanged.
unchanged.
 When cars collide, when nuclei decay
and when stars explode, the net momentum
before and after the event is the same. An
explosion is actually a consequence of
Newton’s third law of motion. Since no external
force is applied on the bomb, then the
momentum of the bomb is conserved!

Fig. 4.7 Explosion

What you will do

Self-Test 4.1

1. A bug and a windshield of a fast-moving car collided. Tell whether the following
statements are true or false.

a. The forces of impact on the bug and on the car are the same. __________
b. The impulses on the bug and on the car are the same. ____________
c. The changes in speed of the car and of the bug are the same. ____________
d. The changes in momentum of the bug and of the car are the same.
___________

2. When you ride a bicycle at full speed, which has the greater momentum – you or the
bike?

3. You cannot throw an egg against a wall without breaking it, but you can throw it with
the same speed into a sagging sheet without breaking it. Why?

Key to answers on page 40

Key to Correction on page 18

Let’s summarize

1. Force is described as the interaction between two (2) bodies.

2. Force can either be a contact or a non-contact force.
 3. Contact force is the interaction between two bodies directly touching one another.
4. Non-contact force is the interaction of the fields that exist around the two bodies.
5. The Law of inertia states that a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in
motion will continue to move in a straight line with a constant speed unless an
external force acts on it.
6. Mass is a measure of inertia.
7. The Law of acceleration states that the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force and is in the same direction as the net force but
inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
8. The Law of interaction states that for every action there is an equal but opposite
reaction.
9. Weight is the gravitational attraction exerted by the earth on objects.
10. Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
11. Volume is the measure of space taken up by an object.
12. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. In symbols; p = m x v.
13. If the velocity of a moving object is increased or decreased, the momentum of the
moving body changes.
14. All less massive objects can have the same momentum as that of more massive
objects if these less massive objects will move very fast.
15. For an equivalent change in momentum, the larger the time of impact results to
lesser force. This can be the reason why we use seatbelts and airbags in cars. -
To lessen the impact force!
16. The momentum of a system is conserved if no external force acts on it.
17. Conservation of momentum is also applicable in elastic and inelastic collisions.

Posttest

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. A large truck breaks down on the

road and receives a push back into
town by a small compact car as
shown in the figure below. While the
car, pushing the truck is speeding up
to get up to cruising speed:

a. the amount of force with which the car pushes on the truck is equal to that with
which the truck pushes back on the car.
b. the amount of force with which the car pushes on the truck is smaller than that
with which the truck pushes back on the car
 c. the amount of force with which the car pushes on the truck is greater than that
with which the truck pushes back on the car.
d. the car's engine is running so the car pushes against the truck, but the truck's
engine is not running so the truck cannot push back against the car. The truck is
pushed forward simply because it is in the way of the car.
e. neither the car nor the truck exert any force on the other. The truck is pushed
forward simply because it is in the way of the car.

2. A large truck breaks down on the road and receives a push back into town by a
small compact car as shown in the figure. After the car reaches the constant
cruising speed at which its driver wishes to push the truck:
a. the amount of force with
which the car pushes on the
truck is equal to that with
which the truck pushes back
on the car.
b. the amount of force with
which the car pushes on the truck is smaller than that with which the truck
pushes back on the car.
c. the amount of force with which the car pushes on the truck is greater than that
with which the truck pushes back on the car.
d. the car's engine is running so the car pushes against the truck, but the truck's
engine is not running so the truck cannot push back against the car. The truck is
pushed forward simply because it is in the way of the car.
e. neither the car nor the truck exerts any force on the other. The truck is pushed
forward simply because it is in the way of the car.

3. Student "a" has a mass of 95 kg and student "b" has a mass of 77 kg. They sit in
identical office chairs facing each other. Student "a" places his bare feet on the
knees of student "b", as shown. Student "a" then
suddenly pushes outward with his feet, causing both
chairs to move. During the push and while the
students are still touching one another:
a. neither student exerts a force on the other.
b. student "a" exerts a force on student "b", but "b"
does not exert any force on "a".
c. each student exerts a force on the other, but "b"
exerts the larger force.
d. each student exerts a force on the other, but "a"
exerts the larger force.
e. each student exerts the same amount of force on the other.

4. As a 500 N lady sits on the floor, the floor exerts a force on her equal
to______________.
a. 1000 N
b. 500 N
 c. 250 N
d. 50 N

5. An unfortunate bug splatters against the windshield of a moving car. Compared to

the force of the car on the bug, the force of the bug on the car is _____________.
a. larger
b. smaller
c. the same

6. An unfortunate bug splatters against the windshield of a moving car. Compared to

the deceleration of the car on the bug, the deceleration of the bug on the car is
_____________.
a. larger
b. smaller
c. the same

7. The force required to maintain an object at a constant speed in free space is equal
to ________________.
 a. zero c. the weight of the object
b. the mass of the object d. the force required to stop it

8. You would have the largest mass of gold if your chunk of gold weighed 1 N on the
__________.
a. Moon c. planet Jupiter
b. earth

9. An object weighs 30 N on earth. A second object weighs 30 N on the moon. Which has
greater mass?
a. The one on earth
b. The one on the moon
c. They have the same mass

10. Which has more mass, a kilogram of feathers or a kilogram of iron?

a. feathers
b. iron
c. They both have the same mass
11. A rifle with a muzzle velocity of 100 m/s is fired horizontally from a tower. Neglecting air
resistance, where will the bullet be 1 second later?
a. 50 m range
b. 98 m range
c. 100 m range
d. 490 m range

12. The reason a ball rolls down a slope is ______________.

a. there is no friction between the ball and the slope
b. gravity acts parallel to the slope pulling it along
c. there is a component of weight parallel to the slope
d. the ball is being pushed along by an unknown force

13. A Ping-pong gun is fired. Compared to the force on the ball, the force on the gun is
_____________.
a. larger
b. smaller
c. the same

14. A Ping-pong gun is fired. Compared to the impulse on the ball, the impulse on the gun is
______________.
a. larger
b. smaller
c. the same

15. Suppose a gun is made of a strong but very light materials. Suppose also that the bullet is
more massive than the gun itself. For such a weapon ________________.
a. the target would be a safer place than where the shooter is located
b. recoil problems would be lessened
c. conservation of energy would not hold
d. conservation of momentum would not hold.

16. Which has more momentum, a large truck moving at 30 km/h or a small truck moving at
30 km/h?
a. large truck
b. small truck
c. Both have the same momentum.

17. The momentum change of an object is equal to the ______________.

a. force acting on it
b. impulse acting on it
c. velocity change of the object
d. force acting on it times its velocity
e. object’s mass times the force acting on it
18. A heavy object and a light object are released from rest at the same height and time in a
vacuum. As they fall, they have equal _____________.
a. weights
b. momenta
c. energies
d. acceleration

19. Which of the following is the correct description of momentum?

a. The product of force and time
b. The change in velocity per unit time
c. The product of force and distance
d. The product of mass and velocity

20. Which of the following is the correct unit of momentum?

a. N.m2
b. N/m2
c. N.s
d. N/s2

Key to answers on page 42

Key to Correction on page 18

Key to answers

Pretest

1. C 11. C
2. D 12. B
3. C 13. B
4. A 14. C
5. A 15. A
6. B 16. C
7. C 17. B
8. A 18. D
9. A 19. B
10. C 20. B
Lesson 1

Activity 1.2

1. chair, paper and bag

2. Yes. There was contact between me and the object

Self-Test 1.1
1. F 6. nF
2. F 7. F
3. nF 8. F
4. nF 9. nF
5. nF 10. F
Lesson 2

Activity 2.1
1. yes 4. ball stopped moving
2. contact force 5. friction
3. no

Activity 2.2
1. The one with 4 books 3. The one on the rough floor
2. The one with 4 books 4. The one on the rough floor

Self-Test 2.1
1. A 4. C
2. C 5. D
3. A

Lesson 3

Activity 3.1
1. Galileo A. Galilee 5. Uniformly Accelerated Motion
2. February 15, 1564 at Pisa, 6. Galileo was recanted and condemned to a
Italy penance of psalm recitation
3. University of Pisa 7. 77 years
4. Wrangler

Activity 3.2
1. The hoop should be removed very quickly.
2. If the hoop is removed very quickly, contact force is only applied on the hoop
and not on the nuts leaving the nuts undisturbed.

Self-Test 3.1
Given:
a = 2.5 m/s2
 F = 500 N = 500 kg m/s2
RTF: m
Solution:

F
m
a
m
500kg
m s2
m
2. 5 2
s
m = 200 kg

Self-Test 3.2
1. Action Force: Push of the rocket on the ground
Reaction Force: Push of the ground on the rocket.

Self-Test 3.3
1. C 6. B
2. D 7. A
3. A 8. C
4. A 9. C
5. C 10. B
Lesson 4
Activity 4.1

A.
1. The more massive ball
2. Let the ball roll slowly or slower
3. Momentum of an object depends on its mass and velocity.
4. The lesser the momentum of an object the easier it is to stop.
B.
1. The one on which the hands were not moved backwards.
2. The first throw has greater impact force
3. The 2nd throw
4. The longer the time the lesser the impact force
C.
1. The one with greater time
2. The longer the distance means the more velocity it has.
3. The first throw has lesser momentum
4. The first throw.

Self Test.4.1

1. a) True b) True c) False d) False

2. It depends on which has greater mass
3. It makes the time of contact longer thereby decreasing the impact force.
 Lesson 1

Activity 1.1

Johannas
No. __3__ Philoponu Hey guys look at this. If
All right! And when that
s I exert an impetus an
impetus diminishes motion
(550 A.D.) object moves. Ha! A
also diminishes. When the
new discovery indeed!
impetus is removed, the
Impetus keeps a body
object stops moving!
moving.
No. __1__ No. __2__
No. __1__

Aristotle Let’s not call it an impetus anymore.

I don’t think that the force is Instead a force. I believe that force
proportional to the velocity. All I know affects the velocity of moving
is that the velocity remains constant if objects. Thus, force is proportional
No. __5__ there is no force including friction is to the velocity. If no force is applied
applied. Force that affects vertical no velocity for an object. Thus, the
motion creates constant acceleration. object is at rest.
No. __4__ No. __3__
Newton

What if I push an object, which is already moving

No. __4__
horizontally? Isn’t it that its velocity would also change and
acceleration will be created? Thus, force would cause
acceleration in horizontal motion, the natural acceleration
actually observed in vertical motion must be the result of a
Galileo vertical force on the body. Without this force the natural
vertical motion would also be at a constant speed, just like
natural horizontal motion. This vertical force is of course the
No. __2__ Jean force of gravity. No. __5__
Buriden
(355
A.D.)
Posttest

1. A 11. C
2. A 12. C
3. E 13. C
4. B 14. C
5. C 15. A
6. A 16. A
7. A 17. B
8. A 18. D
9. B 19. D
10. C 20. C
 Science and Technology IV
Morales, MPE

- End of Module -

References:

Carter, J. (1974).Physical science:a problem-solving approach. Massachusetts: Gin and Company.

Cohen, M. (1992). Discover science. Metro Manila: Academe Publishing House.

Halliday, D., Resnick, R. and Krane, K. (1994). Fundamentals of physics. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Hewitt, P. (1989). Conceptual physics (6th Ed.) London: Scoot, Foresman and Company

Heuvelen, A. (1986). Physics: a general introduction (2nd Edition). Sta. Cruz, Manila: UNI-ED Inc.,

Jones, E. and Childers, R. (1999). Contemporary college physics. New York: Mc Craw-Hill Co.

Morales, M.P. (2000). Worktext in physical sciences. Manila: PNU Press.

Young, Hugh. D. (1996). University physics (9th Edition). NY : Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.

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