Mobile Programming

Chapter 5

5. Android Data Storage

5.1. Shared Preferences
In android, Shared Preferences are used to save and retrieve the primitive data types (integer, float, Boolean,
string, long) data in the form of key-value pair from a file within an apps file structure.The Shared
Preferences object will point to a file that contains a key-value pairs and provides a simple read and write methods
to save and retrieve the key-value pairs from a file. The Shared Preferences file is managed by an android
framework and it can be accessed anywhere within the app to read or write data into the file, but it’s not possible to
access the file from any other app so it’s secured. The Shared Preferences are useful to store the small collection of
key-values such as user’s login information, app preferences related to users, etc. to maintain the state of app, next
time when they login again to the app.
Handle a Shared Preferences
In android, we can save the preferences data either in single or multiple files based on our requirements.
In case if we use single file to save the preferences, then we need to use  getPreferences() method to get the
values from Shared Preferences file and for multiple files we need to call a getSharedPreferences() method and
pass a file name as a parameter.
 

Method Description

getPreferences() This method is for activity level preferences and each activity will have it's
own preference file and by default this method retrieves a default shared
preference file that belongs to the activity.

getSharedPreferences() This method is useful to get the values from multiple shared preference files
by passing the name as parameter to identify the file. We can call this from
any Context in our app.

Following are the different ways to initialize the Shared Preferences in our application.
If we are using single shared preference file for our activity, then we need to initialize
the SharedPreferences object by using getPreferences() method like as shown below.
  SharedPreferences sharedPref = getPreferences(Context.MODE_PRIVATE);
In case, if we are using multiple shared preference files, then we need to initialize the  SharedPreferences object
by using getSharedPreferences() method like as shown below.
 
SharedPreferences sharedPref = getSharedPreferences("filename1",Context.MODE_PRIVATE);

Here, the name “filename1” is the preference file, which we want to read the values based on our requirements
and the context mode MODE_PRIVATE, will make sure that the file can be accessed only within our application.
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Write to Shared Preferences

To store a data in shared preference file, we need an editor to edit and save the changes in SharedPreferences object.
Following is the code snippet to store the data in shared preference file using editor.
 
SharedPreferences sharedPref = getPreferences(Context.MODE_PRIVATE);
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sharedPref.edit();
editor.putBoolean("keyname",true);editor.putString("keyname","string value");
editor.putInt("keyname","int value");editor.putFloat("keyname","float value");
editor.putLong("keyname","long value");editor.commit();

If you observe above code snippet, we created a SharedPreferences.Editor by calling the edit() method

of SharedPreferences object. We added a primitive data type values such as integer, float, long, string and
Boolean by passing the keys and values to the methods putInt(), putString(), etc. based on our requirements.
After that, to save all the changes we are calling commit() method.
Read from Shared Preferences
To read or retrieve a values from Shared Preferences file, we need to call a methods such as  getInt(), getString(), etc.
by providing the key for the value which we want to get like as shown below.
 
SharedPreferences pref = getPreferences(Context.MODE_PRIVATE);
pref.getString("keyname",null);pref.getInt("keyname",0);pref.getFloat("keyname",0);
pref.getBoolean("keyname",true); pref.getLong("keyname",0);

If you observe above code snippet, we are getting the values from shared preferences using a methods such
as getInt(), getFloat(), etc. by providing the key for the value which we want to get.
Deleting from Shared Preferences
To delete a value from Shared Preferences file, we need to call a remove() method by providing the key for the
value which we want to delete like as shown below.
 
SharedPreferences pref = getPreferences(Context.MODE_PRIVATE);
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = pref.edit();
editor.remove("keyname");editor.commit();

If you observe above code snippet, we are deleting the values from shared preferences using a method
called remove() by providing the key for the value which we want to delete and committing the changes to shared
preferences file using commit() method.
Clearing from Shared Preferences
We can clear all the data from Shared Preferences file using clear() method like as shown below.
 

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SharedPreferences pref = getPreferences(Context.MODE_PRIVATE);

SharedPreferences.Editor editor = pref.edit();
editor.clear();editor.commit();

If you observe above code snippet, we are clearing all the values from shared preferences using a method
called clear() and committing the changes to shared preferences file using commit() method.
 Now we will see how to store and retrieve primitive data type key-value pairs in shared preferences file
using SharedPreferences object in android application with examples.
Android Shared Preferences Example
Following is the example of storing and retrieving the primitive data type values from shared preferences file
using SharedPreferences.
 Create a new android application using android studio and give names as SharedPreferencesExample. In case if
you are not aware of creating an app in android studio check this article Android Hello World App.
 Once we create an application, open activity_main.xml file from \res\layout folder path and write the code like
as shown below.
activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/fstTxt"        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"        android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="150dp"        android:text="UserName" />
    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/txtName"        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"        android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"      android:ems="10"/>
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/secTxt"       android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"  android:text="Password"  android:layout_marginLeft="100dp" /
>
    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/txtPwd"        android:inputType="textPassword"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"        android:ems="10" />
    <Button
        android:id="@+id/btnLogin"        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"    android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"      android:text="Login" />
</LinearLayout>
Now we will create another layout resource file details.xml in \res\layout path to get the
first activity (activity_main.xml) details in second activity file for that right click on your layout folder  Go
to New  select Layout Resource File and give name as details.xml.
 Once we create a new layout resource file details.xml, open it and write the code like as shown below
details.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"       android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:id="@+id/resultView"        android:layout_gravity="center"
        android:layout_marginTop="170dp"        android:textSize="20dp"/>
    <Button
        android:id="@+id/btnLogOut"        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"        android:layout_gravity="center"
        android:layout_marginTop="20dp"        android:text="Log Out" />
</LinearLayout>
Now open your main activity file MainActivity.java from \java\com.example.sharedpreferencesexample path
and write the code like as shown below
MainActivity.java
import android.content.*;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.*;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    EditText uname, pwd;
    Button loginBtn;
    SharedPreferences pref;
    Intent intent;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        uname = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtName);
        pwd = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtPwd);
        loginBtn = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btnLogin);
        pref = getSharedPreferences("user_details",MODE_PRIVATE);
        intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this,DetailsActivity.class);
        if(pref.contains("username") && pref.contains("password")){
            startActivity(intent);
        }
        loginBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                String username = uname.getText().toString();
                String password = pwd.getText().toString();
                if(username.equals("abebe") && password.equals("abc123")){
                    SharedPreferences.Editor editor = pref.edit();
                    editor.putString("username",username);
                    editor.putString("password",password);
                    editor.commit();
                    Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Login Successful",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
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                    startActivity(intent);
                }
                else     {
                    Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Credentials are not
valid",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                }    }     });
    }
}
If you observe above code, we are checking whether the entered username and password details matching or not
based on that we are saving the details in shared preferences file and redirecting the user to another activity.
 
Now we will create another activity file DetailsActivity.java in \java\
com.examplw.sharedpreferencesexample path to show the details from shared preference file for that right click
on your application folder  Go to New  select JavaClass and give name as DetailsActivity.java.
 
Once we create a new activity file DetailsActivity.java, open it and write the code like as shown below
DetailsActivity.java
import android.content.*;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.*;
public class DetailsActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    SharedPreferences prf;
    Intent intent;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.details);
        TextView result = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.resultView);
        Button btnLogOut = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btnLogOut);
        prf = getSharedPreferences("user_details",MODE_PRIVATE);
        intent = new Intent(DetailsActivity.this,MainActivity.class);
        result.setText("Hello, "+prf.getString("username",null));
        btnLogOut.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                SharedPreferences.Editor editor = prf.edit();
                editor.clear();
                editor.commit();
                startActivity(intent);
            }
        });
    }
}
Now we need to add this newly created activity in AndroidManifest.xml file in like as shown below.
AndroidManifest.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.sharedpreferencesexample">
    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"   android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher" android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"   android:supportsRtl="true"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
        <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
        <activity android:name=".DetailsActivity" android:label="Shared Preferences - Details"></activity>
    </application>
</manifest>
If you observe above example, we are checking whether the entered user details matching or not based on that we
are saving the user details in shared preferences file and redirecting the user to another activity file
(DetailsActivity.java) to show the users details and added all the activities in AndroidManifest.xml file.

Android Session Management

In android, Session Management is a process which is used to maintain the required values in a session to use it
in application. In android we can manage the logged in user details in session either by storing it in global variables
or in Shared Preferences. In case, if we store the values in global variables, those will be lost whenever the user
closes the application but if we store the values in Shared Preferences, those will be persisted even if the
application is closed by a user.
 In android, Shared Preferences are used to save and retrieve the primitive data types (integer, float, Boolean,
string, long) in the form of key-value pair from a file within an apps file structure.
 To know more about Shared Preferences, check this Android Shared Preferences with Examples .
 Now we will see how to store and retrieve logged in user details from shared preferences file
using SharedPreferences object and clear or delete the stored session values from Shared Preferences file
whenever the user clicks on logout button in android application with examples.

Android Session Management Example

Following is the example of storing and retrieving the logged in user details from shared preferences file
using SharedPreferences and clear the stored session values on logout button click.
 Create a new android application using android studio and give names as SharedPreferencesExample. Once we
create an application, open activity_main.xml file from \res\layout folder path and write the code like as shown
below.

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activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/fstTxt" android:layout_width="wrap_content"   android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginLeft="100dp" android:layout_marginTop="150dp"     android:text="UserName" />
    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/txtName"    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"  android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"      android:ems="10"/>
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/secTxt"   android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"  android:text="Password"  android:layout_marginLeft="100dp" /
>
    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/txtPwd"  android:inputType="textPassword"  android:layout_width="wrap_content"  
android:layout_height="wrap_content"     android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"  android:ems="10" />
    <Button
        android:id="@+id/btnLogin" android:layout_width="wrap_content"ndroid:layout_height="wrap_content
"
        android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"      android:text="Login" />
</LinearLayout>
Now we will create another layout resource file details.xml in \res\layout path to get the
first activity (activity_main.xml) details in second activity file for that right click on your layout folder  Go
to New  select Layout Resource File and give name as details.xml.
 Once we create a new layout resource file details.xml, open it and write the code like as shown below
details.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"  android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:textSize="20dp"
        android:id="@+id/resultView"  android:layout_gravity="center"  android:layout_marginTop="170dp"/>
    <Button
        android:id="@+id/btnLogOut"       android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"        android:layout_gravity="center"
        android:layout_marginTop="20dp"       android:text="Log Out" />
</LinearLayout>
Now open your main activity file MainActivity.java from \java\com.example.sharedpreferencesexample path
and write the code like as shown below
MainActivity.java
import android.content.*;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
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import android.view.View;
import android.widget.*;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    EditText uname, pwd;
    Button loginBtn;
    SharedPreferences pref;
    Intent intent;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        uname = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtName);
        pwd = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtPwd);
        loginBtn = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btnLogin);
        pref = getSharedPreferences("user_details",MODE_PRIVATE);
        intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this,DetailsActivity.class);
        if(pref.contains("username") && pref.contains("password")){
            startActivity(intent);
        }
        loginBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                String username = uname.getText().toString();
                String password = pwd.getText().toString();
                if(username.equals("abebe") && password.equals("abc123")){
                    SharedPreferences.Editor editor = pref.edit();
                    editor.putString("username",username);
                    editor.putString("password",password);
                    editor.commit();
                    Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Login Successful",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    startActivity(intent);
                }
                else     {
                    Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Credentials are not
valid",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                }
            }
        });
    }
}
If you observe above code, we are checking whether the entered username and password details matching or not
based on that we are saving the details in shared preferences file and redirecting the user to another  activity.Now
we will create another activity file DetailsActivity.java in \java\
com.example.sharedpreferencesexample path to show the details from shared preference file for that right
click on your application folder  Go to New  select JavaClass and give name as DetailsActivity.java.
Once we create a new activity file DetailsActivity.java, open it and write the code like as shown below
DetailsActivity.java
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import android.content.*;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.*;
public class DetailsActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    SharedPreferences prf;
    Intent intent;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.details);
        TextView result = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.resultView);
        Button btnLogOut = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btnLogOut);
        prf = getSharedPreferences("user_details",MODE_PRIVATE);
        intent = new Intent(DetailsActivity.this,MainActivity.class);
        result.setText("Hello, "+prf.getString("username",null));
        btnLogOut.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                SharedPreferences.Editor editor = prf.edit();
                editor.clear();
                editor.commit();
                startActivity(intent);
            }
        });
    }
}
Now we need to add this newly created activity in AndroidManifest.xml file in like as shown below.
AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.sharedpreferencesexample">
    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"   android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher" android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"   android:supportsRtl="true"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
        <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
        <activity android:name=".DetailsActivity" android:label="Shared Preferences - Details"></activity>
    </application>
</manifest>

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If you observe above example, we are checking whether the entered user details matching or not based on that we
are saving the user details in shared preferences file and redirecting the user to another activity file
(DetailsActivity.java) to show the users details and added all the activities in AndroidManifest.xml file.

5.2. Internal Storage

 In android, Internal Storage is useful to store the data files locally on the device’s internal memory
using FileOutputStream object. After storing the data files in device internal storage, we can read the data file
from device using FileInputStream object.
 The data files saved in internal storage is managed by an android framework and it can be accessed anywhere
within the app to read or write data into the file, but it’s not possible to access the file from any other app so it’s
secured. When the user uninstall the app, automatically these data files will be removed from the device internal
storage.
Write a File to Internal Storage
By using android FileOutputStream object openFileOutput method, we can easily create and write a data to a
file in device’s internal storage.
 Following is the code snippet to create and write a private file to the device internal memory.
 
String FILENAME = "user_details";
String name = "abebe";
FileOutputStream fstream = openFileOutput(FILENAME, Context.MODE_PRIVATE);
fstream.write(name.getBytes());
fstream.close();
If you observe above code, we are creating and writing a file in device internal storage by
using FileOutputStreamobject openFileOutput method with file name and MODE_PRIVATE mode to make
the file private to our application. We used write() method to write the data in file and used close() method to
close the stream.In android, we have a different mode such
as MODE_APPEND, MODE_WORLD_READBLE, MODE_WORLD_WRITEABLE, etc. to use it in our application
based on your requirements.
 Apart from above methods write() and close(), FileOutputStream object is having other methods, those are

Method Description

getChannel() It returns the unique FileChannel object associated with this file output
stream.

getFD() It returns the file descriptor which is associated with the stream.

write(byte[] b, int off, int len) It writes len bytes from the specified byte array starting at offset off to the
file output stream.

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Read a File from Internal Storage

By using android FileInputStream object openFileInput method, we can easily read the file from device’s internal
storage.
 Following is the code snippet to read a data from file which is in device’s internal memory.
 
String FILENAME = "user_details";
FileInputStream fstream = openFileInput(FILENAME);
StringBuffer sbuffer = new StringBuffer();
int i;
while ((i = fstream.read())!= -1){
    sbuffer.append((char)i);
}
fstream.close();

If you observe above code, we are reading a file from device internal storage by using FileInputStream object
openFileInput method with file name. We used read() method to read one character at a time from the file and used
close() method to close the stream.
 Apart from above methods read() and close(), FileInputStream object is having other methods, those are
 

Method Description

getChannel() It returns the unique FileChannel object associated with this file output stream.

getFD() It returns the file descriptor which is associated with the stream.

read(byte[] b, int off, int len) It reads len bytes of data from the specified file input stream into an array of bytes.

Now we will see how to save files directly on the device’s internal memory and read the data files from device
internal memory by using FileOutputStream and FileInputStream objects in android application with examples.

Android Internal Storage Example

Following is the example of storing and retrieving the data files from device’s internal memory by
using FileOutputStream and FileInputStream objects.
 Create a new android application using android studio and give names as InternalStorageExample. In case if
you are not aware of creating an app in android studio check this article Android Hello World App.
 Once we create an application, open activity_main.xml file from \res\layout folder path and write the code like
as shown below.

activity_main.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/fstTxt"  android:layout_width="wrap_content"  android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"   android:layout_marginTop="150dp"   android:text="UserName" />
    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/txtName"  android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"   android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"   android:ems="10"/>
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/secTxt"  android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Password"   android:layout_marginLeft="100dp" />
    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/txtPwd"   android:inputType="textPassword"    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"  android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"   android:ems="10" />
    <Button
        android:id="@+id/btnSave"      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"    android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"       android:text="Save" />
</LinearLayout>

Now we will create another layout resource file details.xml in \res\layout path to get the first activity
(activity_main.xml) details in second activity file for that right click on your layout folder  Go
to New  select Layout Resource File and give name as details.xml.
 Once we create a new layout resource file details.xml, open it and write the code like as shown below
details.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"   android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:textSize="20dp"
        android:id="@+id/resultView"  android:layout_gravity="center"  android:layout_marginTop="170dp"/>
    <Button
        android:id="@+id/btnBack"        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"  android:layout_gravity="center"  
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android:layout_marginTop="20dp"        android:text="Back" />
</LinearLayout>

Now open your main activity file MainActivity.java from \java\com.example.internalstorageexample path

and write the code like as shown below
MainActivity.java
import android.content.*;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.*;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    EditText uname, pwd;
    Button saveBtn;
    FileOutputStream fstream;
    Intent intent;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        uname = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtName);
        pwd = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtPwd);
        saveBtn = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btnSave);
        saveBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                String username = uname.getText().toString()+"\n";
                String password = pwd.getText().toString();
                try {
                    fstream = openFileOutput("user_details", Context.MODE_PRIVATE);
                    fstream.write(username.getBytes());
                    fstream.write(password.getBytes());
                    fstream.close();

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                Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Details Saved Successfully",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

                    intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this,DetailsActivity.class);
                    startActivity(intent);
                } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        });
    }
}

If you observe above code, we are taking entered username and password details and saving it in device local file
and redirecting the user to another activity.
 Now we will create another activity file DetailsActivity.java in \java\
com.example.internalstorageexample path to show the details from device internal storage for that right click
on your application folder  Go to New  select Java Class and give name as DetailsActivity.java.  Once we
create a new activity file DetailsActivity.java, open it and write the code like as shown below
DetailsActivity.java
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
public class DetailsActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    FileInputStream fstream;
    Intent intent;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

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        setContentView(R.layout.details);
        TextView result = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.resultView);
        Button back = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btnBack);
        try {
            fstream = openFileInput("user_details");
            StringBuffer sbuffer = new StringBuffer();
            int i;
            while ((i = fstream.read())!= -1){
                sbuffer.append((char)i);
            }
            fstream.close();
            String details[] = sbuffer.toString().split("\n");
            result.setText("Name: "+ details[0]+"\nPassword: "+details[1]);
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        back.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                intent = new Intent(DetailsActivity.this,MainActivity.class);
                startActivity(intent);
            }        });    }
}

Now we need to add this newly created activity in AndroidManifest.xml file in like as shown below.
AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.internalstorageexample">
    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"

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        android:supportsRtl="true"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
        <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
        <activity android:name=".DetailsActivity" android:label="Internal Storage - Details"></activity>
    </application>
</manifest>

If you observe above example, we are saving entered details file and redirecting the user to another  activity file
(DetailsActivity.java) to show the users details and added all the activities in AndroidManifest.xml file.

5.3. External Storage

 In android, External Storage is useful to store the data files publicly on the shared external storage
using FileOutputStream object. After storing the data files on external storage, we can read the data file from
external storage media using FileInputStream object. The data files saved in external storage are world-readable
and can be modified by the user when they enable USB mass storage to transfer files on a computer.

Grant Access to External Storage

To read or write files on the external storage, our app must acquire
the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE and READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE system permissions. For that, we need to
add following permissions in android manifest file like as shown below.
 
<manifest>
    ....
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
    ....
</manifest>

Checking External Storage Availability

Before we do any work with external storage, first we need to check whether the media is available or not by
calling getExternalStorageState(). The media might be mounted to a computer, missing, read-only or in some other
state. To get the media status, we need to write the code like as shown below.
 

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boolean Available= false;
boolean Readable= false;
String state = Environment.getExternalStorageState();
if(Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED.equals(state)){
    // Both Read and write operations available
    Available= true;
} else if (Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED_READ_ONLY.equals(state)){
    // Only Read operation available
    Available= true;
    Readable= true;
} else {
    // SD card not mounted
    Available = false;
}
If you observe above code snippet, we used getExternalStorageState() method to know the status of media
mounted to a computer, such as missing, read-only or in some other state.
 In android, by using getExternalStoragePublicDirectory() method we can access the files from appropriate
public directory by passing the type of directory we want, such as DIRECTORY_MUSIC,
DIRECTORY_PICTURES, DIRECTORY_RINGTONES, etc. based on our requirements.
 If we save our files to corresponding media-type public directory, the system's media scanner can properly
categorize our files in the system.
 Following is the example to create a directory for new photo album in the public pictures directory.
 
// Get the directory for the user's public pictures directory.
File file = new File(Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(
        Environment.DIRECTORY_PICTURES), albumName);
if (!file.mkdirs()) {
    Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Directory not created");
}

In case, if we are handling the files that are not intended for other apps to use, then we should use a private storage
directory on the external storage by calling getExternalFilesDir().

Write a File to External Storage

By using android FileOutputStream object and getExternalStoragePublicDirectory method, we can easily
create and write a data to the file in external storage public folders.
 Following is the code snippet to create and write a public file in device Downloads folder.
 
String FILENAME = "user_details";
String name = "abebe";

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File folder = Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS);

File myFile = new File(folder, FILENAME);
FileOutputStream fstream = new FileOutputStream(myFile);

fstream.write(name.getBytes());
fstream.close();

If you observe above code, we are creating and writing a file in device public Downloads folder by
using getExternalStoragePublicDirectory method. We used write() method to write the data in file and
used close()method to close the stream.

Read a File from External Storage

By using android FileInputStream object and getExternalStoragePublicDirectory method, we can easily read the
file from external storage.
 Following is the code snippet to read a data from file which is in downloads folder.
 
String FILENAME = "user_details";
File folder = Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS);
File myFile = new File(folder, FILENAME);
FileInputStream fstream = new FileInputStream(myFile);
StringBuffer sbuffer = new StringBuffer();
int i;
while ((i = fstream.read())!= -1){
    sbuffer.append((char)i);
}
fstream.close();
If you observe above code, we are reading a file from device Downloads folder storage by
using FileInputStreamobject getExternalStoragePublicDirectory method with file name. We
used read() method to read one character at a time from the file and used close() method to close the stream.
 Now we will see how to save or write file to external memory and read the file data from external storage using
android FileInputStream and FileOutputStream objects in android applications with examples.

Android External Storage Example

Following is the example of storing and retrieving the data files from external memory by
using FileOutputStream and FileInputStream objects.
 Create a new android application using android studio and give names as ExternalStorageExample. In case if
you are not aware of creating an app in android studio check this article Android Hello World App.
 Once we create an application, open activity_main.xml file from \res\layout folder path and write the code like
as shown below.
activity_main.xml

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/fstTxt" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"   android:layout_marginTop="150dp"   android:text="UserName" />
    <EditText
    android:id="@+id/txtName"  android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"       android:ems="10"/>
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/secTxt"  android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Password"     android:layout_marginLeft="100dp" />
    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/txtPwd" android:inputType="textPassword"     android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"   android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"      android:ems="10" />
    <Button
     android:id="@+id/btnSave" android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"        android:text="Save" />
</LinearLayout>

Now we will create another layout resource file details.xml in \res\layout path to get the

first activity(activity_main.xml) details in second activity file for that right click on your layout folder  Go
to New  select Layout Resource File and give name as details.xml.
 Once we create a new layout resource file details.xml, open it and write the code like as shown below
details.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"   android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:textSize="20dp"
        android:id="@+id/resultView"   android:layout_gravity="center" android:layout_marginTop="170dp" />
    <Button
     android:id="@+id/btnBack"  android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"

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        android:layout_gravity="center"     android:layout_marginTop="20dp"      android:text="Back" />
</LinearLayout>

Now open your main activity file MainActivity.java from \java\com.example.externalstorageexample path

and write the code like as shown below
MainActivity.java
package com.example.externalstorageexample;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.*;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    EditText uname, pwd;
    Button saveBtn;
    FileOutputStream fstream;
    Intent intent;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        uname = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtName);
        pwd = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtPwd);
        saveBtn = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btnSave);
        saveBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                String username = uname.getText().toString()+"\n";
                String password = pwd.getText().toString();

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                try {
                    ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(MainActivity.this, new String[]
{android.Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE},23);
                    File folder =
Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS);
                    File myFile = new File(folder,"user_details");
                    fstream = new FileOutputStream(myFile);
                    fstream.write(username.getBytes());
                    fstream.write(password.getBytes());
                    fstream.close();
                    Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Details Saved in
"+myFile.getAbsolutePath(),Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this,DetailsActivity.class);
                    startActivity(intent);
                } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        });
    }
}

If you observe above code, we are taking entered username and password details and saving it in device external
memory and redirecting the user to another activity.
 Now we will create another activity file DetailsActivity.java in \java\com.example.externalstorageexample path to
show the details from external storage for that right click on your application folder  Go to New  select Java
Class and give name as DetailsActivity.java.
 Once we create a new activity file DetailsActivity.java, open it and write the code like as shown below
DetailsActivity.java
package com.example.externalstorageexample;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;

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import android.view.View;
import android.widget.*;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
public class DetailsActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    FileInputStream fstream;
    Intent intent;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.details);
        TextView result = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.resultView);
        Button back = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btnBack);
        try {
            File folder = Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS);
            File myFile = new File(folder,"user_details");
            fstream = new FileInputStream(myFile);
            StringBuffer sbuffer = new StringBuffer();
            int i;
            while ((i = fstream.read())!= -1){
                sbuffer.append((char)i);
            }
            fstream.close();
            String details[] = sbuffer.toString().split("\n");
            result.setText("Name: "+ details[0]+"\nPassword: "+details[1]);
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        back.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override

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            public void onClick(View v) {
                intent = new Intent(DetailsActivity.this,MainActivity.class);
                startActivity(intent);
            }
        });
    }
}

Now we need to add this newly created activity in AndroidManifest.xml file in like as shown below.
AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.externalstorageexample">
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
        android:supportsRtl="true"
        android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
        <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
        <activity android:name=".DetailsActivity" android:label="External Storage - Details"></activity>
    </application>
</manifest>

If you observe above example, we are saving entered details file and redirecting the user to another  activity file
(DetailsActivity.java) to show the users details and added all the activities in AndroidManifest.xml file.

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5.4. SQLite

 SQLite is an open source light weight relational database management system (RDBMS) used to perform database
operations, such as storing, updating, retrieving data from database. In our android applications Shared
Preferences, Internal Storage and External Storage options are useful to store and maintain the small amount of
data. In case, if we want to deal with large amount of data, then SQLite database is the preferable option to store
and maintain the data in structured format.
 By default, Android comes with built-in SQLite Database support so we don’t need to do any configurations.
 Just like we save the files on device’s internal storage, Android stores our database in a private disk space that’s
associated to our application and the data is secure, because by default this area is not accessible to other
applications.
 The package android.database.sqlite contains all the required API’s to use SQLite database in our android
applications.
 Now we will see how to create database and required tables in SQLite and perform CRUD (insert, update, delete
and select) operations in android applications.

Create Database and Tables using SQLite Helper

In android, by using SQLiteOpenHelper class we can easily create required database and tables for our
application. To use SQLiteOpenHelper, we need to create a subclass that overrides
the onCreate() and onUpgrade() call-back methods.
Following is the code snippet of creating database and tables using SQLiteOpenHelper class in our android
application.
 
public class DbHandler extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
    private static final int DB_VERSION = 1;
    private static final String DB_NAME = "usersdb";
    private static final String TABLE_Users = "userdetails";
    private static final String KEY_ID = "id";
    private static final String KEY_NAME = "name";
    private static final String KEY_LOC = "location";
    private static final String KEY_DESG = "designation";
    public DbHandler(Context context){
        super(context,DB_NAME, null, DB_VERSION);
    }
    @Override
    public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db){
        String CREATE_TABLE = "CREATE TABLE " + TABLE_Users + "("
                + KEY_ID + " INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT," + KEY_NAME + " TEXT,"
                + KEY_LOC + " TEXT,"
                + KEY_DESG + " TEXT"+ ")";
        db.execSQL(CREATE_TABLE);
    }
    @Override
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    public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion){

        // Drop older table if exist
        db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + TABLE_Users);
        // Create tables again
        onCreate(db);
    }
}
If you observe above code snippet, we are creating database “ usersdb” and table “userdetails”
using SQLiteOpenHelper class by overriding onCreate and onUpgrade methods.
 

Method Description

onCreate() This method is called only once throughout the application after database is created and the table
creation statements can be written in this method.

onUpgrade( This method is called whenever there is an updation in database like modifying the table
) structure, adding constraints to database, etc.

Now we will see how to perform CRUD (create, read, delete and update) operations in android applications.

Insert Data into SQLite Database

In android, we can insert data into SQLite database by passing ContentValues to insert() method.The following
code snippet shows how to insert data into SQLite database using insert() method.
 
//Get the Data Repository in write mode
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
//Create a new map of values, where column names are the keys
ContentValues cValues = new ContentValues();
cValues.put(KEY_NAME, name);
cValues.put(KEY_LOC, location);
cValues.put(KEY_DESG, designation);
// Insert the new row, returning the primary key value of the new row
long newRowId = db.insert(TABLE_Users,null, cValues);

If you observe above code, we are getting the data repository in write mode and adding required values to columns
and inserting into database.
Read the Data from SQLite Database
In android, we can read the data from SQLite database using query() method.The following code snippet shows
how to read the data from SQLite Database using query() method.
 

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//Get the Data Repository in write mode

SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
Cursor cursor = db.query(TABLE_Users, new String[]
{KEY_NAME, KEY_LOC, KEY_DESG}, KEY_ID+ "=?",new String[]{String.valueOf(userid)},null, null, null, null);

If you observe above code, we are getting the details from required table using query() method based on our
requirements.
Update Data in SQLite Database
In android, we can update the data in SQLite database using update() method in android applications.The
following code snippet shows how to update the data in SQLite database using update() method.
 
//Get the Data Repository in write mode
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues cVals = new ContentValues();
cVals.put(KEY_LOC, location);
cVals.put(KEY_DESG, designation);
int count = db.update(TABLE_Users, cVals, KEY_ID+" = ?",new String[]{String.valueOf(id)});

If you observe above code, we are updating the details using update() method based on our requirements.
Delete Data from SQLite Database
In android, we can delete data from SQLite database using delete() method.The following code snippet shows
how to delete the data from SQLite database using delete() method.
 
//Get the Data Repository in write mode
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
db.delete(TABLE_Users, KEY_ID+" = ?",new String[]{String.valueOf(userid)});

If you observe above code, we are deleting the details using delete() method based on our requirements.Now we
will see how to create SQLite database and perform CRUD (insert, update, delete, select) operations on  SQLite
Database in android application with examples.

Android SQLite Database Example

Following is the example of creating the SQLite database, insert and show the details from SQLite database
into android listview using SQLiteOpenHelper class.
Create a new android application using android studio and give names as SQLiteExample. Once we create an
application, create a class file DbHandler.java in \java\com.example.sqliteexample path to implement SQLite
database related activities for that right click on your application folder  Go to New  select Java Class and
give name as DbHandler.java.

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 Once we create a new class file DbHandler.java, open it and write the code like as shown below
DbHandler.java
import android.content.*;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
public class DbHandler extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
    private static final int DB_VERSION = 1;
    private static final String DB_NAME = "usersdb";
    private static final String TABLE_Users = "userdetails";
    private static final String KEY_ID = "id";
    private static final String KEY_NAME = "name";
    private static final String KEY_LOC = "location";
    private static final String KEY_DESG = "designation";
    public DbHandler(Context context){
        super(context,DB_NAME, null, DB_VERSION);
    }
    @Override
    public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db){
        String CREATE_TABLE = "CREATE TABLE " + TABLE_Users + "("
                + KEY_ID + " INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT," + KEY_NAME + " TEXT,"
                + KEY_LOC + " TEXT,"
                + KEY_DESG + " TEXT"+ ")";
        db.execSQL(CREATE_TABLE);
    }
    @Override
    public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion){
        // Drop older table if exist
        db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + TABLE_Users);
        // Create tables again
        onCreate(db);
    }
    // **** CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) Operations ***** //

    // Adding new User Details

    void insertUserDetails(String name, String location, String designation){
        //Get the Data Repository in write mode
        SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
        //Create a new map of values, where column names are the keys
        ContentValues cValues = new ContentValues();
        cValues.put(KEY_NAME, name);
        cValues.put(KEY_LOC, location);
        cValues.put(KEY_DESG, designation);
        // Insert the new row, returning the primary key value of the new row
        long newRowId = db.insert(TABLE_Users,null, cValues);
        db.close();
    }
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    // Get User Details

    public ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> GetUsers(){
        SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
        ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> userList = new ArrayList<>();
        String query = "SELECT name, location, designation FROM "+ TABLE_Users;
        Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery(query,null);
        while (cursor.moveToNext()){
            HashMap<String,String> user = new HashMap<>();
            user.put("name",cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY_NAME)));
            user.put("designation",cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY_DESG)));
            user.put("location",cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY_LOC)));
            userList.add(user);
        }
        return  userList;
    }
    // Get User Details based on userid
    public ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> GetUserByUserId(int userid){
        SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
        ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> userList = new ArrayList<>();
        String query = "SELECT name, location, designation FROM "+ TABLE_Users;
        Cursor cursor = db.query(TABLE_Users, new String[]
{KEY_NAME, KEY_LOC, KEY_DESG}, KEY_ID+ "=?",new String[]{String.valueOf(userid)},null, null, null, null);
        if (cursor.moveToNext()){
            HashMap<String,String> user = new HashMap<>();
            user.put("name",cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY_NAME)));
            user.put("designation",cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY_DESG)));
            user.put("location",cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY_LOC)));
            userList.add(user);
        }
        return  userList;
    }
    // Delete User Details
    public void DeleteUser(int userid){
        SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
        db.delete(TABLE_Users, KEY_ID+" = ?",new String[]{String.valueOf(userid)});
        db.close();
    }
    // Update User Details
    public int UpdateUserDetails(String location, String designation, int id){
        SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
        ContentValues cVals = new ContentValues();
        cVals.put(KEY_LOC, location);
        cVals.put(KEY_DESG, designation);
        int count = db.update(TABLE_Users, cVals, KEY_ID+" = ?",new String[]{String.valueOf(id)});
        return  count;
    }
}

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If you observe above code, we implemented all SQLite Database related activities to perform CRUD operations in
android application.Now open activity_main.xml file from \res\layout folder path and write the code like as
shown below.
activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/fstTxt"  android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"    android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="150dp"     android:text="Name" />
    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/txtName"       android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"   android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"      android:ems="10"/>
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/secTxt"     android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"   android:text="Location" android:layout_marginLeft="100dp" />
    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/txtLocation"  android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"    android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"       android:ems="10" />
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/thirdTxt"   android:layout_width="wrap_content"
  android:layout_height="wrap_content"   android:text="Designation" android:layout_marginLeft="100dp" />
    <EditText
        android:id="@+id/txtDesignation"      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"  android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"       android:ems="10" />
    <Button
        android:id="@+id/btnSave"  android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"   android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"      android:text="Save" />
</LinearLayout>
Now we will create another layout resource file details.xml in \res\layout path to show the details in custom
listviewfrom SQLite Database for that right click on your layout folder  Go to New  select Layout Resource
File and give name as details.xml.Once we create a new layout resource file details.xml, open it and write the
code like as shown below
details.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="fill_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical" >
    <ListView
        android:id="@+id/user_list"   android:layout_width="fill_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"    android:dividerHeight="1dp" />
    <Button
        android:id="@+id/btnBack"     android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:text="Back" 

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 android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_gravity="center"android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>
</LinearLayout>
Create an another layout file (list_row.xml) in /res/layout folder to show the data in listview, for that right click
on layout folder  add new Layout resource file  Give name as list_row.xml and write the code like as
shown below.
list_row.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:orientation="horizontal"    android:padding="5dip" >
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/name"  android:layout_width="wrap_content"  android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:textStyle="bold"   android:textSize="17dp" />
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/designation"  android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"   android:layout_below="@id/name"
        android:layout_marginTop="7dp" android:textColor="#343434"   android:textSize="14dp" />
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/location" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"  android:layout_alignBaseline="@+id/designation"
        android:layout_alignBottom="@+id/designation"   android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
        android:textColor="#343434"      android:textSize="14dp" />
</RelativeLayout>
Now open your main activity file MainActivity.java from \java\com.example.sqliteexample path and write
the code like as shown below
MainActivity.java
package com.example.sqliteexample;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    EditText name, loc, desig;
    Button saveBtn;
    Intent intent;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        name = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtName);
        loc = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtLocation);
        desig = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtDesignation);
        saveBtn = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btnSave);
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        saveBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                String username = name.getText().toString()+"\n";
                String location = loc.getText().toString();
                String designation = desig.getText().toString();
                DbHandler dbHandler = new DbHandler(MainActivity.this);
                dbHandler.insertUserDetails(username,location,designation);
                intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this,DetailsActivity.class);
                startActivity(intent);
           Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Details Inserted Successfully",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }
        });
    }
}
If you observe above code, we are taking entered user details and inserting into SQLite database and redirecting
the user to another activity.Now we will create another activity file DetailsActivity.java in \java\
com.example.sqliteexample path to show the details from SQLite database for that right click on your
application folder  Go to New  select Java Class and give name as DetailsActivity.java.Once we create a
new activity file DetailsActivity.java, open it and write the code like as shown below
DetailsActivity.java
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;

public class DetailsActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    Intent intent;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.details);
        DbHandler db = new DbHandler(this);
        ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> userList = db.GetUsers();
        ListView lv = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.user_list);
        ListAdapter adapter = new SimpleAdapter(DetailsActivity.this, userList, R.layout.list_row,new String[]
{"name","designation","location"}, new int[]{R.id.name, R.id.designation, R.id.location});
        lv.setAdapter(adapter);
        Button back = (Button)findViewById(R.id.btnBack);
        back.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                intent = new Intent(DetailsActivity.this,MainActivity.class);
                startActivity(intent);
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            }
        });
    }
}
If you observe above code, we are getting the details from SQLite database and binding the details to android
listview. Now we need to add this newly created activity in AndroidManifest.xml file in like as shown below.
AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.sqliteexample">
    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"        android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
        android:supportsRtl="true"        android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
        <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
        <activity android:name=".DetailsActivity" android:label="SQLite Example - Details"></activity>
    </application>
</manifest>
If you observe above example, we are saving entered details in SQLite database and redirecting the user to
another activity file (DetailsActivity.java) to show the users details and added all the activities
in AndroidManifest.xml file

5.5. Web Service with PHP/Java &MySQL

External Databases are also the data repository for android apps for example apps that provide weather
information, exchange rates, world news etc. MySQL is one of the database tool. Connection between an android
app and mysql can be done through
 Web Services
 JDBC without web services
A web service is a standard used for exchanging information between applications or systems of heterogeneous
type. Software applications written in various programming languages and running on various platforms can use
web services to exchange information over Internet using http protocol.This inter-operability can be achieved
between Java and Dot net applications, or PHP and Java applications.
A WebService is a Consumer_Machine-to-Provider_Machinecollaboration schema that operates over a computer
network. The data exchanges occur independently of the OS, browser, platform,and programming languages used
by the provider and the consumers.A provider may expose multiple EndPoints (sets of WebServices), each
offering any number of typically related functions. WebServices expect the computer network to support standard
Web protocols such as XML, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and SMTP. Example: Weather information, money exchange
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rates, world news, stock market quotation are examples of applications that can be modeledaround the notion of a
remote data-services provider surrounded bycountless consumers tapping on the server’s resources.

Why Web Service?

Here are the reasons for using Web Service:
 Expose method as a service over network: Web service is a chunk of code written in some
programming language (Say C# or Java) that can be invoked remotely through http protocol.
Once the Web methods are exposed publically, any applications can invoke it and use the
functionality of the web methods.
 Application Inter-operability – Connect heterogeneous applications: With the help of web
service, heterogeneos applications (Java and Dot Net / Java and PHP application) can
communicate with each other. Web service written in Java can be invoked from PHP by passing
the required parameters to web methods. This makes the applications platform and technology
independant.
 Standardized protocol: Web Services uses standardized industry standard protocol for the
communication which must be adhered and followed by the applications creating Web Service.
 Cost effective communication: Web service is using SOAP over HTTP protocol for
communication which is much cheaper than systems like B2B.

What is the need of using Web Service in Android applications?

Existing Web applications are in a need of creating mobile applications to show their presence in mobile
platform as well. Almost all web applications are having their Mobile applications created in Android,
iOS or Windows platform.
Exposing the existing functionalities of the applications is bit tough as all the functionalities have to re-
written in the respective platforms.
But it can be easily achieved with much ease by creating Web Service and expose the existing
functionalities as web methods to Mobile platforms.
Here are the few advantages of using Web Service in Android:
 Make client more lightweight:Adding a web service layer makes the client more lightweight,
both in terms of the required CPU power and the bandwidth used during the processing. Most of
the processing to be done in client end can be separated and put inside a web service layer which
will be extremely helpful for end-users in terms of:
1. Using less CPU increases the battery life
2. Using less bandwidth reduces monthly payments over data charge
 Re-usage of existing functionalities:While designing the web service, we could also get
significant benefits by reusing the existing functionalities by exposing them as web methods.
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 Remote DB hit made simple: DB residing remotely can be hit from inside Android applications
through Web Service calls. Making Web Service call from Android applications allows us to add
functionality outside the scope of a DB like caching data, applying business rules over the data
etc.,

Why should the Android developer learn how to create a WebService?

 Simple apps are usually self-contained and do not need to collaborate with other parties to obtain
additional data or services (for instance, think of a scientific calculator)
 However, there are many cases in which the data needed to work with is very extensive, or changes very
often and cannot (should not) be hardcoded into the app. Instead, this kind of data should be requested
from a reliable external source (for instance, what is the Euro-to-Dollar rate of change right now?)
 Another class of apps requires a very high computing power perhaps not available in the mobile device
(think of problems such as finding the shortest/fastest route between to mapped locations, or best air-fare
& route selection for a traveler)
 It is wise for an Android developer to learn how to solve typical problems that exceed the capacities of the
handheld devices. Understanding the possibilities offered by the client-server computing model will make
the developer be a more complete and better professional.
Web Service Architecture
An ideal Webservice provider is designed around four logical layers which define the ways in which data is to be
transported, encoded, exposed and discovered by the users.

The Client Side - Consuming WebServices

There are two widely used forms of invoking and consuming Web Services:

Representational State Transfer (REST)

Closely tie to the HTTP protocol by associating its operation to the common methods: GET, POST, PUT,
DELETE for HTTP/HTTPS.

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This model has a simple invocation mode and little overhead. Service calls rely on a URL which may also carry
arguments. Sender & receiver must understand how they pass data items from one another. As an example: Google
Maps API uses the REST model.
Remote Procedure Call (RPC).
Remote services are seen as coherent collections of discoverable functions (or method calls) stored and exposed by
EndPoint providers. Some implementations of this category include: Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP),
Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), Microsoft's Distributed Component Object Model
(DCOM) and Sun Microsystems's Java/Remote Method Invocation (RMI).
REST vs. SOAP
Although SOAP and REST technologies accomplish the same final goal, that is request and receive a service, there
are various differences between them.
 REST users refer to their remote services through a conventional URL that commonly includes the
location of the (stateless ) server, the service name, the function to be executed and the parameters needed
by the function to operate (if any). Data is transported using HTTP/HTTPS.
 SOAP requires some scripting effort to create an XML envelop in which data travels. An additional
overhead on the receiving end is needed to extract data from the XML envelope. SOAP accepts a variety
of transport
mechanisms, among them HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, etc. SOAP uses WSDL (Web Service Description
Language) for exposing the format and operation of the services. REST lacks an equivalent exploratory tool.

Example 1:Android User Registration with PHP and MySQL (RESTful Web Service)
1. Create the backend web server. Download xampp or wamp.

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2. Test your server by opening  http://localhost and check mysql database server by
opening http://localhost/phpmyadmin
3. Open the mysql database server and create a database called androidtest and table called users.

4. Create a project folder named as test-android under xampp root directory i.e. c:\xampp\htdocs and create
the following php file under your project folder
a. Create database connection using php and save it as db-connect.php
<?php
$host="localhost";
$user="root";
$password='';
$db="androidtest";
$con=mysqli_connect($host,$user,$password,$db);
if(!$con) {
echo '<h1>MySQL Server is not connected</h1>';
}
?>
b. Create a php file that allow you to insert data to users table and name it register.php.
<?php
include("db-connect.php");
if(!$con) {
echo '<h1>MySQL Server is not connected</h1>'.mysqli_connect_error($con);
}else{
$name = $_POST["name"];
$fname = $_POST["fname"];
$email = $_POST["email"];
$password = $_POST["password"];
// Registration
if(!empty($name) && !empty($fname) && !empty($email)&& !empty($password)){
$json_registration=createNewRegisterUser($name,$fname,$email,$password);
echo json_encode($json_registration);
}
}
function createNewRegisterUser($name,$fname,$email,$password){

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include("db-connect.php");
$isExisting=isEmailExist($email);
if($isExisting){
$json['success'] = 0;
$json['message'] = "Error in registering. Probably the username/email already exists";
}else{
$query="insert into users(name,fname,email,password) values ('$name', '$fname',
'$email','$password')";
$inserted = mysqli_query($con, $query);
if($inserted == 1){
$json['success'] = 1;
$json['message'] = "Successfully registered the user";
}else{
$json['success'] = 0;
$json['message'] = "Unable to register the user";
}
mysqli_close($con);
}
return $json;
}
function isEmailExist($email){
include("db-connect.php");
$query="select * from users where email='$email'";
$result=mysqli_query($con, $query);
if(mysqli_num_rows($result) >0){
mysqli_close($con);
return true;
}
return false;
}
?>
5. Open Android Studio and add the following to your app’s build gradle file
android{
…
useLibrary 'org.apache.http.legacy'

}
dependencies{ …
compile "org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.3.2"
}
6. Allow remote connection permission in AndroidManifest.xml file.

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<manifest ...>

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />

7. Create an activity with the name activity_jsonregistration.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".JSONREgistration"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/dbresultmysql"/>
<EditText
android:id="@+id/usernameidmysql"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textPersonName"
android:hint="Name" />

<EditText
android:id="@+id/userfathernameidmysql"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textPersonName"
android:hint="Father Name" />

<EditText
android:id="@+id/useremailidmysql"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textEmailAddress"
android:hint="Email"/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/userpasswordidmysql"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textPassword"
android:hint="PAssword"/>

<Button
android:id="@+id/registeruseridmysql"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Register User"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="81dp"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="73dp" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/viewuseridmysql"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="View User Profile"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="81dp"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="151dp" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/updateuseridmysql"

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android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Update User Profile"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="81dp"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="151dp" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/deleteuseridmysql"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Delete User Profile"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="81dp"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="151dp" />
</LinearLayout>

JSONREgistration.java
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.SharedPreferences;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Toast;
import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import java.util.ArrayList;

public class JSONRegistration extends AppCompatActivity {

Button registerbtn;
EditText emailmysql,namemysql,fnamemysql,passwordmysql;
String name,fname,email,password;
String URL= "http://10.0.2.2/test-android/register.php";
JSONParser jsonParser=new JSONParser();
int i=0;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_jsonregistration);

registerbtn = findViewById(R.id.registeruseridmysql);
emailmysql = findViewById(R.id.useremailidmysql);
namemysql = findViewById(R.id.usernameidmysql);
fnamemysql = findViewById(R.id.userfathernameidmysql);
passwordmysql = findViewById(R.id.userpasswordidmysql);
registerbtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
name = namemysql.getText().toString();
fname = fnamemysql.getText().toString();
email = emailmysql.getText().toString();
password = passwordmysql.getText().toString();
AttemptRegistration attemptRegistration= new AttemptRegistration();
attemptRegistration.execute(name,fname,email,password);

});
}
private class AttemptRegistration extends AsyncTask<String, String, JSONObject> {
@Override
protected void onPreExecute() {
super.onPreExecute();

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}
@Override
protected JSONObject doInBackground(String... args) {
String name = args[0];
String fname=args[1];
String email= args[2];
String password= args[3];
ArrayList params = new ArrayList();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("name", name));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("fname", fname));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("email", email));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", password));
JSONObject json = jsonParser.makeHttpRequest(URL, "POST", params);
return json;
}
protected void onPostExecute(JSONObject result) {
try {
if (result != null) {

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),result.getString("message"),Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
} else {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Unable to retrieve any data from
server", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
} catch (JSONException e) {
Toast.makeText(JSONRegistration.this, e.getMessage(),
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}

8. Create JSONParser class (JSONParser.java)

import android.util.Log;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
import org.apache.http.client.utils.URLEncodedUtils;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class JSONParser {

static InputStream is = null;

static JSONObject jObj = null;
static JSONArray jArr = null;
static String json = "";
static String error = "";

// constructor
public JSONParser() {

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// function get json from url

// by making HTTP POST or GET mehtod
public JSONObject makeHttpRequest(String url, String method,
ArrayList params) {

// Making HTTP request

try {

// check for request method

if(method.equals("POST")){
// request method is POST
// defaultHttpClient
HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params));
try {
Log.e("API123", " "
+convertStreamToString(httpPost.getEntity().getContent()));
Log.e("API123",httpPost.getURI().toString());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpPost);

Log.e("API123",""+httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
error= String.valueOf(httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
HttpEntity httpEntity = httpResponse.getEntity();
is = httpEntity.getContent();

}else if(method.equals("GET")){
// request method is GET
DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
String paramString = URLEncodedUtils.format(params, "utf-8");
url += "?" + paramString;
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);

HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpGet);

HttpEntity httpEntity = httpResponse.getEntity();
is = httpEntity.getContent();
}

} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

try {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
is, "utf-8"), 8);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
String line = null;
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
sb.append(line + "\n");
}
is.close();
json = sb.toString();
Log.d("API123",json);
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e("Buffer Error", "Error converting result " + e.toString());
}

// try to parse the string to a JSON object

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try {
jObj = new JSONObject(json);
jObj.put("error_code",error);
} catch (JSONException e) {
Log.e("JSON Parser", "Error parsing data " + e.toString());
}

// return JSON String

return jObj;

private String convertStreamToString(InputStream is) throws Exception {

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
String line = null;
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
sb.append(line);
}
is.close();
return sb.toString();
}
}

9. Run the application and test the result.

Note:
 Use 10.0.2.2 address in the url(JSONREgistration.java) if you want to test the application using
AVD.
 Use the ip address of the server in the url(JSONREgistration.java) if you want to test the app on
your device(mobile).

Example2: Android User Registration with JDBC (No Web Service)

1. Create an activity called UserRegistrationWithoutWebService

activity_user_registration_without_web_service.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".UserRegistrationWithoutWebService"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/dbresultmysqlnophp"/>
<EditText
android:id="@+id/usernameidmysqlnophp"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textPersonName"
android:hint="Name" />

<EditText
android:id="@+id/userfathernameidmysqlnophp"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"

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android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textPersonName"
android:hint="Father Name" />

<EditText
android:id="@+id/useremailidmysqlnophp"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textEmailAddress"
android:hint="Email"/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/userpasswordidmysqlnophp"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textPassword"
android:hint="Password"/>

<Button
android:id="@+id/registeruseridmysqlnophp"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Register User"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="81dp"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="73dp" />
</LinearLayout>
UserRegistrationWithoutWebService.java
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class UserRegistrationWithoutWebServiceextends AppCompatActivity {

private static final String url = "jdbc:mysql://10.0.2.2:3306/androidtest";

private static final String user = "root";
private static final String pass = "";
Button btnregister;
EditText nametxt,fnametxt,emailtxt,passwordtxt;
TextView resulttv;
String name,fname,email,password;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_user_registration_without_web_service);
resulttv = findViewById(R.id.dbresultmysqlnophp);
btnregister = findViewById(R.id.registeruseridmysqlnophp);
nametxt = findViewById(R.id.usernameidmysqlnophp);
fnametxt = findViewById(R.id.userfathernameidmysqlnophp);
emailtxt = findViewById(R.id.useremailidmysqlnophp);
passwordtxt = findViewById(R.id.userpasswordidmysqlnophp);
btnregister.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {

@Override
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public void onClick(View v) {

// TODO Auto-generated method stub
name=nametxt.getText().toString();
fname=fnametxt.getText().toString();
email=emailtxt.getText().toString();
password=passwordtxt.getText().toString();
RegisterNewUser registernewuser = new RegisterNewUser();
registernewuser.execute("");
}
});
}

private class RegisterNewUser extends AsyncTask<String, Void, String> {

String res = "";

@Override
protected void onPreExecute() {
super.onPreExecute();
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Please wait...",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}

@Override
protected String doInBackground(String... params) {
try {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, pass);
System.out.println("Database Connected!");
String result = "Database Connection Successful\n";
String sql="insert into users values(?,?,?,?)";
PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement(sql);
pstmt.setString(1,name);
pstmt.setString(2,fname);
pstmt.setString(3,email);
pstmt.setString(4,password);
if(pstmt.executeUpdate()>0)
res="User Registered Successfully";
else
res="User not registered!";
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
res = e.toString();
}
return res;
}

@Override
protected void onPostExecute(String result) {
resulttv.setText(result);
}
}

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