R1GID SOLUTIONS
Review School for Civil Engineering
Unit 601, Don Lorenzo Building, P. Paredes St., Sampaloc, Manila
MODULE 3 - HYDRAULICS
Pipes – closed conduit thru which a liquid flows and subjected to Equations Q1 < Q3
pressure 1. Q3 = Q2 + Q1
Hydraulic Gradient – a line that connects the liquid level inside the 2. El. A – El. B= hf1-hf2
piezometer tubes placed at intervals along the pipes. This is the 3. El. B – El. C=hf3+hf2
representation of the total potential energy 4. El. A – El.C= hf1+hf3
Energy Gradient – A line above the hydraulic gradient by an
amount equal to velocity head Problem: 3
Losses in Pipes Reservoir are joined by three pipes as shown.
1. Major Losses – due to skin friction Pipe Diameter Length
2.Minor Losses – due to change in velocity and direction of flow 1 300mm 300m
2 150mm 600m
Major Loss 3 200mm 450m
A. Darcy Weisbach Formula If f = 0.021, find the discharge in each pipe
Elev. 300m
hf = flV2 / 2gD Formula:
hf = 0.0826flQ2 / D5 Hf = flV2/2gD
Hf = 0.0826 flQ2/D5
Elev. 240m
Minor Loss EL. 210m
h =K* V2 /2g
K – coefficient of bending, contraction, enlargement, obstruction,
entrance, outlet and nozzle
Where f = friction factor 210mm
VENTURI METER- an instrument that measures discharge
F = 64 / Nr
Inlet
throatInlet
Nr =Reynolds Number Q
EQUATIONS 2Q Q
Bernoulli’s Energy Equation
Nr = Dv / ν
v12 + p1 + z1 = v22 + p2 + z2
B. Mannings Formula 2g σ 2g σ
Hf = 6.35n2 L V2 / D(4/3)..in terms of velocity p1 - p2 = v22 - v22 + ( z2 - z1)
σ σ 2g 2g
Hf = 10.29 n2 L Q2 / D(16/3).. in terms of discharge
Where n = mannings roughness coefficient 1. Continuity Equation
R = hydraulic radius
S = Slope Q1 = Q 2
Q = Discharge A1v1 = A2v2
A = Cross-sectional Area
V = velocity 3. Pressure Head Equation
C. Hazen William Formula p = σh
Q = 0.278CD2.63 S0.54 h =p/σ
Q actual = C*Q theoretical
THREE RESERVOIRS Qt= Area x Velocity
1. Assume the elevation of Energy Grade Line at the junction C = Cc = Cv
equal to B and solve for Q1 and Q2. Where:
2. Compute Q1 and Q3 and get the correct equation. C = coefficient of discharge
Cc= coefficient of contraction
Cv = coefficient of velocity
Case2
Problem
In a test to determine the discharge coefficient , of a venturi
Case1
meter 100mm x 25mm is installed in a horizontal pipeline
Case3 which is carrying water. By measurement, the total weight of
Equations water passing in the meter in 60 sec , is 0.2 m 3. If the
1. hf1 = elevation A – elevation B #1
#2 difference in mercury reading is 200mm, determine the
2. hf3=elevation B – elevation C venture meter coefficient
If Q1 > Q3
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 #3 Figure:
If Q1 < Q3
Q3 = Q1+Q2
Equations Q1 > Q3
1. Q1 = Q2 + Q3
2. El. A – El. B= hf1+hf2
3. El. B – El. C=hf3-hf2
4. El. A – El.C= hf1+hf3
1 |P a g e
R1GID SOLUTIONS
Review School for Civil Engineering
Unit 601, Don Lorenzo Building, P. Paredes St., Sampaloc, Manila
Due to government water privatization. A bustling metropolitan h
city is now home to substantial and continuous water supply,
while before the supply was only 200L/s on old pipes. It is now
350 L/s running on a new steel pipe network. 1 2
Actual Velocity
Given f = 0.015 (for all pipes except the outlet pipe) V1 V2
Problems:
f = 0.014 for outlet pipe
1. A Pitot static tube shown in the figure directed into a 3 m/s
Figure:
water stream has a gage difference of 20 mm on a water-
PIPE NO.1 = 300M, DIA 202.7MM ( Inlet)
mercury differential manometer. Determine the coefficient for the
PIPE NO.2 = 150M, DIA 202.7MM
tube. (Ct = 1.35)
PIPE NO.3 = 75M, 202.7MM
2. A Pitot tube has a coefficient of 0.98. A pipe has two
PIPE NO.4 = 300M,381MM
piezometers with readings of 4.72 m and 5.67 m of water from
PIPE NO.5 = 450M,303.2MM ( Outlet )
the centerline of the pipe. Determine the velocity of flow. (4.23
m/s)
1. Compute the discharge in the upper branch
2. Compute the discharge in the lower branch
3. Which of the following closely approximates the energy loss
per unit mass between the inlet and the outlet.
Problem : 0.020 m
A reservoir leads to 8 nozzles whose elevation is 210m below
that of a reservoir . The pipe leading to the nozzle is 1.8m in
diameter and 9000m long with f = 0.015. The nozzle diameter is Hg
Water Hammer
100mm with C= Cv = 0.92. Solve for the aggregate horsepower The resulting shock ( pressure rise) in a pipeline caused by the
available? Ans.8190 HP sudden decrease or stoppage of motion.
Problem : For rigid pipes
A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to a
√ EB
reservoir B as shown. The loss of head from A to 1 is 3 times
the velocity head in the 150mm pipe and the loss oh head c=
from 2 to B is 20 times the velocity head in the 100 mm pipe . ρ
When the discharge is 20 Lit / sec For no- rigid pipes
√[
1. Compute the horsepower output of the pump in kilowatts?
Ans.48.43KW EB
2. Compute the pressure head at 1 Ans.19.74m c=
3. Compute the pressure head at 2. Ans.266.29m
ρ 1+
EB d
Et ]
2L
T=
c
Instantaneous Closure (tc = 0)
ph=ρcυ
Rapid Closure (tc < 2L/c)
ph=ρcυ
Slow Closure (tc > 2L/c)
2 L υρ
ph=
tc
Problem Problem
The figure shows a siphon discharging from a reservoir into the The elasticity and dimensions of a pipe are such that the celerity
atmosphere . The pipe diameter is 6in. The loss of head is of pressure wave is 975 m/s. The pipe diameter is 1.2 m. and a
1.2V2/2g from A to summit and 1.4V 2/2g from the summit to B. If valve is located 600 m. downstream. Water is flowing initially at
a and b are 6ft and 20 ft respectively. 0.85 m3/s.
Compute the discharge if the 1. Find the water hammer pressure for instantaneous valve
fluid is brine (1.15)? closure.
Ans.3.7cfs 2. What is the approximate water – hammer pressure if the valve
is closed in 4 sec.
The absolute pressure at the 3. What is the water – hammer pressure if the valve is
summit is equal to: Ans.7.45psi manipulated so that the flow rate drops almost instantly from
0.85 to 0.28 m3/s.
TUBES
PITOT TUBE – an L-shaped or U-shaped tube with both ends
open which is used to measure the velocity of fluid flow.
Theoretical velocity
2 |P a g e
