Single-stage isolated and bidirectional AC-DC converter suitable for

ancillary services supply

José Carlos U. Peña

Damian Sal y Rosas Celi
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería
Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Rimac
Tel.: +51/1-4811070
Lima, Peru
jugazp@uni.pe
dsalyrosas@uni.edu.pe

Marcos Lafoz Pastor

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
Avda. Complutense, 40 – 28040, Madrid
Tel.: + 913-357158
Madrid, Spain
marcos.lafoz@ciemat.es

Acknowledgements
The authors thank the financial support given to the development of this work by CONCYTEC-
FONDECYT, contract 031-2019.

Keywords
« AC-DC converter», « Isolated converter», « Bi-directional converters», « Battery charger», « Ancillary
services»

Abstract
This work introduces a single-stage, bidirectional, isolated AC-DC converter with capability to supply
ancillary services to grid. The converter is based on a simplification of the two-stages configuration
where the power is transferred to grid by means of the low frequency components of the VSI voltage
meanwhile high frequency components are filtrated. In the proposed converter, high frequency
components of the VSI voltage are exploited for isolated power transfer to the DC by means of high Q
resonant tanks and an additional phase-shift modulated active bridge. The proposed converter operates
under similar principles to the two-stages configuration but with lower component count. This way, DC
link capacitor is still present, and it is designed to provide virtual inertia to grid. This is accomplished
by an additional outer control loop that links frequency variations to the DC voltage control reference.
Thus, the proposed converter is able to perform isolated and bidirectional AC-DC conversion and to
provide the ancillary service of Virtual Inertia to the grid. Simulation results of a 2.4 kW system are
presented.

Introduction
The growing popularity of electric vehicles has come along with the spread of charging stations,
specially, fast charging stations. Increasing power capacity and attend to normative requirements are not
the only challenges for charging stations manufacturers. To fully exploit the potential of such
widespread facilities, charging stations are expected to provide ancillary services to grid, leading to the
Vehicle to grid concept (V2G). In this context, bidirectional power flow, galvanic isolation, control of
DC voltage and current key features for power converters intended for modern V2G applications. High
frequency (HF) isolation is preferred since it leads to reduced size and weight. Besides the well-known
"reactive power supply" and "voltage control", the current trend in ancillary services is to provide
frequency support by means of virtual inertia [1].

The two stages configuration is the most common setup for bidirectional, isolated AC-DC conversion.
It is composed by a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) to interface the grid and provide an intermediate
regulated DC bus, and a Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter at the DC side [2], [3]. This configuration
has many advantages such as simple control and ZVS at the DAB [4]. More recently, virtual inertia
strategies, based in VSI under two stages configuration, have been reported in [5]–[7]. However, several
authors have introduced single-stage configurations aiming to improve efficiency and reduce the
converter size, weight, and cost [8]. Most of these single-stage converters, such as [9]–[11] consider the
substitution of the VSI by a cyclo-converter to perform direct AC-AC conversion; this way intermediate
bulk capacitor is no longer required, and it is possible to achieve ZVS in all switches. Nevertheless,
direct AC-AC conversion requires bi-directional switches, and the modulation produces low frequency
ripple in the output current, which increases the batteries temperature [12]. Moreover, inertia emulation
requires an intermediate DC bus (with increased capacitance) to store the energy that will be released
during a frequency event [5], [13], [14]. Thus, despite the intermediate capacitor has a major impact on
the overall size and weight of the converter, the current trend to use the distributed converters for virtual
inertia supply has given renewed attention to the utilization of electrolytic capacitors.

On the other hand, direct utilization of the high frequency components of the VSI voltage for isolated
power transfer has been reported in [15], [16]. In [15] the leg-to-leg voltage is connected to the primary
side of the isolation transformer through LC tank with low quality factor. On the secondary, a
synchronous rectifier performs AC-DC conversion, resulting single-stage converter with unidirectional
power flow. In [16], authors introduce a novel single-stage converter that exploits the possibility to use
the fundamental switching component of the VSI voltage for bi-directional, isolated power transfer,
resulting in lower switches count (10 in front of 14) than the two stages configuration and simplified
conditions to achieve ZVS in switches of the AB semi-stage. Moreover, the converter proposed in [16]
features the advantages of the two stages configuration by keeping the DC bus; thus, in this work this
converter is designed to provide virtual inertia under the grid following strategy proposed by [5]. This
is accomplished by increasing the DC capacitance and including and additional frequency loop in control
strategy. Simulation results of a 2.4kW system are presented.

Principle of operation
The schematic of the proposed converter is presented in fig. 1. It is composed of two semi-stages,
highlighted in blue (VSI semi-stage and Active Bridge semi-stage) and a single control stage. Measured
variables are highlighted in red, while control signals (gating pulses for transistors) are highlighted in
green. System is designed to provide virtual inertia in front of grid frequency variation, which is
determined by means of measurement of grid voltages at the point of common coupling (PCC).

The principle of operation of the proposed converter has been presented previously in [16], thus, only a
brief explanation is presented here.
VSI semi-stage
This semi-stage resembles the VSI stage in the traditional two-stages configuration. Under Sinusoidal
Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM), voltages at inverter legs (refereed to point N) are defined in (1-3).
Main parameters are the DC bus voltage (VDC), modulation index (M), modulation frequency (ωo) and
switchig frequency (ωs=2πfs). The term Jn denotes the first kind Bessel function of order n. Details to
obtain these expressions are presented in [17].
Fig. 1: Single-stage, isolated, bidirectional three-phase converter with capability to supply virtual
inertia.

VDC VDC 2V ∞ 1  π  π
vaN ( t ) = + M cos ωo t + DC  J 0  m M  sin m cos mωs t
2 2
{ 144244 π
3 14444444m =1 m  2 
24444444 2 3
DC Modulation (low) freq. Switching harmonics

2VDC ∞ ∞
 π  
1 π (1)
+  mJ
π m =1 n =−∞  m M  sin  [ m + n ]  cos ( mωs t + nωo t )
 2  
n
2
n ≠0
1444444444442444444444443
Sideband harmonics

VDC VDC  2π  2VDC ∞

1  π  π
vbN ( t ) =
2
+
2
M cos  ωo t −
 3
+
 π
mJ
m =1
0  m M  sin m cos mωs t
 2  2
2VDC ∞ ∞
1  π   π   2π   (2)
+
π
 
m =1 n =−∞ m
J n  m M  sin  [ m + n ]  cos  mωs t + n ωo t −
 2   2  

3  
n ≠0

VDC VDC  4π  2VDC ∞

1  π  π
vcN ( t ) =
2
+
2
M cos  ωo t −
 3
+
 π
mJ
m =1
0  m M  sin m cos mωs t
 2  2
2VDC ∞ ∞
1  π   π   4π   (3)
+
π
 
m =1 n =−∞ m
J n  m M  sin  [ m + n ]  cos  mωs t + n ωo t −
 2   2  

3  
n≠0

From (1-3), voltages have four components: DC, fundamental of the modulation frequency, harmonics
of the switching frequency and sideband harmonics. Switching harmonics are the same for all the legs
and they are in phase with the carrier signal. To achieve isolated transfer power by means of the
fundamental switching component, the undesirable components should be filtered and/or suppressed.
This is accomplished in the Active Bridge (AB) semi-stage.
AB semi-stage
Attenuation of low frequency and higher order harmonics of the switching frequency is achieved by
means of high Q (around 4) resonant series LC tank impedances; meanwhile the common connection of
the tank impedances right before the isolation transformer assures the suppression of low order sideband
harmonics within the fundamental switching component. This way, high frequency sinusoidal current is
obtained in the isolation transformer.

From (1-3), phase of the high frequency voltage applied to resonant tanks is known; thus, power transfer
to DC side is controlled by means of phase-shift modulation with fixed 50% duty cycle on the AB semi-
stage, similar to DAB-SR converter. This way, the tank currents and transferred power are controlled
by means of the phase-shift angle ϕ: Positive values for charging operation and negative values for
discharging operation (batteries supplying power to grid). Moreover, it is possible to achieve Zero
Voltage Switching in the AB transistors by selecting suitable converter parameters.
Fundamental component analysis
Fundamental component analysis [18] is applied to obtain the expressions of the main waveforms and
magnitudes, these expressions are expected to be similar to the DAB-SR converter with two main
differences: power is split into three resonant tanks and the fundamental voltage component peak is
lower than the DC bus voltage. From (1-3), the amplitude of the fundamental component at switching
frequency in any of the three legs of the VSI is known. On the other hand, by phase shift modulation of
secondary AB the fundamental voltage applied on tank impedances is also known; thus, fundamental
component of the tank currents (ir) is determined according to (4-5). Due to common connection of tank
impedances, current through primary side of the isolation transformer (ip)is three times the fundamental
component of tank currents, according to (6), then the transferred power to DC side is defined by (7).

4   π  VDC 
ir =  J 0  2 M  2 sin ωs t − nT Vo sin ( ωs t − φ )  (4)
π Xs    
1
X s = Lr ω s − (5)
Crωs
12   π  VDC 
i p = 3ir =  J 0  2 M  2 sin ωs t − nT Vo sin (ωc t − φ )  (6)
π Xs    
12nT VoVDC  π 
Po = J 0  M  sin φ (7)
π 2Xs 2 
Conditions for ZVS
From (6), ZVS operation is accomplished when ip is positive at the positive edge of voltage v2. Thus,
the condition (8) leads to ZVS operation in all switches of the secondary active bridge.

π 
J 0  M VDC
nT ≥ 
2  (8)
4Vo

Component design
The VSI semi-stage resembles the operation of the VSI in the classical two-stages configuration; thus,
components are designed under the traditional guidelines for a Boost PFC. Since switching frequency
is the same for the two semi-stages, it is desirable to operate the VSI semi-stage with switching
frequency higher than usual; thus SiC MOSFETs are strongly recommended [19]. Nevertheless, since
the converter is intended to supply virtual inertia, DC bus capacitance is designed with higher values to
provide the required energy in front of frequency events; this will be explained in the next section.

The DC bus capacitance provides power decoupling; however, the fundamental component of the tank
currents depends on the amplitude of the fundamental component at switching frequency on the VSI
voltages according to (1-3). Thus, modulation index M is a fundamental parameter in the design of the
components of the AB semi-stage to achieve ZVS, as presented in (8). The tanks elements are designed
according to (9) to (11) to suppress low frequency and higher order harmonics. A high Q value (around
4 is selected) and tanks are tuned slightly below the switching frequency.

ωs
ωr ≈ (9)
1.1
 2
24 ( n V ) Q
Lr = 2 T o (10)
π Po ωr
1
Cr = (11)
Lr ωr2

Despite the similarities with the two-stages configuration, the proposed converter has fewer
semiconductors, which reduces the size and cost of the converter.

Virtual inertia
Reduced system inertia has become a concern due to the increasing presence of energy sources that
interface the grid through power converters. In traditional power systems, based on synchronous
generators, the grid frequency is a key indicator of power balance. According to the swing equation [20],
when mechanical power applied to the generator is equal to the electrical consumed power, the grid
frequency, and so the mechanical rotor speed, is constant. Moreover, the dynamics of the grid frequency
in front of transient power fluctuations is determined by the inertia constant (H) defined in (12), where
EM is the mechanical rotational power of the generator, J is the inertia moment, ωM is the rotational
speed and S is the apparent electrical power. The transient response of the frequency is analyzed with
two parameters: the rate of Change of the frequency (RoCoF), which is the time derivative of the
frequency; and the frequency nadir, which correspond to the minimum transient value of the frequency.
These concepts are presented in fig. 2 (a). The inertial response consists in the capability to release (or
absorb) mechanical energy in front of load variation. Thus, higher inertia values lead to a softer
frequency response, with lower RoCoF and higher frequency nadir (lower deviation), as presented in
fig. 2 (b), which is required to avoid undesirable load-shedding, cascading failures, or large-scale
blackouts under frequency events [5].

EM J ωM2 (12)
H= =
S 2S
Frequency f
Frequency f

Fig. 2: Inertia and transient response of grid frequency: (a) the RoCoF and nadir concepts, (b)
influence of inertia

Power converters have no inertia; however, several authors have proposed control strategies that allow
power converters to release stored energy in front of frequency events; thus, providing virtual or
synthetic inertia to grid. A simple energy storage component present in almost every grid connected
power converter is the capacitor. The stored energy in the capacitor (EC) can be released, with suitable
control strategy, in front of frequency events to provide virtual inertia to the grid according to (13). As
expected, to achieve practical inertia values (between 0.5 and 5), capacitance should be higher than in
typical applications.

2
EC CVDC (13)
HC = =
S 2S
In [5], Fang et al introduce a control strategy that links the frequency variations with the reference of
the outer voltage control loop. This way, a traditional grid connected inverter with the two-loops control
strategy is modified to supply virtual inertia.

Control Strategy
Due to the similarities with the two stages configuration, the well-kwon two loops control strategy in dq
frame is adopted for the VSI semi-stage, with an inner current control loop and outer DC voltage control
loop; both loops consider PI controllers. Virtual inertia is performed under aforementioned method
proposed in [5], that links the grid frequency variations to the DC voltage reference, as presented in fig.
3; thus, stored energy in the capacitor is provided to grid in frequency events aiming to reduce the RoCoF
and the frequency deviation. The DC side is current controlled for battery charging applications, this is
achieved by means of a simple PI controller. The block diagram of the control strategy is presented in
figure 4, where measured inputs are highlighted in red, reference signals in blue and control outputs
(pulses for transistors of both semi-stages) in green. Moreover, the main control loops of the VSI semi-
stage are highlighted in yellow (virtual inertia), green (outer voltage) and purple (inner current).
f* ∗
VDC

id∗

vd∗ ∗
vabc 1 d abc
∗
vq
*
VDC
iq∗ = 0

I o∗
Fig. 3: Block diagram of the control strategy of the proposed converter with virtual inertia.
Virtual inertia controller
The traditional two-loops control strategy is based on the power balance between AC and DC side by
imposing a constant voltage in the DC-link capacitor, thus, capacitor energy is constant. To supply
virtual inertia to grid, the reference of the voltage controller is modified by adding a component ΔVDC,
which is related to frequency variations according to (13). This way, in front of frequency events, a
transient and controlled power imbalance is introduced to supply additional power to grid thus increasing
the inertial response.

From fig. 3, a key parameter for the virtual inertia supply is the gain Kωv which relates the frequency
and DC voltage deviations. This parameter is designed according to (14), where ΔVDC is the maximum
voltage deviation and Δf is the maximum frequency deviation.

 ∆V   ∆f 
Kωv =  DC    (14)
 VDC   f 

It is important to mention that control strategy also includes the possibility to disable the virtual inertia
loop, this is important for situations where energy stored in the capacitor is not enough to supply inertia,
when DC voltage is below a certain value and modulation index is close to one. Moreover, since grid
frequency is computed by means of the PLL, its value is affected by grid impedance as detailed in [21].
Simulation results
A 2.4 kW system was designed and simulated in PSIM® to validate the converter functionality. Main
parameters are listed in table 1. DC voltage range is 420 V to 480 V, with nominal value of 450 V. Thus,
to achieve an inertia of 0.75 a 1.8 mF capacitance is required according to (14). Moreover, modulation
index varies in the range from 0.75 to 0.86, thus transformer turns ratio is designed in 0.4 to achieve
ZVS in all the operation range. Then, tank parameters are designed according to (9-11).

A model of the grid with limited inertia is implemented to verify the virtual inertia contribution of the
converter. The grid is modeled based on the swing equation and the primary control according to the
parameters detailed in[5] with a nominal power of 5 kW and H=5.

The gain Kωv is designed to set a ratio of 30 V (maximum allowable voltage step) to 0.1 Hz. Then,
according to (14), the gain value is 40.
Table 1. Parameters of the simulated 2.4 kW System
Parameter Variable Value
Grid voltage Vg, fo 220 V, 60 Hz
Output voltage Vo 400 V
DC bus voltage VDC 450 V (420 V to 480 V)
DC Capacitance CDC 1.8 mF
Switching frequency fs 60 kHz
Grid inductance Lin 2.1 mH
Tank impedance Cr, Lr 33 nF, 270 µH
Transformer turns ratio nt 0.4
Grid Power and Inertia PG, H 5 kW, 5 s

Converter waveforms
Main waveforms are presented for both operation mode with nominal power. Figure 4 shows the DC
output voltage (blue) and current (red). For both cases, converter operates with nominal power and
current is constant. Figure 5 shows the grid voltages and currents, it could be seen that sinusoidal
currents are achieved for both operation modes. Total harmonic distortion (THD) is 1.22% for charging
operation and 1.34% for discharging operation.

Fig. 4: Output voltage (blue) and current (red) waveforms: (a) charging operation, (b) discharging
operation.
Fig. 5: Grid voltages and currents waveforms: (a) charging operation, (b) discharging operation.

Operation under ZVS is confirmed with the waveforms of fig. 6: primary side current and the secondary
voltage. Current is positive at the positive edges of the secondary voltage: thus, ZVS conditions are
achieved.

Fig. 6: Waveforms of primary side current (red), reflected secondary voltage (blue): (a) charging
operation, (b) discharging operation.
Virtual inertia Supply
To verify the virtual inertia supply, transient response in front of a frequency event, due to 1% step-up
in load, is analyzed. The grid is initially working with a load of 0.5 pu (2500 W), the load step increases
load 2550 W. Due to reduced load step, the current and voltage waveforms presented in the previous
subsection will show minimum variation. However, transient response of the grid frequency is relevant.
Since control strategy links frequency response to DC voltage response these two variables are analyzed.

Waveforms for traditional control (with no inertia emulation), in red, and for inertia emulation, in blue
are presented in fig. 7. Frequency is presented in fig. 7 (a), it could be seen that frequency response is
improved when inertia emulation is performed, resulting in 34% reduction of RoCoF (0.0581 Hz/s
against 0.08292 Hz/s) and 10% reduction of the maximum frequency deviation (59.946 Hz against 59.94
Hz).
Fig. 7: Transient response in front of 1% step-up in load: (a) grid frequency; (b) DC link voltage.

Transient response of the DC-link voltage is presented in fig. 7 (b). Without the virtual inertia control
DC voltage remains constant in front of the frequency event; on the other hand, with the virtual inertia
control voltage tracks the frequency response. Maximum voltage deviation is 18V which correspond to
the 0.06 Hz deviation on the frequency. Final voltage is 472.6 V, which indicates that 6.43 J energy was
released by the capacitor. The voltage deviation matches the expected value according to the gain Kωv
of 40.

Conclusion
A single stage, isolated AC-DC converter with capability to supply virtual inertia to grid has been
presented. This converter uses simultaneously low frequency components of the VSI voltage to interface
three-phase grid and high frequency components (carrier frequency) for power transfer to batteries with
galvanic isolation, resulting in a more compact converter, with lower semiconductor count than the
traditional two stages configuration while maintaining the advantages of the VSI (to interface grid) and
the DAB-SR (to control the power flow to batteries). Moreover, since the proposed converter has a DC
bus, the capacitance is designed to storage energy to be supplied to grid in front of frequency events.
Simulation results show that, for both operation modes, the proposed converter provides constant current
to batteries, without low frequency ripple and sinusoidal grid currents (low TDH) meanwhile transistors
on the AB semi-stage works in ZVS. Furthermore, simulation results confirm that the virtual inertia
strategy improves the transient response of grid frequency by reducing the RoCoF and the peak
deviation. Thus, simulation results partially validate the functionality of the introduced single-stage
converter.

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