The document discusses different types of computer memory including RAM and ROM. It describes main memory and primary storage. RAM types include SRAM, DRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM, and RDRAM. ROM types include masked ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The document provides details on speeds, clock rates, and bandwidths of the different RAM technologies.
The document discusses different types of computer memory including RAM and ROM. It describes main memory and primary storage. RAM types include SRAM, DRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM, and RDRAM. ROM types include masked ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The document provides details on speeds, clock rates, and bandwidths of the different RAM technologies.
The document discusses different types of computer memory including RAM and ROM. It describes main memory and primary storage. RAM types include SRAM, DRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM, and RDRAM. ROM types include masked ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The document provides details on speeds, clock rates, and bandwidths of the different RAM technologies.
The document discusses different types of computer memory including RAM and ROM. It describes main memory and primary storage. RAM types include SRAM, DRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM, and RDRAM. ROM types include masked ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The document provides details on speeds, clock rates, and bandwidths of the different RAM technologies.
MEMORY Main Memory – where programs and data are kept when the processors is actively using them. Holds the programs and data that the processor is actively working with.
Primary Storage – presently known as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required.
Types of Memory
ROM – Read Only Memory, can’t be changed or erase. Example or ROM is BIOS. RAM – Random Access Memory, volatile memory that holds data only when the power is on, when the power is off the information will lost.
Types of ROM
1. Masked ROM: ROM that is programmed with data when fabricated. Data will not change once installed. Hardwired. 2. Programmable ROM (PROM): Capable of being programmed by the user with a ROM programmer. Not hardwired. 3. Erasable PROM (EPROM): Much like the PROM this EPROM can be programmed and then erased by light. 4. EEPROM: Another form of EPROM but is reprogrammable electrically.
TYPES OF RAM
1. SRAM: Static random access memory uses multiple transistors, typically four to six, for each memory cell but doesn't have a capacitor in each cell. It is used primarily for cache.
2. DRAM: Dynamic random access memory has memory cells with a paired transistor and capacitor requiring constant refreshing. Computer Instructor: HELNER D. TAGHAP
3. FPM DRAM: Fast page mode dynamic random access memory was the original form of DRAM. It waits through the entire process of locating a bit of data by column and row and then reading the bit before it starts on the next bit. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 176 MBps
4. EDO DRAM: Extended data-out dynamic random access memory does not wait for all of the processing of the first bit before continuing to the next one. As soon as the address of the first bit is located, EDO DRAM begins looking for the next bit. It is about five percent faster than FPM. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 264 MBps.
5. SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic random access memory takes advantage of the burst mode concept to greatly improve performance. It does this by staying on the row containing the requested bit and moving rapidly through the columns, reading each bit as it goes. The idea is that most of the time the data needed by the CPU will be in sequence. SDRAM is about five percent faster than EDO RAM and is the most common form in desktops today. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 528 MBps.
6. DDR (DDR1) SDRAM: Double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM is just like SDRAM except that is has higher bandwidth, meaning greater speed. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 1,064 MBps (for DDR SDRAM 133 MHZ). Computer Instructor: HELNER D. TAGHAP
7. DDR2 SDRAM: DDR2 SDRAM is a double data rate type two synchronous dynamic random-access memory interface. It superseded the original DDR SDRAM specification, and is superseded by DDR3 SDRAM (launched in 2007). DDR2 DIMMs are neither forward compatible with DDR3 nor backward compatible with DDR.
8. DDR3 SDRAM: Double data rate type three SDRAM (DDR3 SDRAM) is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) with a high bandwidth ("double data rate") interface, and has been in use since 2007. It is the higher-speed successor to DDR and DDR2 and predecessor to DDR4 synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) chips.
9. DDR4 SDRAM: DDR4 SDRAM, an abbreviation for double data rate fourth-generation synchronous dynamic random-access memory, is a type of synchronous dynamic random- access memory (SDRAM) with a high bandwidth ("double data rate") interface. Released to the market in 2014, it is one of the latest variants of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), some of which have been in use since the early 1970s, and a higher-speed successor to the DDR2 and DDR3 technologies.
10. RDRAM: Rambus dynamic random access memory is a radical departure from the previous DRAM architecture. Designed by Rambus, RDRAM uses a Rambus in-line memory module (RIMM), which is similar in size and pin configuration to a standard DIMM. What makes RDRAM so different is its use of a special high-speed data bus called the Rambus channel. RDRAM memory chips work in parallel to achieve a data rate of 800 MHz, or 1,600 MBps. Since they operate at such high speeds, they generate much more heat than other types of chips. To help dissipate the excess heat Rambus chips are fitted with a heat spreader, which looks like a long thin wafer. Just like there are smaller versions of DIMMs, there are also SO-RIMMs, designed for notebook computers. Computer Instructor: HELNER D. TAGHAP
Speeds of RAM
For various technologies, there are certain bus and device clock frequencies that are standardized. There is also a decided nomenclature for each of these speeds for each type.
Bus Transfer Module Module Clock Speed Cycles per Bus Width Speed Rate Standard Format (MHz) Clock (Bytes) (MT/s) (MBps) FPM SIMM 22 1 22 8 177 EDO SIMM 33 1 33 8 266
SDR SDRAM DIMMs
Chip Module Effective Clock Voltage SDR-66 PC-66 66 MHz 3.3 V SDR-100 PC-100 100 MHz 3.3 V SDR-133 PC-133 133 MHz 3.3 V
DDR SDRAM (DDR1) DIMMs
Chip Module Memory Clock I/O Bus Clock Transfer rate Voltage DDR-200 PC-1600 100 MHz 100 MHz 200 MT/s 2.5 V DDR-266 PC-2100 133 MHz 133 MHz 266 MT/s 2.5 V DDR-333 PC-2700 166 MHz 166 MHz 333 MT/s 2.5 V DDR-400 PC-3200 200 MHz 200 MHz 400 MT/s 2.5 V Computer Instructor: HELNER D. TAGHAP
DDR2 SDRAM DIMMs
Chip Module Memory Clock I/O Bus Clock Transfer rate Voltage DDR2-400 PC2-3200 100 MHz 200 MHz 400 MT/s 1.8 V DDR2-533 PC2-4200 133 MHz 266 MHz 533 MT/s 1.8 V DDR2-667 PC2-5300 166 MHz 333 MHz 667 MT/s 1.8 V DDR2-800 PC2-6400 200 MHz 400 MHz 800 MT/s 1.8 V DDR2-1066 PC2-8500 266 MHz 533 MHz 1066 MT/s 1.8 V
DDR3 SDRAM DIMMs
Chip Module Memory Clock I/O Bus Clock Transfer rate Voltage DDR3-800 PC3-6400 100 MHz 400 MHz 800 MT/s 1.5 V DDR3-1066 PC3-8500 133 MHz 533 MHz 1066 MT/s 1.5 V DDR3-1333 PC3-10600 166 MHz 667 MHz 1333 MT/s 1.5 V DDR3-1600 PC3-12800 200 MHz 800 MHz 1600 MT/s 1.5 V DDR3-1866 PC3-14900 233 MHz 933 MHz 1866 MT/s 1.5 V DDR3-2133 PC3-17000 266 MHz 1066 MHz 2133 MT/s 1.5 V DDR3-2400 PC3-19200 300 MHz 1200 MHz 2400 MT/s 1.5 V
DDR4 SDRAM DIMMs
Chip Module Memory Clock I/O Bus Clock Transfer rate Voltage DDR4-1600 PC4-12800 200 MHz 800 MHz 1600 MT/s 1.2 V DDR4-1866 PC4-14900 233 MHz 933 MHz 1866 MT/s 1.2 V DDR4-2133 PC4-17000 266 MHz 1066 MHz 2133 MT/s 1.2 V DDR4-2400 PC4-19200 300 MHz 1200 MHz 2400 MT/s 1.2 V DDR4-2666 PC4-21300 333 MHz 1333 MHz 2666 MT/s 1.2 V DDR4-3200 PC4-25600 400 MHz 1600 MHz 3200 MT/s 1.2 V Computer Instructor: HELNER D. TAGHAP
Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) SIMM is a memory module with 72 or 30 pins, and SIMMs are considered legacy components and can be found in older machines. SIMMs with 72 pins can support 32-bit transfer rates and 32-pin SIMMs can support 16-bit transfer rates.
Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) DIMM is a memory module with 168 pins. DIMMs are commonly used today and support 64-bit transfer.
Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) RIMM is a 184-pin memory module that uses only the RDRAM. Smaller modules called SO-RIMM have a 160-pin connector. Some systems require that RIMM modules be added in identical pairs while others allow single RIMMs to be installed.
SO-DIMM, or small outline dual in-line memory module, is a type of computer memory built using integrated circuits. SO-DIMMs are a smaller alternative to a DIMM, being roughly half the size of regular DIMMs.
Variants of DIMM slots support DDR, DDR2, DDR3 and DDR4 RAM. Common types of DIMMs include the following:
• 72-pin SO-DIMM (not the same as a 72-pin SIMM), used for FPM DRAM and EDO DRAM • 100-pin DIMM, used for printer SDRAM • 144-pin SO-DIMM, used for SDR SDRAM • 168-pin DIMM, used for SDR SDRAM (less frequently for FPM/EDO DRAM in workstations/servers, may be 3.3 or 5 V) • 172-pin MicroDIMM, used for DDR SDRAM • 184-pin DIMM, used for DDR SDRAM • 200-pin SO-DIMM, used for DDR SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM • 204-pin SO-DIMM, used for DDR3 SDRAM • 214-pin MicroDIMM, used for DDR2 SDRAM • 240-pin DIMM, used for DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM and FB-DIMM DRAM • 244-pin MiniDIMM, used for DDR2 SDRAM • 260-pin SO-DIMM, used for DDR4 SDRAM • 260-pin SO-DIMM, with different notch position than on DDR4 SO-DIMMs, used for UniDIMMs that can carry either DDR3 or DDR4 SDRAM • 288-pin DIMM, used for DDR4 SDRAM Computer Instructor: HELNER D. TAGHAP
Most types of SO-DIMMs can be recognized at a glance by the distinctive notches that “key” them for different applications:
• 100-pin SO-DIMMs have two notches.
• 144-pin SO-DIMMs have a single notch near the center. • 200-pin SO-DIMMs have a single notch nearer to one side. The exact location of this notch varies (read below). • 204-pin SO-DIMMs (DDR3) have a single notch closer to the center than on 200-pin SO-DIMMs. • 260-pin SO-DIMMs (DDR4), 69.6 mm (2.74 inches) wide and 30 mm (1.2 inches) high, making them 2 mm (0.079 inches) wider than DDR3 SO-DIMMs, with a single notch after pin 144. • 260-pin SO-DIMMs (UniDIMM), 69.6 mm (2.74 inches) wide and 30 mm (1.2 inches) or 20 mm (0.79 inches) high, with a single notch placed differently than on DDR3 SO-DIMMs.
