EXPERIMENT NO.
1
OBJECT- study of various measuring tools like dial gauge,
and telescopic gauges. micrometer, vemier caliper
APPARATUSREQUIRED:- vernier caliper, dial gauge, micrometer, telescope
gauge.
1(a)
VERNIER CALIPER:
THEORY
INTRODUCTION:- the vernier instruments generally used in workshop and engineering
metrology have comparatively low accuracy. The line of measurements of
such instruments
does not coincide with the line of scale.
PRINCIPLE:- the principle of vernier is that when two scales or division slightly difference
in size are used, the difference between them be utilized
can to enhance the accuracy of
measurement.
The principle of a 0.02
mm venier, the vernier scale has main scale
graduations
or 12mm. hence each division on the vernier scale- 12/25-0.48mm.
Thedifference between one division on the main scale and one division on the vernier scale
= 0.5-0.48 0.02mm
Jaws (for measuring inner dimension)
Stem (for measuring
depths)
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ltdeta fnuuliuntdlintdliudunintumlöntmwbutalntinl
Vernier Main scale
scale
Jaws (for measuring outer dimension)
Figure:- vernier scale
One division of main scale
Least count of vernier scale =
Total division on vernier scale
1/50
0.02mm
PROCEDURE:-
.Note the number of millimetres and halfmillimetres on the main scale that are coincides
with zero on the vernier scale.
Find the graduation on the vemier scale that coincides with a graduations on the main
scale. This figure (digit) must be multiplied by 0.02 to give the reading in mm.
Obtain the total reading by adding the main scale reading to the venier scale reading.
using vemier caliper it is important to see the caliper
NOTE:- while taking measurements
faces parallel to the surfaces across which measurements are to be made.
OBSERVATION TABLE
MAIN SCALE VERNIER SCALELEAST COUNT TOTAL SCALE
SR. READING READING
NO. READING
32mm 0.02mm 32.10mm
2. 25mm 0.02mm 25.10mm
3. 40mm 0.02mm 40.08mm
CALCULATION:-
Reading on main scale upto zero the vernier scale 32mm
-
The number of graduations that coincides with graduations on the main scale = 5th
This represents a distance of : - 5 * 0.02 =0.10mm
Total reading 32+5*0.02 32.10mm.
Main
scale
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Vernier
scale
PRECAUTIONS:
While measuring an outside diameter be sure that the caliper bar and the plane of the
caliper jaws are truly perpendicular to the workpiece's longitudinal centre line.
Before reading the vernier caliper, try the calipers again for feel and location.
Don't use the vernier caliper as a wrench or hammer. It should be set down gently.
******
1(b)
MICROMETER:
THEORY:- micrometers are designed on the principle of "screw and nut.
Description of a micrometer-
a 0-25mm micrometer which is used for quick, accurate measurem ents to the two thousands
of a millimetre. It consists of the following parts:
1 Frame
2. Anvil
3. Spindle
4 Thimble
5. Ratchet
6. Locknut
ANVIL SPINDLE SPINDLE LOCK SLEEVE THIMBLE RACHET
FACE FACE NUT
0 5 10
LHuLlLluuE 45
THTTTRE
40
FRAME
0-25 x0.01mm
By VRyan
The screw is attached to a spindle and is turned by movement of a thimble or ratchet at the
end. The barrel which is attached to the frame acts as a nut to engage the screw threads.
The thimble scale is marked in 50 equal division figured in fives,
So that each small division on the thimble represents 1/50 or 1/2 mm which is 1/100 mm or
0.01
pitch
Least count of micrometer=
Number of division on the circular scale
=0.5/50 = 0.01mm
PROCEDURE
spindle face.
between the anvil face and
the object
first mount of ratchet then lock
the scale by
lock nut.
Tight the s c r e w by with help whole number of
first note the
micrometer to 0.01 mm ,
mm visible
To read the metric there is a half
then observe whether
on the barrel
major divisions for hundreds. Thee
,
line and last read the thimble
on the top of
the datum
coincides with the datum line.
thimble line
OBSERVATION TABLE:
LEAST
TOTAL SCALE
VERNIER SCALE
MAIN SCALE READING
SR. READING
COUNT
NO. READING 11.95mm
20mm
0.01mm
8mm
11.48mmn
48mm 0.01mm
7mm
0.01mm 11.35mmm
8mm 20mm
CALCULATION:
*1.00mm 8.00mm
8
=
Major divisions=
7.5 *0.5Omm =3.75mm
Minor divisions=
20 *0.0lmm = 0.20mm
Thimble divisions
=
11.95mm
Total reading
Types of errors in micrometer reading:-
should be thoroughly checked for backlash error or
Every micrometer prior to its
use
zero error.
. Backlash error :- Sometimes due to wear threads, it is
and tear of the screw
the tip of the serew
observed that reversing the direction of rotation of thimble,
does not start moving in the opposite direction immediately, but remains
called backlash error.
stationary for a part of rotation. This is
Zero error:-if on bringing the flat end of the screw in contact with the stud, the
zero mark of the circular scale coincides with the zero mark on the base line of
the main scale, the instrument is said to be free from zero error. Otherwise
an
error is said to be there this can be both positive and negative
zero eror.
PRECAUTIONS
Micrometer should be cleaned of any dust and spindle should move freely.
T h e part whose dimensions is to be measured must be held in left hand
and the
micrometer in right hand.
1(c)
DIAL GAUGE:
THEORY:- dial gauges are designed on the principle of "rack and pinion gear system
Description of a dial gauge:-
a gauge consisting of a circular graduated dial and a pointer actuated by a member that
contacts with the part being calibrated. It consists of the following parts:
1. Scale locking screw
2. Pointer
3. Plunger
4. Dial face
5. Stemn
ROTATAE
FRANSAARENT BERE
'ST PRO DAL COR
PwTER
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CANTER STEM
PLUNER
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CGTAÇT PONT
The figure shows the main features of a plunger-type dial
gauge. The main scale is graduated
into equal divisions corresponding to a 0.01 mm movement of
plunger. A second but small
dial is set in the main dial face to indicate the number of revolutions turned
through one
revolution being equivalent to 1 mm of plunger movement. To enable the instrument to be
zero for any convenient position, the main scale can be rotated and locked into place, using
the scale locking screw indicated in figure.
PRINCIPLE:- the principle of operation is based on the system of "rack and pinion" gear.
Where it can be seen that the plunger is attached to rack. Meshing with gear wheel, the
straight or linear motion of the rack is converted into an angular or turning motion, the
movement being magnified by using a large gear in mesh with a small gear wheel.
(6
FRONT
indic aor dial
gears
BORE GAUGE
qnon
49.5 mmn CYLINDER
BORE
punger (1-15/16 in)
BC5d224
pitch
Least count of dial gauge =
Number of division on the circular scale
=
1/100 =
0.01 mm
PROCEDURE:-
Select the gauge type, size, attachment and bracket, which fit the part you're
measuring. Mount the dial indicator on a firm surface to keep still.
Adjust the indicator is at 90" to the part you're measuring.
Press the dial indicator gently against the part, keep pressing until the plunger settles
about halfway into the indicator.
Lock the indicator assembly into position.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
SR. COMPLETE REV. CIRCULAR SCALE LEAST TOTAL SCALE
NO. READING READING COUNT READINGG
20mm 0.01mm 2.20mm
2 48mm 0.01mm 3.48mm
4 72mm 0.01mmn 4.72mm
CALCULATION:
Complete revolution= 2 *1.00 mm 2.00mmn
Circular divisions= 20 *0.01 mm= 0.20mm
-
Total reading
2.20mm
Types of errors in dial gauge
reading :
Every dial gauge prior to its use should be thoroughly checked for zero
Zero error:-if on error
zero mark of the
bringing the
flat end of the screw in
circular scale coincides with contact with the
the main scale, the the zero mark on the stud, the
instrument is said to be free base line of
ror is said to be
there .this can be both from zero error. Otherwise an
positive and negative zero error.
PRECAUTIONS
.Dial gauges shall be
of flexure or the like.
used by being fixed to rigid retainer
to
In
prevent the influence
measurement, the
measuring direction
centre line of the shall be made
measuring probe. perpendicular to the
*********************k***
1(d)
TELESCOPIC GAUGE
"nut and screw'".
principle of
gauges are designed on the
THEORY:- telescopic
gauge:-
Description of a telescopic diameter of a
measurement of internal
is shown in figure is used for the into
The telescopic gauge handle and two plungers. One telescopic
operation. It consists of a contacts. The plunger
hole during machining the plungers have spherical
tension. Ends of the
other and both under spring handle. To measure
screw at the end of
a knurled
be locked in position by turning locked in position. Next,
the plunger
compressed and
can
first
diameter of a hole, the plungers
are
the opposite edges. Finally,
they locked in
hole and allowed to expand
end is inserted in the outside micrometer.
of the hole, and measured by an
place, taken out
reesn d a
LiMIT
PRECAUTIONS
dust and spindle should move freely.
Gauge should be cleaned of any to the
shall be made perpendicular
In measurement, the measuring direction
centre line of the measuring probe.
irreparable damage to the
the tools as this can lead to
Please avoid dropping
tools coated with a light film of oil to prevent
precision instruments. The
are
remove this oil.
corrosion. Please do not
measurement method with help of vernier
the various
RESULT:-we have successfully study
gauge in proper
manner.
caliper, micrometer, dial gauge and telescopic
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
