11

BUSINESS
MATHEMATICS
Quarter 4 - Module 4:

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Business Mathematics
Alternative Delivery Mode
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: “No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition, payment of royalty.”

Borrowed materials included in this module are owned by the respective copyright holders. Effort
has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from the respective copyright
owners. The publisher and author do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Development Team of the Module

Author/s: Famila S. Saguing

Shendy P. Waminal
Naneth M. Valdehuesa

Content Editor: Cherry Ann B. Muñez

Language Editor: Ma-an C. Actub,
Illustrator/s:
Layout Artists:
Development Team:
Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III
Regional Director
Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V
Assistant Regional Director
Jonathan S. dela Peña, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
Rowena H. Para-on, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD

Members: Neil A. Improgo, PhD, EPS-LRMS; Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., PhD, EPS-ADM;
Erlinda G. Dael, PhD, CID Chief; Lindo Cayadong, SEPS (Research and Planning);
Celieto B. Magsayo, LRMS Manager; Loucile L. Paclar, Librarian II;
Kim Eric G. Lubguban, PDO II

Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Office Address: Masterson Avenue, Upper Balulang, Zone 1, Cagayan de Oro City, Cagayan de Oro,
Lalawigan ng Misamis Oriental
 11

BUSINESS
MATHEMATICS
Quarter 4- Module 4:
Presentation and Analysis of Business
Data

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and

reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and
universities. We encourage teachers and other education stake
holders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to
the Department of Education at action @deped.gov.ph

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
What This Module is About ………………………………...………………...….......................1
What I Need to Know …………………………………….….…………….......................1
General Instruction ……………………………………………...…………………….…2
Icons of this Module ……………………………………………………………....………3
What I Know ………………………………………………………………….......4
Lesson 1:
Business and Chart Graphs
What’s In ………………………………….……………………...……………8
What’s New …………………………………….…………………………...……8
What is It ……………………………………….……………………………...9
What’s More ………………………………………….………………………….12
What I have Learned …………………………………………….…………….……....15
What I Can Do …………………………………………………………….............16
Additional Activities ………………………………………………….…….…………....16
Lesson 2:
Measures of Central Tendency, Variability, and Organizing Data
Using MS Excel
What’s In ………………………………….………………………………….17
What’s New …………………………………….……………………………….17
What is It ……………………………………….…………………………….18
What’s More ………………………………………….………………………….28
What I have Learned …………………………………………….…………………….30
What I Can Do ………………………………………………………………….….30
Additional Activities ……………………………………………………………….….….31

Assessment…………………………………………………………………………………………32
What This Module is About

The module will help you understand the importance of business data. This will
help you determine the best way to present business data through the use of, tables,
charts, and graphs. The importance of presenting the data properly will help the end-
user analyze and interpret the numbers properly. This will help you explore the uses
of MS Excel in presenting the business data such as measures of Central Tendency,
which are regularly used in our daily life activities. Generally, this module will teach
you ways on how to expedite and present data in a more comprehensive manner.

The lessons included in this module are:

Lesson 1- Business and Chart Graphs

Lesson 2- Measures of Central Tendency, Variability, and MS Excel

What I Need to Know

After reading this module, you are expected to:

1. compare the forms (textual, tabular and graphical) of business data;
2. describe the different kinds of graphs and its essential parts for data
presentation;
3. give a set of business data; identify the graphs to be used;
4. draw the graph/table to present the data;
5. analyze and interpret the data presented in a graph/table;
6. analyze and interprets the data presented in the table using measures of
central tendency and variability and tests of significant differences; and
7. use software (i.e., MS Excel, SPSS) programs to compute and present
graphical representation of business data;

1
General Instruction:

1. Read every detail in this module with comprehension.

2. Answer the activities diligently and intelligently.
3. Be mindful of the deadlines set. Submit activities and exercises on time.
4. Be responsible of this module, do not crumple or write anything.
5. Be honest at all times in answering the activities and assessments in this
module.

2
Icons of this Module:

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that are

Know set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I Know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge previous
knowledge.

What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that

of the new lesson.

What’s New This part is an introduction of the new lesson

through various activities before it is
presented to you.

What is It This part provides the discussion of the

activity conducted to deepen your
understanding of the concepts.

What’s More This part provides activities that serve as

follow-up or enrichment to master the learning
competencies.

What I have This part assesses you on how far you have
Learned mastered the competencies.

What I can Do This provides tasks for you to demonstrate the

knowledge and skills you gained and apply it
real life experiences.

3
 What I Know

A. Identify the forms of data presented below. Write the word textual, tabular, or
graphical on your paper.

1. 85% of the male students said they don’t have internet access in their homes
compared to 15% who have internet access.
2. More than 650,000 have been reported dead because of the COVID19 virus.
3.

GRADE LEVEL NUMBER OF ENROLLEES

Kindergarten 675,907
Grade 1 886,356
Grade 2 976,754
Grade 3 899,612
Grade 4 795,563
Grade 5 997,245
Grade 6 950,722
Grade 7 986,356
Grade 8 976,754
Grade 9 899,612
Grade 10 860,941
Grade 11 686,356
Grade 12 563,610

4. The 1881 “Haiphong” is the strongest typhoon that hit the Philippines and
killed 20,000 people.

5.
Final Grades
98.00
96.00
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00

4
B. Identify the type of charts listed below. Choose your answer from given in the
box.
Bar graph frequency table line graph

Pie chart area chart

Employed Person by Sector

4,000.00
3,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00 Service and sales workers
-
January
February

Clerical support workers

March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Managers

1.

Total Pair of Shoes Sold for the Year

2500
2000 Vans
1500
1000 Fila
500 Reebok
0
Adidas
Nike

2.

3.

Tourist Spots Number of Tourist

Chocolate Hills 175

Puerto Princesa Subterranean

320
River

Banaue Rice Terraces 118

Boracay Island 562

5
 Annual Number of Enrolled Senior High School
6,000.00
5,000.00
4,000.00
3,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
-
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020

Junior High School Senior High School

4.

Monthly Expenses
13% 17%
7%
12%

27%
24%

Food Transportation Clothing Allowance House Rental Communication Recreation

5.

C. The following are the scores of Grade 11 students in Business Mathematics in

their midterm examination.

80 85 82 81 80 83 85 80 80 82 79 70

78 77 80 85 81 90 65 88 76 95 84 89

Prepare a table that shows the scores from lowest to highest showing the
number of times a particular score was obtained.

a. What was the highest score? The lowest score?

b. Which score obtained the highest number of occurrence (highest frequency)

6
D. Two groups of sales representatives submitted their motorcycles sales report for
first quarter of 2019.

Group 1 Kyle Tricia Miguel Mario Stephen Pamela Eric

Number of
35 38 40 21 23 20 33
Motorcycles

Group 2 Danica Lucas Pete Carlo Joseph Fe James

Number of
38 21 35 33 35 30 26
Motorcycles

Which group had a better over-all performance?

E. What is the common number of motorcycle sales of the whole group? Tabulate
the result of the two groups.
Number of Motorcycles Number of Salesman

F. What is the median number of motorcycles of Group A? of Group B?

7
 Lesson
Business and Chart Graphs
1

What’s In

Employees’ earnings and payroll deductions can be computed easily through

the use of MS Excel. Salaries and wages, and employees’ payroll deductions you have
learned from the previous module can be best interpreted and analyzed through the
different types of data presentation. It can be collected and analyzed through the
measures of central tendency, wherein, an average of monthly earning and salary
expenses are regularly needed in the business’ financial reporting.

What’s New

1. Janus is a consistent achiever in Grade 11. As a reward, his aunt who is working
in Japan rewarded him with 10,000 Japanese yen. During this time of crisis, he
was thinking of depositing his money for his savings.
Based from the currency exchange rate trends, when could have been the best
day Janus changed his Japanese yen into the Philippine currency?
2. Does the graph help you to identify the best day to exchange Japanese yen to
Philippine peso? (Please refer to the graph below)

0.4800
Axis Title

0.4700
0.4600
0.4500
0.4400
1-Jun-20
3-Jun-20
5-Jun-20
7-Jun-20
9-Jun-20
11-Jun-20
13-Jun-20

Series1
15-Jun-20
17-Jun-20
19-Jun-20
21-Jun-20
23-Jun-20
25-Jun-20
27-Jun-20

29-Jun-20

Japanes Yen to Philippine Peso Exchange Rates

8
 What is It

Business charts are graphs that are used to show numerical facts in a simple and
informative way.

Forms of Data Presentation:

1. Textual - Data presentation through text or words, using sentences and
paragraphs.
2. Tabular - Data presentation through the use of tables with rows and columns.
It is arranged in an orderly manner and self-explanatory.
3. Graphical - A kind of data presentation where numbers are presented through
the use of symbols. Examples are the different types of charts; pie, bar, line,
etc.

Types of Business Charts/Graphs and its Essential Parts:

1. Table - It is a display of numerical information in rows and columns.

Parts of a Table:
a. The Title is the main heading written in capital shown at the top of the table. It
must explain the contents of the table and throw light on the table as whole.
b. The Box Head and the Column Captions is the vertical heading and
subheading of the column are called column captions. The spaces where these
column headings are written are called the box head. Only the first letter of the
box head is in capital letter and the remaining words must be written in small
letters.
c. The Stub and Row Captions is the horizontal headings and subheading of the
row are called row captions and the space where these rows headings are
written is called stub.
d. The Body is the main part of the table which contains the numerical information
classified with respect to row and column captions is called the body.
e. Prefatory Notes is a statement given below the title and is enclosed in brackets
which usually describes the units of measurement.
f. Footnotes appear immediately below the body of the table providing further
additional explanation.
g. Source Note is written at the end of the table indicating the source from where
the information has been taken. It includes the information about compiling
agency, publication, etc.

9
Example:
THE TITLE
(Prefatory Notes)
Box Head
Row Caption Column Caption

Stub Entries The Body

Foot Notes…………………
Source Notes……………...

2. Line Graph shows information that is connected in some way. It uses line
segments to connect the data points. One axis is usually related to time (year,
month, day, or clock time)

Parts of a Line Graph:

a. Title is the title of the graph.
b. Label is the label of y and x axis.
c. Scale is the numerical data that help to measure or quantify objects.
d. Points is the pictorial representation which function’s particular data are
graphed as dots on a coordinated plane.
e. Line connects individual data points over a specified time interval.

Example:

Topics Learned
Number of Topics Learned

10
8

1 2 3 4

10
3. Bar graph uses rectangles erected on the horizontal axis to summarize a set of
quantitative data. It compares the different quantities of data.

Parts of a Bar Graph:

a. Title is the title of the graph.
b. Scale is the numerical data that show units used on the graph.
c. Labels is the label of x and y axis.
d. Bars are the rectangular bars that reflect the total number of observations for
that group in the data.

Example:
MONTHLY SALES TRACKING
16,000.00
14,000.00
12,000.00
AXIS TITLE

10,000.00
8,000.00
6,000.00
4,000.00
2,000.00 Total Sales
-
December
June

August
March
April

October
November
May
January

July

September
February

CY: 2019

4. Pie chart is a circular pie-like graphic representation with wedges or sectors to

show how much of the whole each part makes up.

Parts of a Pie Graph:

a. Title is the title of the graph.
b. Legend tells what each slice represents.
c. Circle shows numerical proportions when divided into slices.

Example:
Pet Ownership
5% 4%
6% Dogs
Cats
Fish
30% 55%
Rabbits
Rodents

11
5. Area chart uses shaded region to display quantitative data graphically and
independently.

Parts of an Area Graph:

a. Title is the title of the graph.
b. Legends represents the shaded portion.
c. The source explains the basis of information that can be seen in your graph.
d. Y- axis is shown in a vertical position in the graph.
e. The Data are the information found in the graph.
f. X-Axis is shown in a vertical position in the graph.

Example:

Top Countries with Highest number of

COVID Cases
5,000,000.00
4,000,000.00
3,000,000.00
2,000,000.00
1,000,000.00
0.00
Total Cases Number of Deaths Number of
Recovery

USA BRAZIL INDIA RUSSIA SOUTH AFRICA

Source:
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?utm_campaign=homeAdvegas1?
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?utm_campaign=homeAdvegas1?

What’s More

Activity 1 Self- Assessment

Direction: Use the table below to answer the following questions.
1.
Dessert Calories Sugar Carbs Fat
Cake 257 31 g 59g 300 mg
Mango Tapioca 118 3g 12 g 7000 mg
Mango Float 280 40 g 54 g 5000 mg
Ice cream 207 21 g 24 g 11000 mg

a) Which dessert has the least fat?

b) Which dessert has the most sugar?
c) Which dessert has the least carbs?
d) Which dessert has the fewest calories?

12
2.
700.00
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
-
Number of Cars

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

a) What was the production in the year 2014?

b) In what year did the greatest production occur?
c) In what year did the production decrease the greatest compared to prior
years?

3. Create a bar graph using the information in the table below.

TOP COUNTRIES WITH HIGHEST NUMBER OF COVID CASES
Country Total Cases
USA 4,634,985.00
BRAZIL 2,613,789.00
INDIA 1,639,350.00
RUSSIA 834,499.00
SOUTH AFRICA 482,169.00
MEXICO 423,909.00
PERU 400,683.00
CHILE 353,536.00
SPAIN 332,510.00
UK 302,301.00
IRAN 301,530.00
COLOMBIA 286,020.00
PAKISTAN 277,402.00
SAUDI ARABIA 274,219.00
ITALY 247,158.00
BANGLADESH 234,889.00
TURKEY 229,891.00
GERMANY 209,653.00
FRANCE 186,573.00
ARGENTINA 185,373.00

13
4. The following pie chart shows the distribution of a grade 11 student’s weekly
allowance of ₱1,000.

Weekly Allowance of Grade 11 Student

Savings
12%
25% Recreation
18%
School Supplies
15% Food
30%
Transportation

a) Find the amount spent for each item:

Savings Food
Recreation Transportation
School Supplies

5. Label the parts of a Line graph

Dollar Average Rate-2019
53.00
Average Rate

52.50
52.00
51.50
51.00
50.50
50.00
49.50 Average Rate

Months

Activity 2 Your turn

1. Below is data recorded for its annual sale. If you are the sales manager in a
convenient store mall, how are you going to present your data to the top
management?
Year Total Sales
2010 167,000.00
2011 334,000.00
2012 287,000.00
2013 173,450.00
2014 98,000.00
2015 114,576.00
2016 299,000.00
2017 305,429.00
2018 407,618.00
2019 108,000.00

14
 2. You are a Budget Officer in your company, how are you going to present your
report assuming that this is the annual budget below.
Expenditures Total Budget
Salaries and Wages and Other Benefits 10,659,043.00
Maintenance & Other Operating Expenses 25,078,532.00
Capital Outlay 705,934.00
Non-Office Expenditures 3,076,894.00

What I have Learned

Different types of graphs are used according to its purpose. Line graph is used
to trace the trend of changes over a period of time. Bar graph is used to compare two
or more different categories. It is easy to analyze because of the numbers and other
information displayed in both in its horizontal and vertical lines. Pie chart is used to
know how much is taken from the whole. Area chart is based from a line graph; it is
used to compare two or more categories. Frequency table is used to check the number
of instances the value transpires.

Reflective Question:
How do we use these charts and graphs in business? Can this be useful to me
as well, if I pursue my education or if I decide to build my own business?

15
 What I Can Do

Activity 3 My G10 Grades

1. Refer to your report cards in grade 10, list down all the subjects and the
corresponding final grades. Create a bar graph of your grades and answer the
following questions below.
a. What was my highest grade when I was in grade 10?
b. What subject had the highest grade in grade 10?
c. What was my lowest grade when I was in grade 10?
d. What subject had the lowest grade I got in grade 10?

2. List down your monthly expenses when you were still in grade 10 and present
the result by using a pie chart. Answer the guide questions below.
a. What type of expense has taken the greatest portion in my allowance when
I was in grade 10?
b. What type of expense has taken the least portion in my allowance when I
was in grade 10?
c. How much was the amount that I spent the most?
d. How much was the amount that I spent the least?

Additional Activities

Complete the sentences below.

After doing the activities:
1. I noticed __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. A question I have is ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. I’m not sure ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. I realized _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

16
Lesson Measures of Central Tendency,
Variability, and Organizing Data
2 Using MS Excel

What’s In

You have been introduced to different types of graphs and charts in the previous
lesson. It enables you to produce a comprehensive report for the end user of the data.
The different types of graph and charts you just learned are important in interpreting
and analyzing that involves a large amount of data. In this lesson, you will be taught
how to compute measures of central tendency and variability through the use of MS
excel. You don’t need to draw the graph or chart and organize the data manually.
Through the help of this tool, your work will be done easier with minimal error.

What’s New

Activity 1.
1. In a certain study, the cholesterol level of fried chicken in 20 different stores
are as follows: figures are in (mg). Draw a smiley face () if you agree to the
statement below and a sad face () if you do not and write the correct
answer.
87 99 78 87 87 56 87 70 90 56
80 78 87 92 90 53 80 76 92 75

a) The median is 84. _______________

b) The mean is 80.5. _______________
c) The number that appears the most often is 83. _____________

2. Using DATA ANALYSIS in excel, find the mean, median and mode of the
Grade 11 final grades in Business Mathematics.
89 78 77 90 95 70 65 89 91 95 88 89
78 80 90 88 75 77 91 93 90 89 85 84
83 84 77 85 90 91 70 86 91 90 85 93
83 82 82 82 80 85 87 88 88 90 92

17
 3. Abram and his friends love cats. They decided to measure how tall their cats
are and they obtained the following results: (figures in mm)
300 235 85 115 210 117 215 150

Find the:
a. Range
b. interquartile range
c. variance
d. Standard deviation

What Is It

Measures of Central Tendency is a summary measure that attempts to describe

whole set of data with a single value that represents the middle or center of its
distribution.

Three Main Measures of Central Tendency:

a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode

a) Mean
ഥ) it is called an arithmetic average or the average.
Mean (𝒙

To find the mean, add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there
are. This is also known as the arithmetic average.

Example:
Daily allowance of Grade 11 students:
50 20 25 30 50 50 30 25 10 25 20 100 75

50 + 20 + 25 + 30 + 50 + 50 + 30 + 25 + 10 + 25 + 20 + 100 + 75
𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧 =
13
510
=
13
= 𝟑𝟗. 𝟐𝟑

Properties of the Mean:

1. It may or may not be an actual score in the data set.
2. Every score contributes to the value of the mean.
3. Subgroup means can be combined to get the general mean.
4. It is easily affected by the highest and lowest scores.

18
b) Median
Median (Md) is the middle value or midpoint in a distribution when the values are
arranged in ascending or descending order. The median divides the distribution in
half (there are 50% of observations on neither side of the median value).

55 56 57 57 58 58 60 60 62 65 65 65

When the distribution has an even number of observations like above, the median
value is the mean of the two middle values. In the foregoing distribution, the two middle
58 + 60
values are 58 and 60, therefore, the median = ( 2 ) = 59 years.

When the number of observations is odd like below, the median is 60 years.

55 56 57 58 58 60 60 62 65 65 65

Properties of Median:
1. It divides the distribution into two equal parts.
2. It may or may not be a score in the data set.
3. It is not affected by the highest and lowest scores.

c) Mode
The Mode (Mo) is the count of how many times the number occurs.
To find the mode or modal value, place the numbers in value order (either
ascending or descending); then, count how many are there for each number. The
mode is the number which appears most often (the one with the highest frequency).
In the daily allowance of grade 11, the most commonly occurring value or highest
frequency (3) 50 and 25; therefore, the modes are 50 and 25. If all values occur
only once, there would be no mode; however, there can be more than one. Like in
our example 50 and 25 appear three times; therefore, the modes are 50 and 25.

Properties of Mode:
1. It may not be unique. That is, there may be one or more modes.
2. It may or may not exist. This happens when each entry occurs as many times
as other entries.
3. It is not affected by the highest and the lowest scores.

19
Example:
Camela Fuentes manages a tea house called Our Snack Back Bar. She wants
to know the average length of employment at the tea house. Abigail gathered the data
relative to those who left the coffee house for the past 5 years. There were only eight
who left the coffee house for the said period. Below are the lengths of time the said
employees stayed with the coffee house:
Natividad Cruz 60 months
Manuel Ramos 32 months
Felix Vergara 45 months
Lucy Bautista 20 months
Abigail Sanchez 32 months
Linda Dela Cruz 32 months
Tessie Santos 8 months
Meriam Agustin 13 months

Let us compute the mean, the median, and the mode.

 Mean
60 + 45 + 32 + 8 + 13 + 32 + 20 + 32 242
Mean = = = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
8 8
 Median
8 13 20 32 32 32 45 60
Since there are 8 figures, to get the median, we get the mean of the two middle
32+32
values, which are 32 and 32 which will give us, = 𝟑𝟐.
2

 Mode
8 13 20 32 32 32 45 60

𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞 = 32
The mode is the one with the highest frequency, which is (3) times for 32.

Variability refers to how spread out a group of scores is. In other words, variability
measures how much your scores differ from each other.

Measures of Variability:
a) Range
b) Interquartile Range
c) Variance
d) Standard Deviation

a) Range
Range is the simplest measure of variability. To calculate the range, you take the
smallest number and subtract it from the largest number. This allows us to know
the spread of the data.
Range = H-L

20
b) Interquartile Range
Interquartile Range is a measure of variability based on dividing a data set into
quartiles. Quartiles divide the rank-ordered data set into four equal parts. The
values that divide each part are called the first, second, third quartiles and they
are denoted by Q1, Q2, and Q3, respectively.
 Q1 is the middle value in the first half of the rank-ordered data set.
 Q2 is the median value in the set.
 Q3 is the middle value in the second half of the rank-ordered set.
The formula to find the interquartile range is
IQR = Q3 - Q1

Example (1):
Let us assume the following data on the midterm exam of a certain class.
52, 71, 55, 75, 81, 85, 100, 89, 83, 90, 90, 99, 100

For a set of number with an odd number of data points, to find the IQR, we follow the
steps below:

1. List the data in numerical order

52 55 71 75 81 83 85 89 90 90 99 100 100

2. Find the median

52 55 71 75 81 83 85 89 90 90 99 100 100

3. Place brackets around the numbers above and below the median. Do not place
brackets around the median.

First Half Median Second Half

(52, 55,71, 75, 81, 83) 85 (89, 90, 90, 99, 100, 100)

71+75
a) (52, 55, 71, 75, 81, 83) = ( )= 73 is Q1
2
90+99
b) (89, 90, 90, 99, 100, 100) = ( )= 94.5 is Q3
2

4. Solve for IQR

IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 94.5 – 73 = 21.5

For a set of data with even number of data points, the middle value is the average of
the two middle values for the respective quartiles.

21
Example (2):
1 3 4 5 5 6 7 11
Q1 is the middle value in the first half of the data set. Since the number of the figures
is even, the first half would be:
1 3 4 5
 To get the Q1, the two middle figures are 3 and 4 and the average of 3 and 4
would be:
3+4
Q1= ( ) = 3.5
2
 To get Q3, we get the second half of the data set:
5 6 7 11

 The two middle figures are 6 and 7 and the average of 6 and 7 would be:
6+7
Q3 = ( ) = 6.5
2
 Now that we have Q1 and Q3, we can now solve the IQR:
IQR = Q3 – Q1
= 6.5 – 3.5
=3

Variability is a measure of how close the scores in the data set are to the middle of
the distribution. It is mainly used to calculate the standard deviation and other
statistics. This variance is defined as the average of the squared differences from the
mean.

Population in statistics includes all members of a defined group that we are studying
or collecting information on for the data driven decisions.

Sample is a portion, slice or part of the population, and, and has all its characteristics
c) Variance
Population variance is denoted by 𝜎 2 ; and the sample variance, by 𝑠 2 . The
population variance is the sum of the squared deviation of each datum from the
population mean, 𝜇, divided by the population size N. It is defined by the following
formula:

𝟐
𝚺(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐
𝝈 =
𝑵

where:
𝝈𝟐 = population variance
𝑿 = given data
𝛍 = population mean
𝑵 = number of elements in the population

22
Example:
A population consists of four observations: (1, 3, 5, 7). What is the variance?

Solution:
1. Compute the population mean.
Σ𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
1+3+5+7
= 4

=𝟒

Then, we plug all the known values in the formula for the variance of a population:
2
Σ(𝑋 − 𝜇)2
𝜎 =
𝑁
[ (1 − 4)2 + (3 − 4)2 + (5 − 4)2 + (7 − 4)2 ]
=
4
(−3)2 + (−1)2 + (1)2 + (3)2 )
=
4
(9 + 1 + 1 + 9)
=
4
20
=
4
𝜎2 = 𝟓

d) Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers are. Its symbol is σ
(the Greek letter sigma). It is the square root of the variance. It is defined by the
formula:
𝚺(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐
𝜎=√
𝑵
Therefore, in our foregoing example, the standard deviation would be:

𝜎 = √5 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟖

Test of Significant Difference:

Population consists of the totality of the observations.

Example:
If we classify students of a school according to blood type and there are 500
students, the population is 500 (n = 500).

Sample is a subset of a population. Samples taken must be representative of the

population to avoid inferences that are erroneous; therefore, we generally use a simple
random sample.

23
Simple random sample
 Of n - observations (population) is a sample that is chosen in such a way
that every subset of n-observations of the population has the same
probability of being selected.

Hypothesis is a statement about a population. Researches study a population and

make a general statement about the population.

Before we define the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis, we will describe
three possible outcomes assuming the we are conducting a study of the result in using
two different teaching methods for math. In this study, there are three possible
outcomes;
1. Method A is equal to Method B (A = B)
2. Method A is better than Method B (A > B)
3. Method A is poorer than Method B (A < B)
Null hypothesis - Outcome 1 forms the basis of the null hypothesis, which can be
stated as:
(1) “There is no significant difference between Method A and Method B in teaching
math”; or
(2) “Method A is equal to method B in teaching math.”
However, the most common way of stating the null hypothesis is statement (1).

Another way of stating the null hypothesis would be:

(1) “Method A is equal to or better than Method B in teaching math”.
(2) “Method A is equal to or poorer that method B in teaching math”.

Alternative Hypothesis are directional hypotheses and are tested by a directional or

one-tailed test.

In deciding whether to reject a hypothesis, there are two types of error that may be
committed. They are:

1. Type I error - rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true.

2. Type II error - acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false.

Level of Significance refers to probability of committing a type I error denoted by 𝜶

(alpha); [𝛼= P (type I error). Usually, the level of significance is equal to 1%, 5%, or
10%. Other alphas that are greater than 10% may be used, but it increases the
chances of committing a type I error.

Steps in Conducting the Test of Difference

1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Select the appropriate test statistics and establish the critical region.
3. Compute for the test statistical value.
4. Make a decision. The decision rule states, “Reject H0, if the test statistics value
lies inside the critical region; if not, reject the H1.
5. Make a conclusion.

24
MS Excel

Handling data would be one of the main reasons why you are using Excel. Excel is
quite intuitive and simple to use when it comes to typing or handling it. Because of its
grid nature, it can store and manage thousands of data points with ease. Built in
features like copy, paste, find, highlight, go to, styles, etc. make the process of
maintaining data very easy for you.

Graphical Presentation in Excel:

1. Open an Excel worksheet. Encode your data in one column with the
appropriate variable name.

2. In the Insert tab, you can have a choice of different graphs- line, bar, pie, and
more. Say we choose line.

25
 3. Press the desired graph.

Kilowatt Consumption 2019

600

500

400

300

200

100

Descriptive Statistics From Excel

Excel gives the statistics of measures of central tendency and measures of

variation.

Steps to install DATA ANALYSIS.

1. From the the EXCEL Button, press EXCEL OPTIONS found below the
dialogue box.
2. A new window will appear, press ADD INS on the first column. Then press
GO.
3. Click the small box beside the STATISTICAL TOOLPAK-VBA, then press GO.
4. Allow excel to install the software in less than a minute.
5. If properly installed, DATA ANALYSIS is now available from DATA.

Example:

Let us work on DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS in Excel.

1. Encode your data in one column.
2. Press DATA/DATA ANLAYSIS/DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS.
3. Enter the scores in the INPUT RANGE.
4. Check SUMMARY STATISTICS, then OK.
5. Your statistics will appear in a new sheet.

26
27
 What’s More

Activity 1 Self- Assessment

Direction: Read and understand scenarios below and answer.

A. You were given the following data relative to hypothetical salaries of different
occupations in the Philippines:
Teacher: 21,000 Lawyer: 35,000
Call Center Agent: 18,000 Hotel Front Desk: 12,000
Call Center Supervisors: 29,000 Fast Food Manager: 16,000
25,000Waiter/Waitress: 12,000 University Professor: 25,000
Doctor: 40,000 Bank Teller: 17,000
Retail Sales Peron: 11,000

Find the:
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode

28
B. You were given the following data relative to the commission earned by
salesmen of a trading firm which sold television for the month of November
2019:
Salesman Commission Earned
A ₱10,500
B ₱18,750
C ₱8,795
D ₱25,300
E ₱21,275

Find the (1) range and the (2) mean or arithmetic average.

C. Donna keeps the record of seamen’s remittances. Listed below are the
remittances (in thousand peso) of a seaman for the first three quarters of 2019.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug Sep
Remittance 34 27 50 54 40 43 65 63 59

Find the (1) median, (2) range, and (3) interquartile.

D. Given the following data:
𝒙
12
10
8
6
4
𝛴𝑥 = 40

Find the (1) variance and the (2) standard deviation.

E. Compute for the Statistics using Excel.

1. Six students took the aptitude test and the scores are as follows:
85 80 87 85 88 90

29
 What I have Learned

Reflective Question:
You have learned different types of charts and graphs its essential parts and its
purpose. Presentation of business data through the use of charts and graphs give
more clarity of the report you are producing. It allows the end user to interpret and
analyze your data. You have learned central tendency and variability; mean, median,
mode, range, interquartile, variance and standard deviation. Test of significant
difference. All of these are important to remember because it is used in business
financial processes. Oftentimes, it is used in budgeting and analyzing data between
budget and actual numbers in their business. You are introduced in using excel which
makes it easier for you to present your data and calculate measurements and different
types of mathematical computations.

Does studying Measures of Central Tendency, Variability and organizing data through
MS excel, make my work easier if I work with large number of data? Explain how.

What I Can Do

Interview 15 of your classmates and ask them of the highest grades they
obtained in Mathematics in Junior High.
Using excel, compute for the following:
a. Mean d. Range
b. Median e. Interquartile
c. Mode f. Standard deviation

30
 Additional Activities

Complete the sentences below.

After doing the activities:
1. I noticed _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

2. A question I have is _____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

3. I’m not sure ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

4. I realized ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

31
 Assessment

A. Construct a (1) frequency table, (2) bar graph, and a (3) pie chart using the
information below.

ELECTRONIC GADGETS USED BY 40 STUDENTS IN GRADE 11- SECTION A

DESKTOP DSLR TABLET SMARTPHONE SMARTPHONE
SMARTPHONE SMARTPHONE TABLET TABLET DESKTOP
TABLET LAPTOP SMARTPHONE TABLET SMARTPHONE
TABLET DESKTOP SMARTPHONE LAPTOP LAPTOP
DESKTOP TABLET DESKTOP SMARTPHONE SMARTPHONE
LAPTOP LAPTOP LAPTOP SMARTPHONE TABLET
DESKTOP SMARTPHONE DSLR TABLET TABLET
SMARTPHONE LAPTOP LAPTOP DESKTOP SMARTPHONE

B.
Number of Marbles
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
-

1. In which month did Aling Nena sell the greatest number of marbles?
2. How many marbles were sold in January?
3. Find the decrease in the number of marbles sold between August and
September.

C.

HOW THE STUDENTS SPEND THEIR TIME DURING WEEKEND

Sleeping Watching TV Playing Eating Studying Cleaning

8%
8%
4% 42%
21%

17%

1. Approximate how many hours are spent in studying?

2. Approximately how many hours are spent in playing and watching TV?
3. How much time is spent in cleaning for Saturday and Sunday?

32
D. Write True or False. If it is False, rewrite to make the statement true.
1. The median is the measure of central tendency most likely to be affected by an
extreme value.
2. Every data set has a mode.
3. The mode in data is unique.
4. The mean may or may not be an actual score in the data.
5. The mode is used to look for the lowest count.
6. The mean can be affected by extreme scores.
7. The median is used when the data has an extreme score.

E. Cezar received the following scores on five mathematics tests with 100 as the
highest score:
75 93 85 92 77
Find the:
1) Mean 2) Median 3) Mode

33
 Answer Key

LESSON 1
What I Know
A. B.
1. textual 1. Area Chart
2. textual 2. Bar graph
3. tabular 3. Frequency table
4. textual 4. Line Chart
5. graphical 5. Pie chart

C. D. Group 2
Score Frequency
65 1 E.
70 1 Number of Number of
76 1 Motorcycle Salesman
77 1 20 1
78 1 21 2
79 1 23 1
80 5 26 1
81 2 30 1
82 2 33 2
83 1 35 3
84 1 38 2
85 3 40 1
88 1
89 1 F. A = 33, B = 33
90 1
95 1

a. 95, 65
b. 80

What’s New
1. June 11, 2020
2. Yes, answer may vary.

What’s More
1.
a. cake
b. mango float
c. mango tapioca
d. mango tapioca
2.
a. 387
b. 2017
c. 2019

34
3.

Total Number of COVID19 Cases

5,000,000.00
4,500,000.00
4,000,000.00
3,500,000.00
3,000,000.00
2,500,000.00
2,000,000.00
1,500,000.00
1,000,000.00
500,000.00
0.00

ARGENTINA
INDIA

SPAIN
USA
BRAZIL

GERMANY
PERU

TURKEY
IRAN
COLOMBIA
PAKISTAN
UK

ITALY
RUSSIA
SOUTH AFRICA
MEXICO

FRANCE
CHILE

SAUDI ARABIA

BANGLADESH
4.
a.
Savings 250
Recreation 150
School Supplies 300
Food 180
Transportation 12
Title

5.

Dollar Average Rate-2019

53.00
Average Rate

52.50
52.00
S 51.50
C 51.00
50.50
A 50.00
49.50 Average Rate
L
E

Months

Labels
Points Line

35
Activity 2 Your Turn
1.

Annual Sale
Year Total Sales

450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2.
Non-Office
Expenditures
Total Budget
8% Salaries and
Wages and Other
Capital Outlay Benefits
2% 27%

Maintenance &
Other Operating
Expenses Salaries and Wages and Other Benefits
63% Maintenance & Other Operating Expenses
Capital Outlay
Non-Office Expenditures

What I have Learned

Answer may vary.

What I Can Do
Answer may vary.

Additional Activities
Answer may vary.

36
LESSON 2

What’s New
Activity1
1. 2. 3.
a.  Mean – 85.10638 a. Range - 215
b.  Median – 87 b. Interquartile Range - 109
c.  Mode – 90 c. Variance - 5378.268
d. Standard deviation - 73.33667
Assessment
A.
1. Frequency Table
Electronic Gadgets Frequency
DESKTOP 7
DSLR 2
LAPTOP 8
SMARTPHONE 13
TABLET 10
TOTAL 40

2. Bar graph

ELECTRONIC GADGETS OF STUDENTS

15
10
5
0

3. Pie Chart

ELECTRONIC GADGETS OF STUDENTS

TABLET DESKTOP
25% 17% DSLR
5%

SMARTPHONE
LAPTOP
33%
20%

37
B.
1. April
2. 200
3. 50
C.
1) 2 hours
2) 9 hours
3) 4 hours
D.
1. False, mean
2. False, it may or may have
3. False, it may not be unique
4. True
5. False, it is not affected by highest or lowest scores
6. True
7. True
E.
1. Mean - 84.4
2. Median - 85
3. Mode - None

38
References

Business Mathematics by Norma D. Lopez – Mariano, PhD 1st ed., Published by REX
Books Store Manila, Philippines:856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St. Tel. Nos. 736 – 05
– 67. 735 – 13 – 64
Business Math Textbook, Authors: Brian Roy C. Lopez, Leah C. Martin - Lundag and
Keneth Adrian P. Dagal Editor Ian June L. Garces, PhD Department of
Education. GOP TEXTBOOK FUNDS

39
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Alternative Delivery Mode (DepEd-ADM)

Office Address: Masterson Avenue, Upper Balulang, Zone 1, Cagayan

de Oro City, Cagayan de Oro, Lalawigan ng Misamis Oriental

Email Address: misamis.oriental@deped.gov.ph

40