Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.

CHAPTER
Quadratic Equations and
4 Expressions

Chapter Highlights
Quadratic equation, Common roots, Symmetric function of the roots, Graph of a quadratic expression, Greatest
and least values of a quadratic expression, Nature of roots of a quadratic equation with respect to one or two
real numbers, Relation between roots and coefficients of a polynomial equation, Formation of a polynomial
equation from given roots, Sign of a polynomial expression, Rational algebraic expression

QUADRATIC EQUATION TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

2
An algebraic expression of the form: ax + bx + c, where
For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
a (≠0), b, c ∈ R is called a real quadratic expression.
 One root will be reciprocal of the other if a = c.
An equation of the form: ax2 + bx + c = 0, where
 One root is zero if c = 0.
a (≠0), b, c ∈ R is called a real quadratic equation.
The numbers a, b, c are called the coefficients of the  Roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign if b = 0.

quadratic equation and the expression b 2 − 4 ac is called  Both roots are zero if b = c = 0.

its discriminant. Discriminant of a quadratic equation is  Roots are positive if D > 0, a and c are of same sign and b

usually denoted by D or Δ. is of opposite sign.

 Roots are of opposite sign if a and c are of opposite

Roots of the Quadratic Equation sign.

 Roots are negative if D > 0 and a, b, c are of the same
A root of the quadratic equation
sign.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (1)  Roots are rational ⇔ D is a perfect square

 Roots are irrational ⇔ D is positive but not a perfect

is a number a (real or complex) such that aa + ba + c = 0.
2
square.
The roots of the quadratic Eq. (1) are given by, c
 If a + b + c = 0, then 1, are the roots of the equation
a
−b ± b 2 − 4 ac ax2 + bx + c = 0
x=
2a c
and if a – b + c = 0, then the roots are –1 and – .
a
Nature of Roots of the 2
 If ax + bx + c = 0 is satisfied by more than two values, it

Quadratic Equation is an identity and a = b = c = 0 and vice-versa.

2
 If ax + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R, has one root p + iq,
1. If D < 0, then roots a, b are imaginary
then the other root will be p – iq. Hence, the imaginary
2. If D > 0, then roots a, b are real and distinct roots occur in conjugate pair.
3. If D = 0, then roots a, b are real and equal
4.2 Chapter 4

1 1
 If ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are rational, has one root Solving Eq. (1) and (2), we get a = − and b = .
5 5
p + q then the other root will be p − q . Hence, irra-
But these values do not satisfy Eq. (3). Hence the
tional roots occur in conjugate pair if the coefficients are
rational.
given equation cannot be an identify for any values
of a and b.
 The quadratic equation whose roots are reciprocals of the
roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is cx2 + bx + a = 0 (i.e., the coef- 3. If x2 + lx + m is an integer for every integer x, then
ficients are written in reverse order). (A) l is always an integer but m need not be an integer
 If a = 1, b, c ∈ Z and the roots are rational numbers, then (B) m is always in integer but l need not be an integer
these roots must be integers. (C) l and m, both are always integer
 The condition that the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = (D) None of these
0 may be in the ration m : n is mnb2 = ac(m + n).
 If sum of roots of ax2 + bx + c3 = 0 is equal to the sum of Solution: (C)
c b a
their reciprocals, then ab2, bc2, ca2 are in A.P. or , ,
Let g(x) = x2 + lx + m, then g(x) is an integer for every
are in H.P. b a c integer x.
Therefore, g(0) = m ⇒ m is an integer
Also,
SOLVED EXAMPLES g(1) = 1 + l + m ⇒ l is an integer (Q m is integer)

1. If a + b + c = 0 and a, b, c are rational, then the roots of 4. The equation 125x + 45x = 2.27x has
the equation (b + c – a) x2 + (c + a – b) x + (a + b– c) = 0 (A) no solution
are (B) one solution
(A) rational (B) irrational (C) two solutions
(C) imaginary (D) equal (C) more than two solutions
Solution: (A) Solution: (B)
We have, The given equation can be written as
D = (c + a – b)2 – 4 (b + c – a) (a + b – c) (5/3)3x + (5/3)x = 2
= (a + b + c – 2b)2 – 4 (a + b + c – 2a) Putting (5/3)x = t, the equation becomes
(a + b + c – 2c)
t3 + t – 2 = 0
2 2
= (– 2b) – 4 (– 2a) (– 2c) = 4 (b – 4ac) ⇒ t3 – 1 + (t – 1) = 0
2 2
= 4 [(– a – c) – 4ac] = 4 (a – c) ⇒ (t – 1) (t2 + t + 1) + (t – 1) = 0
2
= [2 (a – c)] = perfect square ⇒ (t – 1) (t2 + t + 2) = 0
\ Roots are rational ⇒ t=1
2. The number of values of the pair (a, b ) for which the or 2
t +t+2=0
equation a (x + 1)2 + b (x2 – 3x – 2) + x + 1 = 0, ∀ x ∈ R is 2
But t + t + 2 = 0 does not have real solutions.
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) infinite (D) None of these Therefore, t = 1 ⇒ (5/3)x = 1 ⇒ x = 0.
Solution: (B) 5. For a > 0, the roots of the equation
The equation logax a + logx a2 + log a x a3 = 0, are given by:
2

–4/3 –3/4
(a + b)x + (2a – 3b + 1)x + (a + 2b + 1) = 0
2
(A) a (B) a (C) a1/2 (D) a–1
is an identify in x if Solution: (A)
a+b=0 (1) We have,
2a – 3b + 1 = 0 (2) log a a
+
2 log a a
+
3 log a a
=0
log a a + log a x log a x 2 log a a + log a x
and a – 2b + 1 = 0 (3)
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.3

1 2 3 So, D = 4 (a2 + 1)2 – 12 (a2 – 3a + 2) > 0

⇒ + + = 0 (let loga x = t)
1+ t t 2 + t a 2 − 3a + 2
and product of roots = <0
2t + t 2 + 2t 2 + 6t + 4 + 3t 2 + 3t 3
⇒ =0
t (1 + t ) ( 2 + t ) ⇒ a2 – 3a + 2 = (a – 1) (a – 2) < 0
⇒ 6t2 + 11t + 4 = 0 \ 1<a<2
2
⇒ 6t + 8t + 3t + 4 = 0 Clearly for these values of a, D > 0.
⇒ (2t + 1) (3t + 4) = 0 Hence, 1 < a < 2.
1 4 9. The number of real solutions of the equation 271/x +
⇒ t=– ,–
2 3 121/x = 2 × 81/x is
1 4 (A) one (B) two (C) infinite (D) zero
⇒ loga x = – , –
2 3 Solution: (D)
\ x = a–1/2, a–4/3 The given equation can be written as
6. The number of solutions of the equation sin (ex) = 5x + ⎛ 3⎞
3/ x
⎛ 3⎞
1/ x

5– x is ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ +⎜ ⎟ = 2.
2 ⎝ 2⎠
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite 1/ x
⎛ 3⎞
Put ⎜ ⎟ = t, then the equation becomes
Solution: (A) ⎝ 2⎠
Put 5x = y. Then the given equation becomes
t3 + t – 2 = 0 ⇒ (t – 1) (t2 + t + 2) = 0.
2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
sin (ex) = y + = ⎜ y− ⎟ +2 (Q 5x > 0) But t2 + t + 2 = 0 has no real roots,
y ⎝ y⎠ \ t=1
1/ x
⇒ sin (ex) ≥ 2. ⎛ 3⎞ 1
⇒ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =1 ⇒ =0
Which is not possible for any real value of x. 2 x
Hence, the given equation has no real solution. which is not possible for any value of x.
2/3 1/3 3 2
7. If x = 2 + 2 +2 then the value of x – 6x + 6x is
12 x
(A) 3 (B) 2 10. For all real values of x,
(C) 1 (D) None of these 4x2 + 9

Solution: (B) (A) ≤1 (B) ≤2 (C) >1 (D) >2

We have, Solution: (A)
x – 2 = 22/3 + 21/3 12 x
Let = y,
Cube both sides, we get 4x2 + 9
(x – 2)3 = 22 + 2 + 3 ⋅ 22/3 ⋅ 21/3 (x – 2) Now, 4yx2 – 12x + 9y = 0
= 6 + 6 (x – 2) As x is real,
or 3 2
x – 6x + 12x – 8 = –6 + 6x. D = 144 – 4 ⋅ 4y ⋅ 9y ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 – y2 ≥ 0
\ x3 – 6x2 + 6x = 2. ⇒ y2 ≤ 1;
8. The values of a, for which the quadratic equation \ |y| ≤ 1.
3x2 + 2 (a2 + 1) x + (a2 – 3a + 2) = 0 possesses roots of
opposite sign, are 12 x
Hence, ≤ 1.
(A) 1 < a < 2 (B) a ∈ (2, ∞) 4x2 + 9
(C) 1 < a < 3 (D) None of these 11. If x2 – 3x + 2 be one of the factors of the expression
Solution: (A) x4 – px2 + q, then
Roots are of opposite sign if (a) roots are real and (A) p = 4, q = 5 (B) p = 5, q = 4
distinct, (b) product is negative. (C) p = –5, q = –4 (D) None of these
4.4 Chapter 4

Solution: (B) ⇒ rp – rq = pq – pr
Since x2 – 3x + 2 is one of the factors of the expression ⇒ 2rp = q (p + r)
x4 – px2 + q, therefore, on dividing the expression by
factor, remainder = 0 i.e., on dividing x4– px2 + q by 2 p+r 1 1
\ = = + .
x2 – 3x + 2, the remainder q pr p r
(15 – 3p) x + (2p + q – 14) = 0 p a b
14. If c ≠ 0 and the equation = + has two
On comparing both sides, we get 2x x+c x−c
equal roots, then p can be
15 – 3p = 0 or p=5
(A) ( a − b ) 2 (B) ( a + b ) 2
and 2p + q – 14 = 0 or q = 4. (C) a + b (D) a – b
12. If the roots of x2 – bx + c = 0 are two consecutive Solution: (A, B)
integers, then b2 – 4c is We can write the given equation as
(A) 1 (B) 0 p ( a + b) x + c ( b − a)
(C) 2 (D) None of these =
2x x 2 − c2
Solution: (A)
or p (x2 – c2) = 2 (a + b) x2 – 2c (a – b) x
The roots of the equation are given by,
or (2a + 2b – p) x2 – 2c (a – b) x + pc2 = 0
2
b ± b − 4c For this equation to have equal roots
x=
2
c2(a – b)2 – pc2 (2a + 2b – p) = 0
b + b 2 − 4c ⇒ (a – b)2 – 2p (a + b) + p2 = 0 (Q c2 ≠ 0)
If a=
2
⇒ [ p – (a + b)]2 = (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
2
b − b − 4c
and b= ⇒ p – (a + b) = ± 2 ab
2
Then, a–b=1 ⇒ p = a + b ± 2 ab = ( a ± b ) 2

15. If (7 − 4 3 ) x − 4 x + 3 + (7 + 4 3 ) x2 − 4 x +3
2

⇒ b 2 − 4c = 1 = 14, then
2 the value of x is given by
⇒ b – 4c = 1.
(A) 2, 2 ± 2 (B) 2 ± 3,3
13. If p (q – r) x2 + q (r – p) x + r (p – q) = 0 has equal (C) 3 ± 2,2 (D) None of these
2
roots, then = Solution: (A)
q
Since (7 + 4 3 ) (7 − 4 3 ) = 1,
1 1
(A) p + (B) +r \ the given equation becomes
r p
1
1 1 y+ = 14
(C) p + r (D) + y
p r 2
− 4x + 3
Solution: (D) where y = (7 − 4 3 ) x
Since p (q – r) + q (r – p) + r (p – q) = 0 ⇒ y2 – 14y + 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 7 ± 4 3
\ one root is 1
Now y= 7±4 3
r ( p − q)
\ other root = . ⇒ x2 – 4x + 3 = –1
p (q − r)
⇒ x = 2, 2
Since roots are equal
rp − rq Also, y= 7−4 3
\ =1
pq − pr ⇒ x2 – 4x + 3 = 1 ⇒ x = 2 ± 2
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.5

Sum and Product of the Roots 17. If the ratio of the roots of lx2 + nx + n = 0 is p : q, then
If a and b are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then q p l
(A) + + =0
p q n
−b Coefficient of x
Sum of roots = a + b = =–
a Coefficient of x 2 p q n
(B) + + =0
c Constant term q p l
Product of roots = ab = =
a Coefficient of x 2 q p l
(C) + + =1
Formation of Equation with Given Roots p q n

If a and b are roots of (D)

p
+
q
+
n
=1
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0, q p l

then f (x) = (x – a) (x – b ) = 0 Solution: (B)

Let the roots be a and b.
= x2 – (a + b )x + ab = 0
−n n
i.e., x2 – (sum of the roots) x + (product of the roots) = 0. Then a+b= ; ab = ;
l l
a p
CAUTION and =
b q
A quadratic equation with all odd integer coefficients cannot p q n a b
have rational roots. Now, + + = + + ab
q p l b a
n n
− +
a + b + ab l l =0
SOLVED EXAMPLES = =
ab n
16. If r be the ratio of the roots of the equation l
( r + 1) 2 18. In a quadratic equation with leading coefficient 1, a
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then = student reads the coefficient 16 of x wrongly as 19 and
r
a2 b2 obtain the roots as – 15 and – 4. The correct roots are
(A) (B) (A) 6, 10 (B) –6, –10
bc ca
2 (C) –7, –9 (D) None of these
c
(C) (D) None of these
ab Solution: (B)
Since coefficient of x = 16,
Solution: (B)
\ sum of roots = –16
Given equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0 (1) Since constant term = (–15) (–4) = 60,
Let the root of equation (1) be a and ra, then \ correct answer is –6, –10.
−b
a + ra = (2) 19. If the roots of the equation
1
+
1
=
1
are
a x+a x+b c
c
and ra =2
(3) equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then their
a product is
From Eq. (2), 1 2 −1 2
b (A) (a + b2) (B) (a + b2)
a=– (4) 2 2
a ( r + 1)
1 −1
Putting the value of a in Eq. (3), we get (C) ab (D) ab
2 2
rb 2 c
2 2
= Solution: (B)
a ( r + 1) a
We have, ((x + b) + (x + a)c = (x + a) (x + b)
b2 ( r + 1) 2
or, = ⇒ 2
x + bx + ax – 2cx + ab – bc – ca = 0
ac r
4.6 Chapter 4

Now, let roots be a and b, then 22. If a, b are the roots of x2 – 2px + q = 0 and g, d are
roots of x2 – 2rx + s = 0 and a, b, g, d are in A.P., then
a + b = 0, ab = ab – bc – ac
(A) p – q = r2 – s2 (B) s – q = r2 – p2
a + b = 0 ⇒ b + a = 2c (C) r – s = p2 – q2 (D) None of these
and ab = ab – (b + a) c Solution: (B)
( a + b) 2 We have, a + b = 2p;
⇒ ab = ab –
2
ab = q, g + d = 2r and g d = s
1
⇒ ab = (– a – b2)
2
Q a, b, g, d are in A.P.
2
1 \ b – a = d – g ⇒ (b – a)2 = (d – g )2
\ ab = – (a2 + b2)
2 ⇒ (b + a)2 – 4ba = (d + g )2 – 4dg
20. If sin q and cos q are the roots of the equation ax2 + ⇒ 4p2 – 4q = 4r2 – 4s;
bx + c = 0, then
or s – q = r2 – p2
(A) (a – c)2 = b2 – c2 (B) (a – c)2 = b2 + c2
2 2 2
(C) (a + c) = b – c (D) (a + c)2 = b2 + c2 23. The rational values of a and b in ax2 + bx + 1 = 0 if
Solution: (D) 1
is a root, are
Since sin q and cos q are the roots of the equation 4+ 3
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (A) a = 13, b = – 8 (B) a = – 13, b = 8
b c (C) a = 13, b = 8 (D) a = – 13, b = – 8
\ sin q + cos q = − and sin q cos q =
a a Solution: (A)
Now (sin q + cos q ) = 1 + 2 sin q cos q
2
1 4− 3 4− 3
One root = × =
b2 2c a + 2c 4+ 3 4− 3 13
\ =1 + =
a2 a a 4+ 3
\ other root =
2 2
⇒ b = a (a + 2c) = a + 2ac 13
\ The quadratic equation is
⇒ b + c2 = a2 + 2ac + c2 = (a + c)2
2

⎛ 4 + 3 4 − 3⎞ 4+ 3 4− 3
Hence, (a + c)2 = b2 + c2 x2 − ⎜ + ⎟ x+ ⋅ =0
⎝ 13 13 ⎠ 13 13
21. In copying a quadratic equation of the form x2 + px +
q = 0, a student wrote the coefficient of x incorrectly or 13x2 – 8x + 1 = 0
and the roots were found to be 3 and 10; another stu- This equation must be identical with ax2 + bx + 1 = 0;
dent wrote the same equation but he wrote the constant \ a = 13 and b = –8.
term incorrectly and thus he found the roots to be
4 and 7. The roots of the correct equation are 24. If a and b are rational and a, b be the roots of x2 +
(A) 5, 6 (B) 4, 6 2ax + b = 0, then the equation with rational coefficients
(C) 4, 5 (D) None of these one of whose roots is a + b + a 2 + b 2 is
Solution: (A) (A) x2 + 4ax – 2b = 0 (B) x2 + 4ax + 2b = 0
In case of the first student, product of the roots = 3 × (C) x2 – 4ax + 2b = 0 (D) x2 – 4ax – 2b = 0
10 = q. So the correct value of q is 30. Solution: (B)
In case of the second student, sum of the roots
Since a, b are roots of x2 + 2ax + b = 0
= 4 + 7 = –p.
So the correct value of p is –11. a + b = –2a and ab = b
2
\ The correct equation is x – 11x + 30 = 0 Let y = a + b + a 2 + b2
or (x – 5) (x – 6) = 0; ⇒ (y + 2a)2 =a2 + b 2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab = 4a2 – 2b
\ x = 5, 6. ⇒ y2 + 4ay + 2b = 0
\ Roots of the correct equation are 5, 6. So, the required equation is x2 + 4ax + 2b = 0.
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.7

25. If c, d are the roots of the equation (x – a) (x – b) – k = 0, − b − i 4 ac − b 2

then the roots of the equation (x – c) (x – d) + k = 0 are and b=
2a
(A) c, d (B) a, c (C) b, d (D) a, b
\ a =b .
Solution: (D)
We have, (x – a) (x – b) – k = 0
COMMON ROOTS
2
⇒ x – (a + b) x + ab – k = 0 (1)
One Root Common
Since the roots of Eq. (1) are c and d
If a is a common root of the equations
\ c + d = a + b, (2)
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 (1)
and cd = ab – k (3)
Now (x – c) (x – d) + k = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 (2)

⇒ x2 – (c + d) x + cd + k = 0 then we have
a1a 2 + b1a + c1 = 0
⇒ x2 – (a + b) x + ab = 0
[Putting the values of a + b and and a2a 2 + b2a + c2 = 0
ab from Eqs (2) and (3)]
a2 a
⇒ (x – a) (x – b) = 0 ⇒ x = a, b. These give =
b1c2 − b2 c1 c1a2 − c2 a1
26. If the roots of the equations x2 – bx + c = 0 and x2 – cx+ 1
b = 0 differ by the same quantity then b + c is equal to = ( a1b2 − a2 b1 ≠ 0).
a1b2 − a2 b1
(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) –4
Thus, the required condition for one common root is
Solution: (D)
( a1b2 − a2 b1 ) (b1c2 − b2 c1 ) = (c1a2 − c2 a1 ) 2 and the value
We know that if a, b are roots of the equation c a − c2 a1 b c − b2 c1
of the common root is a = 1 2 or 1 2 .
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0, a1b2 − a2 b1 c1a2 − c2 a1
B 2 − 4 AC Both Roots Common
then a–b=
A If the Eq. (1) and (2) have both roots common, then these
Equating the value of a – b from both the given equations will be identical. Thus the required condition for
equations, we get both roots common is
a1 b c
b 2 − 4c = c 2 − 4b = 1 = 1
a2 b2 c2
⇒ b2 – 4c = c2 – 4b
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
⇒ b2 – c2 = –4 (b – c)
⇒ (b – c) (b + c + 4) = 0  To find the common root of two equations, make the coef-
ficient of second degree terms in two equations equal and
⇒ b + c = –4 (Q b ≠ c) subtract. The value of x so obtained is the required com-
27. If a, b are non-real roots of ax + bx + c = 0, (a, b,
2 mon root.
c ∈ R), then  If two quadratic equations with real coefficients have an
imaginary root common, then both roots will be common and
(A) ab = 1 (B) a = b the two equations will be identical. The required condition is
(C) ab = 1 (D) a = b a1 b c
= 1 = 1
Solution: (D) a2 b2 c2
 If two quadratic equations have an irrational root common,
Here b2 – 4ac < 0 then both roots will be common and the two equations will
be identical. The required condition is
− b + i 4 ac − b 2
\ a= a1 b
= 1 = 1
c
2a a2 b2 c2
4.8 Chapter 4

 If a is a repeated root of the quadratic equation

30. If a, b, c ∈ R and the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 have two roots in common, then
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0,
then a is also a root of the equation f ′(x) = 0.
(A) a = b ≠ c (B) a = b = – c
(C) a = b = c (D) None of these
 If a is repeated common root of two quadratic equations
f(x) = 0 and f(x) = 0, then a is also a common root of the Solution: (C)
equations f ′(x) = 0 and f ′(x) = 0. We have, x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
⇒ (x + 1)3 + 1 = 0
SOLVED EXAMPLES ⇒ (x + 1 + 1) [(x + 1)2 – (x + 1) + 1] = 0

2
⇒ (x + 2) (x2 + x + 1) = 0
28. The value of k so that the equations x – x – 12 = 0 and
kx2 + 10x + 3 = 0 may have one root in common, is − 1 ± 3i
⇒ x = –2,
43 − 43 2
(A) (B) 3 (C) – 3 (D)
16 16 ⇒ x = –2, w, w 2
Solution: (B, D) Since a, b, c ∈ R, ax2 + bx + c = 0 cannot have one real
Let a be the common root and one imaginary root. Therefore, two common roots
of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 are w, w2.
Then, a2 – a – 12 = 0 and ka2 + 10a + 3 = 0
b
Solving the two equations, we get Thus, − = w + w2 = –1
a
a2 a 1 ⇒ a=b
= =
117 − 12k − 3 10 + k c
and = w ⋅ w2 = 1 ⇒ c = a
a
⇒ (– 12k – 3)2 = 117 (10 + k)
⇒ a=b=c
⇒ 9 (4k + 1)2 = 117 (10 + k)
31. If the equations k (6x2 + 3) + rx + 2x2 – 1 = 0 and
2
⇒ (4k + 1) = 13 (10 + k) 6k  (2x2 + 1) + px + 4x2 – 2 = 0 have both the roots
common, then the value of 2r – p is
⇒ 16k2 + 8k + 1 = 130 + 13k
(A) 0 (B) 1
⇒ 16k2 – 5k – 129 = 0 (C) –1 (D) None of these
⇒ 16k2 – 48k + 43k – 129 = 0 Solution: (A)
− 43 The two equations can be written as
\ k=3 or k=
16
x2 (6k + 2) + rx + (3k – 1) = 0 (1)
2 2
29. If the equations ax + bx + c = 0 and x + 2x + 3 = 0
and x2 (12k + 4) + px + (6k – 2) = 0 (2)
have a common root, then a : b : c =
(A) 2 : 4 : 5 (B) 1 : 3 : 4 Divide by 2, we get
(C) 1 : 2 : 3 (D) None of these p
x2 (6k + 2) + x + (3k – 1) = 0 (3)
2
Solution: (C)
Comparing Eq. (1) and (3), we get
For the equation x2 + 2x + 3 = 0,
p
Discriminant = (2)2 – 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 3 < 0. r=
2
\ roots of x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 are imaginary. Since the
\ 2r – p = 0
equations x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given
to have a common root, therefore both roots will be 32. If the equations x2 – ax + b = 0 and x2 + bx – a = 0 have
common. Hence both the equations are identical. a common root, then
a b c (A) a + b = 1
\ = =
1 2 3 (B) a = b
(C) a – b = 2
i.e. a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 3.
(D) a + b = 0 or a – b = 1
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.9

Solution: (D) 2
⎛ ⎞1
Let a be a common root of the given equations. = ⎜ p2 − 2⎟
+2+ 2 ≥ 2+ 2
⎝ 2p ⎠
Then a2 – aa + b = 0 and a2 + ba – a = 0 Therefore, minimum value of a4 + b4 is 2 + 2
⇒ (a + b) a – (a + b) = 0
⇒ (a + b) (a – 1) = 0 GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
⇒ a+b=0 or a = 1 We have, y or f (x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0.
If a = 1, 1. The shape of the curve y = f (x) is a parabola
2. The axis of the parabola is y-axis (incase b = 0) or
then 1 – a + b = 0 ⇒ a – b = 1. parallel to y-axis.
3. If a > 0, then the parabola opens upwards.
SYMMETRIC FUNCTION OF THE ROOTS 4. If a < 0, then the parabola opens downwards
5. For D > 0, parabola cuts x-axis in two distinct points
A function of a and b is said to be a symmetric function if it
remains unchanged when a and b are interchanged. a > 0, D > 0
For example, a 2 + b 2 + 2ab is a symmetric function x-axis
of a and b whereas a 2 – b 2 + 3ab is not a symmetric
function of a and b.
x-axis
a > 0, D > 0
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Fig. 4.1(a) Fig. 4.1(b)

In order to find the value of a symmetric function of a and 6. For D = 0, parabola touches x-axis in one point.
b, express the given function in terms of a + b and ab. The
a > 0, D = 0
following results may be useful. x-axis
 a + b = (a + b ) – 2ab
2 2 2

 a + b = (a + b ) – 3ab (a + b )
3 3 3
x-axis
 a + b = (a + b ) (a + b ) – ab (a + b )
4 4 3 3 2 2
a > 0, D = 0
 a + b = (a + b ) (a + b ) – a b (a + b )
5 5 3 3 2 2 2 2
Fig. 4.2(a) Fig. 4.2(b)
 |a – b | = (a + b )2 − 4ab 7. For D < 0, parabola does not cut x-axis.
 a2 – b2 = (a + b ) (a – b ) a < 0, D < 0
 a3 – b3 = (a – b ) [(a + b )2 – ab] x-axis
 a4 – b4 = (a + b ) (a – b ) (a2 + b2)

x-axis
a > 0, D < 0
SOLVED EXAMPLE Fig. 4.3(a) Fig. 4.3(b)

1
33. If a and b be the roots of the equation x2 + px – = 0,
2 p2 GREATEST AND LEAST VALUES OF A
where p ∈ R, then the minimum value of a4 + b 4 is QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
(A) 2 (B) 2 + 2 1. If a > 0, then the quadratic expression y = ax2 + bx + c
(C) 2 − 2 (D) 2 has no greatest value but it has least value
4 ac − b 2 b
Solution: (B) at x=–
4a 2a
a 4 + b 4 = (a 2 + b 2) – 2a2b 2
2. If a < 0, then the quadratic expression y = ax2 + bx + c
= [(a + b) – 2ab] – 2(ab )
2 2 2
has no least value but it has greatest value
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1 4 ac − b 2 b
= ⎜ p2 + 2 ⎟ − 4
= p4 + +2 at x=−
⎝ p ⎠ 2p 2 p4 4a 2a
4.10 Chapter 4

Sign of Quadratic Expression 2. If both roots of f (x) = 0 lie between k1 and k2, then
a+b
We have, y or f (x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0. D ≥ 0, a f (k1) > 0, a f (k2) > 0 and k1 < < k2
2
1. If a > 0 and D < 0, then f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R i.e., f (x)
is positive for all real values of x. k1 α β k2
2. If a < 0 and D < 0, then f (x) < 0 for all x ∈ R i.e., f (x) 3. If k1 and k2 lie between the roots of f (x) = 0, then D ≥ 0,
is negative for all real values of x. a f (k1) < 0 and a f (k2) < 0.
3. If a > 0 and D = 0, then f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R i.e., f (x) is
positive for all real values of x except at vertex, where α β
k1 k2
f (x) = 0.
4. If a < 0 and D = 0, then f (x) ≤ 0 for all x ∈ R i.e. f (x) is
negative for all real values of x except at vertex, where TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
f (x) = 0.
5. If a > 0 and D > 0, let f (x) = 0 have two real roots a and 1. Let f(x) = 0 be a polynomial equation. Let p and q be two
b(a < b ), then f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ (–∞, a) ∪ (b, ∞) and real numbers, p < q.
f (x) < 0 for all x ∈ (a, b ). (a) If f(p) · f(q) < 0, then the equation f(x) = 0 has odd
6. If a < 0 and D > 0, let f (x) = 0 have two real roots a and number of real roots between p and q.
b(a < b ). Then f (x) < 0 for all x ∈ (–∞, a) ∪ (b, ∞) and (b) If f(p) · f(q) > 0, then the equation f(x) = 0 has
f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ (a, b ). either no real root or even number of real roots
between p and q.
(c) If f(p) = f(q), then the equation f ′(x) = 0 has at
NATURE OF ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC least one real root between p and q (This is due to
EQUATION WITH RESPECT TO ONE OR TWO Rolle’s Theorem)
REAL NUMBERS 2. (a) If the coefficients of the polynomial equation f(x) =
0 have p changes of signs, then the equation f(x) =
Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0. Let a, 0 will have atmost p, positive roots.
b(a  < b ) be the roots of the corresponding quadratic (b) If the coefficients of the polynomial equation f(–x) =
equation. Let k, k1, k2 ∈ R and k1 < k2. 0 have q changes of signs, then the equation f(x) =
0 will have atmost q, negative roots.
Nature of Roots with Respect to (c) The polynomial equation f(x) = 0 will have atmost
One Real Number p + q real roots where p and q are the changes of
signs of coefficients in f(x) and f(–x). (This is due to
1. If both the roots of f (x) = 0 are greater than k, then Descarte’s Rule of signs)
b
D ≥ 0, a f (k) > 0 and k < – For example, consider
2a f(x) = 2x5 – 6x4 + 7x3 – 8x2 + 5x + 3
k α β + – + – + +
Then, f(–x) = –2x5 – 6x4 – 7x3 – 8x2 – 5x + 3
2. If both the roots of f (x) = 0 are less than k, then D ≥ 0, – – – – – +
b
a f (k) > 0 and k > – Clearly, f(x) has 4 changes of signs and f(–x) has
2a only one change of sign, Therefore, the equation
f(x) = 2x5 – 6x4 + 7x3 – 8x2 + 5x + 3 = 0 has
α β k
atmost four positive roots and one negative root.
3. If one root is less than k and other is greater than k, Also, the equation has atmost (4 + 1) = 5 real
then D > 0 and a f (k) < 0 roots.
3. (a) A polynomial equation f(x) = 0 has exactly one root
α k β equal to a if f(a) = 0 and f ′(a) ≠ 0.
(b) A polynomial equation f(x) = 0 has exactly two roots
Roots with Respect to Two Real Numbers equal to a if f(a) = 0, f ′(a) = 0 and f ′′ (a) ≠ 0.
1. If exactly one root of f (x) = 0 lies in the interval (k1, k2), (c) In general, a polynomial equation f(x) = 0 has
exactly n roots equal to a if
then D > 0 and f (k1) · f (k2) < 0
f(a) = f ′(a) = f ′′ (a) = … = f n–1(a) = 0
k1 α k2 β and f n(a) ≠ 0
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.11

RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND FORMATION OF A POLYNOMIAL

COEFFICIENTS OF A POLYNOMIAL EQUATION FROM GIVEN ROOTS
EQUATION If a1, a2, a3, … an are the roots of a polynomial equation
Let f (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + … + an – 1x + an = 0, a0, of degree n, then the equation is
a1, a2, …, an ∈ R, a0 ≠ 0 be a polynomial equation of degree xn – s1xn – 1 + s2xn – 2 – s3xn – 3 + … + (–1)nsn = 0
n, having n roots a1, a2, … an. Then,
where sr = Sa1a2 … ar.
1. Sum of all roots
s1 = a1 + a2 + … + an Particular Cases
a a
= Sa1 = – 1 = (–1)1 1 Quadratic Equation
a0 a0
If a, b are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the
2. Sum of the product of two roots
equation is x2 – (a + b)x + ab = 0.
s2 = a1a2 + a1a3 + …
a a Cubic Equation
= Sa1a2 = 2 = (–1)2 2
a0 a0 If a, b, g are the roots of a cubic equation, then the equation is
3. Sum of the product of three roots
x3 – s1x2 + s2x – s3 = 0
s3 = a1a2a3 + a2a3a4 + …
a a or x3 – (a + b + g )x2 + (ab + ag + bg )x – abg = 0
= Sa1a2a3 = – 3 = (–1)3 3 and so on.
a0 a0 Biquadratic Equation
a If a, b, g, d are the roots of a biquadratic equation, then the
In general, sr = Sa1a2 … ar = (–1)r r .
a0 equation is
x4 – s1x3 + s2x2 – s3x + s4 = 0
Particular Cases
or
Quadratic Equation
x4 – (a + b + g + d )x3 + (ab + ag + ad + bg + bd + g d )x2
If a, b are roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
then – (abg + abd + agd + bgd)x + abgd = 0
b c
a + b = – and ab =
a a SIGN OF A POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION
Cubic Equation Step 1: Factorize the given polynomial expression as
If a, b, g are roots of the cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
= 0, then f (x) = ( x − a1 ) k ( x − a 2 ) k ( x − a 3 ) k …
1 2 3

b ( x − a n −1 ) k ( x − a n ) k
n −1 n

s1 = a + b + g = –
a where k1, k2, … kn ∈ N and
c
s2 = ab + ag + bg = a1, a2, a3, … an ∈ R (a1 < a2 < a3 … < an)
a
s3 = abg = –
d Step 2: Plot the points a1, a2, a3, …, an on the real line.
a Step 3: Mark plus sign in the interval of the right of the
Biquadratic Equation largest of these numbers i.e., on the right of an.
If a, b, g, d are roots of the biquadratic equation ax4 + bx3 + –∞ α1 α2 α 3 .... αn ∞
cx2 + dx + e = 0, then Step 4: If kn is even, put ‘+’ sign of the left of an and if kn
b
s1 = a + b + g + d = – is odd, put ‘–’ sign on the left of an.
a Step 5: Consider the next interval and put a sign in it using
c
s2 = ab + ag + ad + bg + bd + gd = the above rule. Thus, consider all the intervals.
a Step 6: The solution of f (x) > 0 is the union of all the inter-
d
s3 = abg + abd + agd + bgd = – vals in which there is a ‘+’ sign and the solution of
e
a f (x) < 0 is the union of all the intervals in which
s4 = abgd = there is a ‘–’ sign.
a
4.12 Chapter 4

For example, consider the polynomial expression 36. The equation

58
⎛ 3⎞ x + 3 − 4 x −1 + x + 8 − 6 x − 1 = 1 has
f (x) = (x + 2)40 (x + 1)31 ⎜⎝ x − 2 ⎟⎠ (x – 4)37
(A) no solution
(B) one solution
+ – + – +
(C) two solutions
–2 –1 3/2 4 (D) more than two solutions
⎛ 3⎞ Solution: (D)
Thus, f (x) > 0 if x ∈ (–∞, –2) ∪ ⎜ − 1, ⎟ ∪ (4, ∞)
⎝ 2⎠ Put x − 1 = t ⇒ x – 1 = t2 or x = t2 + 1,
⎛3 ⎞ The given equation reduces to
and f (x) < 0 if x ∈ (–2, –1) ∪ ⎜ , 4⎟ .
⎝2 ⎠
t 2 + 1 + 3 − 4 t + t 2 + 1 + 8 − 6t = 1
where t ≥ 0.
SOLVED EXAMPLES ⇒ |t – 2| + |t – 3| = 1,
⎛ 1⎞ where t ≥ 0. This equation will be satisfied if 2 ≤ t ≤ 3.
34. If the expression ⎜ ax − 1 + ⎟ is non-negative for all
⎝ x⎠ Therefore, 2≤ x − 1 ≤ 3 or 5 ≤ x ≤ 10.
positive real x, then the minimum value of a must be
1 \ The given equation is satisfied for all values of x
(A) 0 (B) lying in [5, 10].
2
1 37. If the roots of the equation
(C) (D) None of these
4 x2 – 2ax + a2 + a – 3 = 0
Solution: (C) are real and less than 3, then
We have, (A) a < 2 (B) 2 ≤ a ≤ 3
1 ax 2 − x + 1 (C) 3 < a ≤ 4 (D) a > 4
ax – 1 + ≥0⇒ ≥0
x x Solution: (A)
2
⇒ ax – x + 1 ≤ 0 as x > 0 We can write the given equation as

It will hold if a > 0 and D ≤ 0 (x – a)2 = 3 – a

1 This shows that a ≤ 3 and x = a ± 3 − a
⇒ a > 0 and 1 – 4a ≤ 0 ⇒ a ≥
4 Both the roots of the given equation will be less than
1 3 if the larger of the two roots is less than 3, that is, if
Therefore, the minimum value of a is .
4
a+ 3− a < 3
35. If a, b are the roots of the equation x2 – 3x + a = 0, a
⇒ 3 − a – (3 – a) < 0
∈ R and a < 1 < b, then a belong to
⎛ 9⎞ ⇒ 3 − a (1 − 3 − a ) < 0
(A) ⎜ − ∞, ⎟ (B) (–∞, 2)
⎝ 4⎠ ⇒ a < 3 and 1 − 3 − a < 0
⎛9 ⎞
(C) (2, ∞) (D) ⎜ , ∞⎟ 3 − a > 1 ⇒ 3 – a > 1 or a < 2
⎝4 ⎠ But
Solution: (B, C) Thus, a < 3 and a < 2 ⇒ a < 2
Since 1 lies between the roots of the given equation,
therefore, D > 0 and f (1) < 0 ⇒ 9 – 4a > 0 and 1 – 3 + 38. If f (x) = x2 + 2bx + 2c2 and g(x) = – x2 – 2cx + b2 such
a<0 that min f (x) > max g(x), then the relation between
9 b and c is:
⇒ a< and a < 2
4 (A) |c| < |b| 2 (B) 0 < c < b 2
\ a<2 (C) |c| < |b| 2 (D) |c| > |b| 2
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.13

Solution: (D) ⇒ x2 – 2ax – a2 = 0

2 2
D 4b − 8c ⇒ x = (1 + 2 ) a, (1 − 2 ) a
min f (x) = – =–
4a 4 Q x ≥ a and a ≤ 0
= –(b2 – 2c2) (upward parabola)
\ x = (1 − 2 ) a.
2 2
D 4c + 4b
max g(x) = – = 41. If f (x) = x – [x], x (≠0) ∈ R, where [x] is the greatest
4a 4
integer less than or equal to x, then the number of solu-
= b2 + c2 (downward parabola)
⎛ 1⎞
2 2 2 2 tions of f (x) + f ⎜ ⎟ = 1 are
Now 2c – b > b + c ⎝ x⎠
⇒ c2 > 2b2 ⇒ |c| > 2 |b| (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) infinite (D) 2
39. For the equation |x2| + |x| – 6 = 0, the roots are Solution: (C)
⎛ 1⎞
(A) real and equal We have, f (x) + f ⎜ ⎟ = 1
(B) real with sum 0 ⎝ x⎠
(C) real with sum 1 1 ⎡1⎤
(D) real with product 0 ⇒ x – [x] + − =1
x ⎢⎣ x ⎥⎦
Solution: (B) 1 ⎡1⎤
⇒ x + − 1 = [x] + ⎢ ⎥
For, x < 0, |x| = – x x ⎣x⎦
\ equation is 2
x +1− x
⇒ = (integer) k (say)
x2 – x – 6 = 0 ⇒ x = – 2, 3 x
Q x<0 ⇒ x2 – (k + 1) x + 1 = 0
\ x = –2 is the solution Since x is real, so (k + 1)2 – 4 ≥ 0
For, x ≥ 0, |x| = x, ⇒ k2 + 2k – 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ (k + 3) (k – 1) ≥ 0
\ equation is ⇒ k≤–3 or k≥1
x2 + x – 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, –3 Therefore, number of solutions is infinite.
Q x≥0
42. If (log5x)2 + log5x < 2, then x belongs to the interval
\ x = 2 is the solution.
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞
(A) ⎜ , 5⎟ (B) ⎜ ,
Hence, x = 2, –2 are the solutions and their sum is zero. ⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎝ 5 5 ⎟⎠
40. If a ≤ 0, then the root of the equation (C) (1, ∞) (D) None of these
x2 – 2a | x – a | – 3a2 = 0 is
Solution: (A)
(A) (1 − 2 )a (B) ( − 1 + 6 )a We have, (log5 x)2 + log5 x < 2
(C) (1 + 2 )a (D) − (1 + 6 )a Put log5 x = a then a2 + a < 2
Solution: (A, B) ⇒ a2 + a – 2 < 0
If x – a < 0, |x – a| = –(x – a) ⇒ (a + 2) (a – 1) < 0
\ equation becomes x2 + 2a (x – a) – 3a2 = 0
⇒ –2 < a < 1 or –2 < log5 x < 1
⇒ x2 + 2ax – 5a2 = 0 –2
\ 5 <x<5
⇒ x = – (1 + 6 ) a, ( − 1 + 6 ) a 1
Q x<a≤0 i.e., <x<5
25
\ x = (− 1 + 6 ) a 43. The greatest negative integer satisfying x2 – 4x –
77 < 0 and x2 > 4 is
If x – a ≥ 0, |x – a| = x – a
(A) –4 (B) –7
\ the equation becomes x2 – 2a (x – a) – 3a2 = 0 (C) –6 (D) None of these
4.14 Chapter 4

Solution: (C) 46. The solution set of the inequality log ⎛ π ⎞ (x2 – 3x
+ 2) ≥ 2 is sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
We have, x2 – 4x – 77 < 0 and x2 – 4 > 0
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
⇒ (x + 7) (x – 11) < 0 and (x – 2) (x + 2) > 0 (A) ⎜ , 2⎟ (B) ⎜1, ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⇒ –7 < x < 11 and x < – 2 or x > 2
⎡1 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎤
\ – 7 < x < –2 (C) ⎢ , 1⎟ ∪ ⎜ 2, ⎥ (D) None of these
⎣2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎦
44. The solution of the inequation 4–x + 0.5 – 7.2–x < 4,
Solution: (C)
x ∈ R, is
(A) (–2, ∞) (B) (2, ∞) We have, log ⎛π⎞
(x2 – 3x + 2) ≥ 2
sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
⎛ 7⎞ 3
(C) ⎜ 2, ⎟ (D) None of these ⇒ x2 – 3x + 2 ≤
⎝ 2⎠ 4
Solution: (A) 5
⇒ x2 – 3x + ≤0
The given inequation is 4
⇒ 4x2 – 12x + 5 ≤ 0
4–x + 0.5 – 7.2–x < 4, x ∈ R
Let 2–x = t ⇒ 4x2 – 10x – 2x + 5 ≤ 0
\ 2t2 – 7t < 4 ⇒ (2x – 5) (2x – 1) ≤ 0
⇒ 2
2t – 7t – 4 < 0 1 5
⇒ ≤x≤ (1)
2 2
⇒ (2t + 1) (t – 4) < 0
Also, x2 – 3x + 2 > 0
1
⇒ –<t<4 ⇒ (x – 1) (x – 2) > 0
2
but 2–x > 0 ⇒ x<1 or x>2 (2)
so 0<t<4
From Eqs (1) and (2), we get
⇒ 0 < 2–x < 4
⎡1 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎤
⇒ –2 < x < ∞ or x ∈ (–2, ∞) x ∈ ⎢ , 1⎟ ∪ ⎜ 2,
⎣2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎥⎦
x x
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 47. The values of a which make the expression x2 – ax +
45. The real values of x for which 372 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ > 1,
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 1 – 2a2 always positive for real values of x, are
are
(A) x ∈ [0, 64] (B) x ∈ (0, 64) 2 2 2 2
(A) − <a< (B) – ≤a≤
(C) x ∈ [0, 64) (D) None of these 3 3 3 3
2
Solution: (C) (C) a < 1 (D) 0 < a <
3
The given inequation is valid only when Solution: (A)
x≥0 (1) Since the coefficient of x2 is 1 which is positive, there-
The given inequation can be written in the form fore the given expression is positive for all real values
of x if D < 0.
372 − x − x
>1
⇒ (–a)2 – 4 (1 – 2a2) < 0
⇒ 72 – x – x >0 (Q 3 > 1)
⇒ 9a2 – 4 < 0
⇒ x+ x – 72 < 0
⇒ (3a + 2) (3a – 2) < 0
⇒ ( x + 9) ( x – 8) < 0 2 2
⇒ – <a< .
But x + 9 > 0 for all x ≥ 0 3 3

\ x –8<0⇒ x <8 48. If the roots of the equation x2 – 2ax + a2 + a – 3 = 0 are

real and less than 3, then
\ 0 ≤ x < 64 [from (1)].
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.15

(A) a < 2 (B) 2 ≤ a ≤ 3 1

⇒ t+ ≥ 2 2 (where t = 2x)
(B) 3 ≤ a ≤ 4 (D) a > 4 t
Solution: (A) ⇒ t2 – 2 2 t + 1 ≥ 0
Since the roots of the given equation are real ⇒ [t − ( 2 − 1)] [t − ( 2 + 1)] ≥ 0
\ B2 – 4AC ≥ 0
⇒ t≤ 2 −1 or t≥ 2 +1
⇒ 4a2 – 4 (a2 + a – 3) ≥ 0 but t>0
⇒ –a + 3 ≥ 0 or a≤3 (1) ⇒ 0 < 2x ≤ 2 − 1 or 2x ≥ 2 +1
Since the root is less than 3, so f (3) > 0 ⇒ –∞ < x ≤ log2 ( 2 − 1)
2 2
⇒ 3 – 2a (3) + a + a – 3 > 0 or x ≥ log2 ( 2 + 1)
⇒ 2
a – 5a + 6 > 0 or (a – 2) (a – 3) > 0 (but not acceptable as x < 0)

⇒ a < 2 or a>3 (2) ⎡1 ⎞

\ x ∈ (–∞, log2 ( 2 − 1) ] ∪ ⎢ , ∞⎟
From Eq. (1) and (2), we have a < 2. ⎣2 ⎠
2
51. If a < b, then the solution of x + (a + b) x + ab < 0, is
49. The value of k for which the number 3 lies between the given by
roots of the equation x2 + (1 – 2k) x + (k2 – k – 2) = 0
(A) x < –b or x < –a (B) a < x < c
is given by,
(B) x < a or x > b (D) –b < x < –a
(A) 2 < k < 5 (B) k < 2
(C) 2 < k < 3 (D) k > 5 Solution: (D)

Solution: (A) x2 + (a + b) x + ab < 0

Let f (x) = x2 + (1 – 2k) x + k2 – k – 2 ⇒ (x + a) (x + b) < 0
The number 3 lies between the roots of the given ⇒ x + a < 0, x + b > 0
equation, if f (3) < 0. or x + a > 0, x + b < 0
2
Now, f (3) = 9 + (1 – 2k) 3 + k – k – 2 ⇒ x < –a, x > –b
= 10 – 7k + k2 = k2 – 7k + 10 or x > –a, x < –b
⇒ –b < x < –a
Hence f (3) < 0
or –a < x < –b
⇒ k2 – 7k + 10 < 0
Since a<b
⇒ (k – 2) (k – 5) < 0 ⇒ 2 < k < 5.
\ –a > –b
x |x|
50. Solution of 2 + 2 ≥ 2 2 is Hence –b < x < –a.
(A) (–∞, log2 ( 2 + 1) 52. The conditions that the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
(B) ⎣⎡log 2 ( )
2 + 1 , ∞) both the roots positive is that
(A) a and b are of the same sign
⎛1 ⎞ (B) a, b and c are of the same sign
(C) ⎜ , log 2 ( 2 − 1)⎟
⎝2 ⎠ (C) a and c are of the same sign opposite to that of b
⎡1 ⎞ (D) b and c are of the same sign opposite to that of a
(D) (–∞, log2 ( 2 − 1) ] ∪ ⎢ , ∞⎟
⎣2 ⎠ Solution: (C)
Solution: (D) Since both the roots are positive
We have, 2x + 2x ≥ 2 2 (x ≥ 0) −b c
\ >0, >0
1 a a
⇒ 2x ≥ 2 ⇒x≥
2 b c
⇒ <0, >0
and 2x + 2–x ≥ 2 2 (x < 0) a a
\ a and c have same sign opposite to that of b.
4.16 Chapter 4

53. The smallest value of x2 – 3x + 3 in the interval To Find the Values of a Rational Expression in x,
⎛ 3⎞ Where x is Real
⎜⎝ − 3, ⎟⎠ is
2
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
(A) –20 (B) –15
3  Put the given rational expression equal to y and form the
(C) 5 (D)
4 quadratic equation in x.
Solution: (D)  Find the discriminant D of the quadratic equation obtained
2 in step 1.
⎛ 3⎞ 9
We have, x2 – 3x + 3 = ⎜ x − ⎟ + 3 − Since x is real, therefore, put D ≥ 0. We get an inequation
⎝ 2⎠

4 in y.
2
⎛ 3⎞ 3  Solve the above inequation for y. The values of y so
= ⎜x − ⎟⎠ + obtained determine the set of values attained by the given
⎝ 2 4
rational expression.
3
\ smallest value = , which lies in the interval
4
⎛ 3⎞
⎜⎝ − 3, ⎟⎠ .
2 TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION The general quadratic expression ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx +
2fy + c in x and y may be resolved into two linear rational
P (x ) factors if
An expression of the form where P(x) and Q(x) are
Q (x ) abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
polynomials and Q(x) ≠ 0, is known as a rational algebraic
a h g
expression.
or h b f =0
Sign Scheme for a Rational Algebraic g f c
Expression in x  If sum of coefficients of a polynomial equation a0 + a1x +
a2x2 + … + an xn = 0 is zero, then x = 1 is always atleast
Step 1: Factorise the numerator and denominator of the one root of equation e.g., if a(b – c) x2 + b(c – a) x + c (a
given rational expression into linear factors. Make – b) = 0, then as Sa (b – c) = 0, x = 1 is atleast one root
the coefficient of x positive in all factors. of this equation.
Step 2: Find the real values of x by equating all the factors  Least value of the expression (x – y)2 + (y – z)2 + (z – x)2
to zero. is 0.
Step 3: If n distinct real values of x are obtained then the  Sum of real roots of the equation an |x|n + an – 1 |x|n – 1 +
entire line will be divided into (n + 1) parts. … + a0 = 0 is 0, e.g. if |x| = 2 satisfies the equation, then
Step 4: Plot all these points on the number line in order. x = 2 and x = –2 are real roots, their sum is 0.
1
Step 5: Start with ‘+’ sign from extreme right and change  Length of latus rectum of parabola y = ax2 + bx + c is .
the sign alternatively in other parts. a

– + – + – +
–∞ ∞
SOLVED EXAMPLES
CAUTION 54. The sum of the real roots of the equation
If the rational expression in x occurs under modulus sign, |x – 2|2 + |x – 2| – 2 = 0 is
then first of all remove the modulus sign and then proceed.
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8
In order to remove the modulus sign, the following
results may be useful: Solution: (C)
 |x| = k ⇔ x = ±k
Put |x – 2| = t.
 |x| < k ⇔ = – k < x < k

 |x| > k ⇔ = x < – k or x > k. The given equation becomes

t2 + t – 2 = 0 or (t + 2) (t – 1) = 0
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.17

Since t + 2 = |x – 2| + 2 > 0 57. If x is real, then the maximum value of 3 – 6x – 8x2 is

\ we get t–1=0 17 33
(A) (B)
⇒ |x – 2| = 1 ⇒ x – 2 = ±1 8 8
21
⇒ x = 3, 1. (C) (D) None of these
8
Thus, the sum of roots is 4.
Solution: (B)
x 2 + 2 x − 11 Let y = 3 – 6x – 8x2
55. If x is real, the expression takes all real
x −3
values except those which lie between a and b, then then 8x2 + 6x + y – 3 = 0.
a and b are Since x is real,
(A) –12, –4 (B) –12, 2 (C) 4, 12 (D) –4, 4
\ 62 – 4 ⋅ 8 (y – 3) ≥ 0,
Solution: (C)
or 36 – 32y + 96 ≥ 0
x 2 + 2 x − 11
Let y= or 32y ≤ 132
x −3
⇒ xy – 3y = x2 + 2x – 11 132
\ y≤
32
⇒ x2 + (2 – y) x + (3y – 11) = 0 (D ≥ 0)
33
or y≤
⇒ (2 – y)2 – 4 (3y – 11) ≥ 0 8
⇒ 4 + y2 – 4y – 12y + 44 ≥ 0 33
Hence, maximum value of y = .
⇒ y2 – 16y + 48 ≥ 0 8
1 − x + x2
⇒ y2 – 12y – 4y + 48 ≥ 0 58. For all real x, the minimum value of is
1 + x + x2
⇒ (y – 4) (y – 12) ≥ 0 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) 3
⇒ y≤4 or y ≥ 12 3
Solution: (B)
x 2 − 3x + 4 1 − x + x2
56. For real values of x, the expression 2 lies Let z=
between x + 3x + 4 1 + x + x2
1 1 ⇒ z + zx + zx2 = 1 – x + x2
(A) − and 7 (B) and 7
7 7 ⇒ zx2 – x2 + zx + x + z – 1 = 0
1
(C) and 3 (D) None of these ⇒ x2 (z – 1) + x (z + 1) + (z – 1) = 0
3
Solution: (B) For real x,
x 2 − 3x + 4 B2 – 4AC ≥ 0
Let y= 2
x + 3x + 4 ⇒ (z + 1)2 – 4 (z – 1) (z – 1) ≥ 0
2 2
⇒ yx + 3xy + 4y = x – 3x + 4
⇒ z2 + 2z + 1 – 4z2 + 8z – 4 ≥ 0
⇒ (y – 1) x2 + 3 (y + 1) x + 4 (y – 1) = 0
⇒ – 3z2 + 10z – 3 ≥ 0
Since x is real,
⇒ – 3z2 + 9z + z – 3 ≥ 0
\ discriminant ≥ 0
⇒ – 3z (z – 3) + 1 (z – 3) ≥ 0
⇒ 9 (y + 1) – 16 (y – 1)2 ≥ 0
2
⇒ (z – 3) (– 3z + 1) ≥ 0
⇒ 9 (y2 + 2y + 1) – 16 (y2 – 2y + 1) ≥ 0 1
⇒ ≤z≤3
⇒ –7y2 + 50y – 7 ≥ 0 ⇒ 7y2 – 50y + 7 ≤ 0 3
1
⎛ 1⎞ 1 \ minimum value of z = .
⇒ (y – 7) ⎜ y − ⎟ ≤ 0 ⇒ ≤ y ≤ 7. 3
⎝ 7⎠ 7
4.18 Chapter 4

x2 − 2x + 4 Let 3x + 1 = y
59. Given that, for all real x, the expression 2
x + 2x + 4 Then y ∈ R for all x ∈ R.
1
lies between and 3. The values between which the
3 9 ⋅ 32 x + 6 ⋅ 3x + 4 32 x + 2 + 2 ⋅ 3x + 1 + 4
9 ⋅ 32 x + 6 ⋅ 3x + 4 \ =
expression lies are 9 ⋅ 32 x − 6 ⋅ 3x + 4 32 x + 2 − 2 ⋅ 3x + 1 + 4
9 ⋅ 32 x − 6 ⋅ 3x + 4
y2 + 2 y + 4
(A) 0 and 2 (B) –1 and 1 =
y2 − 2 y + 4
1
(C) –2 and 0 (D) and 3. From Eq. (1),
3
1 y2 + 2 y + 4
Solution: (D) < <3
3 y2 − 2 y + 4
1 x2 − 2x + 4
Given < < 3 for all x ∈ R.
3 x2 + 2x + 4 1 9 ⋅ 32 x + 6 ⋅ 3x + 4
\ < < 3.
3 9 ⋅ 32 x − 6 ⋅ 3x + 4
1 x2 + 2x + 4
⇒ < < 3 for all x ∈ R. (1)
3 x2 − 2x + 4

EXERCISES

Single Option Correct Type

3x

1. The roots of the equation 2 x + 2 ⋅ 3 x − 1 = 9 are given by (A) two real roots
⎛ 2⎞ (B) two positive roots
(A) log2, ⎜ ⎟ – 2 (B) 3, – 3 (C) two negative roots
⎝ 3⎠
(D) one positive and one negative root
log 3
(C) – 2, 1 – (D) 1 – log23, 2 7. If a, b, c, d and p are distinct real numbers such that
log 2
(a2 + b2 + c2) p2 – 2 (ab + bc + cd) p + (b2 + c2 + d 2) ≤ 0
2. If a, b, c are positive real numbers, then the number of then a, b, c and d
real roots of the equation ax2 + b |x| + c = 0 is (A) are in A.P. (B) are in G.P.
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) are in H.P. (D) satisfy ab = cd
(C) 4 (D) None of these
8. Let S denotes the set of all values of x for which the
3. If x2 – x + 1 = 0, then value of x3n is equation 2x2 – 2 (2a + 1)x + a (a + 1) = 0 has one root
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) –1, 1 less than a and other root greater than a, then S equals
(A) (0, 1) (B) (–1, 0)
4. The number of negative integral solutions of
(C) (0, 1/2) (D) None of these
x2 · 2x + 1 + 2|x – 3| + 2 = x2 · 2(|x – 3| + 4) + 2x – 1 is
9. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers, such that bx2 +
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
( ( a + c) 2 + 4b 2 ) x + (a + c) ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ R, then a, b, c
5. If a and b (a < b), are the roots of the equation x + 2
are in:
bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then
(A) G.P. (B) A.P.
(A) 0 < a < b (C) H.P. (D) None of these
(B) a < 0 < b < |a |
(C) a < b < 0 10. If the ratio of the roots of x2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + qx +
(D) a < 0 < |a | < b r = 0 be the same, then
(A) r2c = b2q (B) r2b = c2q
6. If a and b are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 and a4 and
b 4 are the roots of x2 – rx + s = 0, then the equation (C) rb2 = cq2 (D) rc2 = bq2
x2 – 4qx + 2q2 – r = 0 has always
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.19

π 20. If ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R has distinct real

11. If 0 ≤ x < , then the solution of the equation
2 roots in (1, 2) then a and 5a + 2b + c have
2 2

16sin x + 16cos x = 10 is given by x equal to (A) same sign (B) opposite sign
π π π π (C) not determined (D) None of these
(A) , (B) ,
6 3 3 2 21. If a < 0 the positive root of the equation x2 – 2a |x – a|
π π – 3a2 = 0 is
(C) , (D) None of these
6 2 (A) a ( −1 − 6 ) (B) a ( −1 + 6 )

12. If one of the roots of the equation x2 – (p + 1) x + p2 + (C) a (1 − 2 ) (D) None of these
p – 8 = 0 is greater than 2 and the other root is smaller 22. If px2 + qx + r = 0 has no real roots and p, q, r are real
than 2, then p is such that such that p + r > 0, then
(A) −
11
<p<3 (B) –2 < p < 3 (A) p – q + r ≤ 0 (B) p + r ≥ q
3 (C) p + r = q (D) None of these
(C) 2 < p < 3 (D) None of these
23. Given lx2 – mx + 5 = 0 does not have two distinct real
3
13. The common roots of the equations x + 2x + 2x + 2
roots, the minimum value of 5l + m is
1 = 0 and 1 + x130 + x1988 = 0 are (where w is a none (A) 5 (B) –5 (C) 1 (D) –1
real cube root of unity)
24. The set of possible values of l for which l2 – (l2 –
(A) w (B) w2
5l + 5)x + (2l2 – 3l – 4) = 0 has roots whose sum and
(C) –1 (D) None of these
product are both less than 1 is
14. If ‘x’ satisfies |x2 – 3x + 2| + |x – 1| = x – 3, then ⎛ 5⎞
(A) x ∈ f (B) x ∈ [1,2] (A) ⎜ −1, ⎟ (B) (1, 4)
⎝ 2⎠
(C) x ∈ [3, ∞) (D) x ∈ (–∞, ∞)
⎡ 5⎤ ⎛ 5⎞
15. The number of solutions (s) of the equation (C) ⎢1, ⎥ (D) ⎜1, ⎟
⎣ 2⎦ ⎝ 2⎠
3 x 2 + 6 x + 7 + 5 x 2 + 10 x + 14 ≤ 4 − 2 x − x 2 is 25. If 1 lies between the roots of 3x2 – 3sin q – 2cos2q = 0
(A) one (B) two (C) four (D) infinite then
−1 1 −1
16. If (a2 – 1) x2 + (a – 1) x + a2 – 4a + 3 = 0 is an identity (A) < sin q < (B) < sin q < 0
in x, then the value of a is 2 2 2
1
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) –1 (D) –3 (C) < sin q < 1 (D) None of these
2
17. Both the roots of the equation (x – b) (x – c) + (x – a)
(x – c) + (x – a) (x – b) = 0 are always 26. If a, b are the roots of the equation 375x2 – 25x – 2 = 0
n
(A) positive
(C) real
(B) negative
(D) None of these
and Sn = a n + b n, then Lt
n →∞
∑ Sr is
r =1
7 1
18. If a, b are the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0 then
2
(A) (B)
a 12 12
is a root of the equation 35
b (C) (D) None of these
(A) px2 + (2q – p2) x + p = 0 12
(B) qx2 + (p2 – 2q) x + q = 0 27. The solution set of (x)2 + (x + 1)2 = 25, where (x) is the
(C) qx2 + (2q – p2) x + q = 0 least integer greater than or equal to x, is
(D) None of these (A) (2, 4) (B) (–5, 4] ∪ (2, 3]
(C) [–4, –3) ∪ [3, 4) (D) None of these
19. If a, b, c ∈ R and quadratic equation x2 + (a + b) x +
( 3− x )
c = 0 has no real roots then 28. Number of solutions of log2 (9 – 2x) = 10log 10
is
(A) c (a + b + c) > 0 (A) 1
(B) c + c (a + b + c) > 0 (B) 2
(C) c + c (a + b – c) > 0 (C) 3
(D) c (a + b – c) > 0 (D) None of these
4.20 Chapter 4

29. If ax2 + bx + 6 = 0 does not have two distinct real roots a +b b

(A) g = (B) g = a +
a ∈ R, b ∈ R, then the least value of 3a + b is 2 2
(A) 4 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) –2 (C) g = a (D) a < g < b
30. If a, b be the roots of x2 + px – q = 0 and g, d be the 39. Number of solutions of the equation x2 – 2 – 2[x] = 0
(a − g )(a − d ) ([⋅] denotes greatest integer function) is
roots of x2 + px + r = 0, q + r ≠ 0, then = (A) 1 (B) 2
(b − g )(b − d )
(C) 3 (D) None of these
(A) 1 (B) q (C) r (D) q + r 2 2

x+2
1 40. The number of real roots of the equation 2sin x − 2cos x =
31. Number of integral solutions of 2 > is 1 is
x +1 2
(A) 2 (B) 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (C) infinite (D) None of these
32. If the ratio of the roots of lx2 + mx + v = 0 is equal to the 41. If the absolute value of the difference of roots of the
ratio of the roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0, then l, m, v are in
equation x2 + px + 1 = 0 exceeds, 3 p , then
(A) A.P. (B) G.P.
(A) p < –1 or p > 4 (B) p > 4
(C) H.P. (D) None of these
(C) –1 < p < 4 (D) 0 ≤ p < 4
33. If c < a < b < d, then roots of the equation bx2 + (1 – b
42. If the roots of x2 + ax + b = 0 are c and d, then roots of
(c + d)) x + bcd – a = 0
x2 + (2c + a) x + c2 + ac + b = 0 are
(A) are real and one lies between c and a
(A) 1, d – c (B) 0, d – c
(B) real and distinct in which one lies between a and b
(C) 1, c – d (D) None of these
(C) real and distinct in which one lies between c and d
(D) roots are not real 43. If the equation x2 + 2 (k + 1)x + 9k – 5 = 0 has only
negative roots, then
34. If the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are of the
a a +1 (A) k ≤ 0 (B) k ≥ 0 (C) k ≥ 6 (D) k ≤ 6
form and , then the value of (a + b + c)2 is
a −1 a 44. If the product of the roots of the equation x2 – 3kx +
2
(A) b – 2ac 2
(B) b – 4ac 2e2 ln k – 1 = 0 is 7, then for real roots the value of k is
(C) 4b2 – ac (D) 2b2 – ac equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
35. If a, b be roots of x2 + px + 1 = 0 and g, d be the roots
of x2 + qx + 1 = 0, then (a – g ) (b – g ) (a + d ) (b + d ) = 45. The solution set of
x
(A) p2 + q2 (B) p2 – q2 ⎛ 3⎞ 2
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = x – x – 9 is
2
(C) q – p 2
(D) None of these 5
(A) {0} (B) {1}
36. If a and b are odd integers then [x]2 + a [x] + b = 0 (C) f (D) None of these
(where [·] denotes greatest integer function) has
(A) finite number of roots 46. The equation esin x – e–sin x – 4 = 0 has
(B) infinite number of roots (A) infinite number of real roots
(C) no roots (B) no real roots
(D) None of these (C) exactly one real root
(D) exactly four real roots
37. If log9 (x2 – 5x + 6) > log3 (x – 4), x belongs to
(A) (–∞, 4) 47. Suppose the cube x3 – px + q has three distinct real
(B) (4, ∞) roots where p > 0 and q > 0. Then which one of the
(C) (–∞, –4) ∪ (4, ∞) following holds?
p
(D) no real value of x (A) The cubic has minima at and maxima at
3
38. Let a, b, c be real numbers, a ≠ 0. If a is a root of p
–
a2x2 + bx + c = 0, b is a root of a2x2 – bx – c = 0 and 3
p
0 < a < b, then the equation a2x2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 has a (B) The cubic has minima at – and maxima at
3
root g that always satisfies p
3
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.21

p p (A) nx1n − 1 + a (B) n (x1)n – 1

(C) The cubic has minima at both and –
3 3 (C) nx1 + b (D) nx1n − 1 + b
p p
(D) The cubic has maxima at both and – 56. If the roots of the equation x2 – 2ax + a2 + a – 3 = 0 are
3 3 real and less than 3, then
48. The quadratic equations x2 – 6x + a = 0 and x2 – cx (A) a < 2 (B) 2 ≤ a ≤ 3
+ 6 = 0 have one root in common. The other roots of (B) 3 ≤ a ≤ 4 (D) a > 4
the first and second equations are integers in the ratio 1 − x + x2
4 : 3. Then the common root is 57. For all real x, the minimum value of is
1 + x + x2
(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) 3
3
49. If the roots of the equation bx2 + cx + a = 0 be x2 − 2x + 4
imaginary, then for all real values of x, the expression 58. Given that, for all real x, the expression 2
x + 2x + 4
3b2x2 + 6bcx + 2c2 is 1
lies between and 3. The values between which the
(A) greater than 4ab (B) less than 4ab 3
(C) greater than –4ab (D) less than –4ab 9 ⋅ 32 x + 6 ⋅ 3x + 4
expression lies are
50. The equation 9 ⋅ 32 x − 6 ⋅ 3x + 4
(A) 0 and 2 (B) –1 and 1
x + 3 − 4 x −1 + x + 8 − 6 x − 1 = 1 has 1
(C) –2 and 0 (D) and 3.
(A) no solution 3
(B) one solution 59. The value of k for which the number 3 lies between
(C) two solutions the roots of the equation x2 + (1 – 2k) x + (k2 –
(D) more than two solutions k – 2) = 0 is given by
51. If x, y ∈ [0, 10], then the number of solutions (x, y) of (A) 2 < k < 5 (B) k < 2
(C) 2 < k < 3 (D) k > 5
the inequation 3sec x − 1 9 y 2 − 6 y + 2 ≤ 1 is
2

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) infinite 60. The number of negative integral solutions of x2 · 2x + 1
+ 2|x – 3| + 2 = x2 · 2(|x – 3| + 4) + 2x – 1 is
52. The equation (x – n)m + (x – n2)m + (x – n3)m + … +
(x – nm)m = 0 (m is odd positive integer), has (A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
(A) all real roots 61. If a and b (a < b ), are the roots of the equation x2 +
(B) one real and (n – 1) imaginary roots bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then
(C) one real and (m – 1) imaginary roots (A) 0 < a < b (B) a < 0 < b < |a |
(D) no real root (C) a < b < 0 (D) a < 0 < |a | < b
53. If f (x) = x – [x], x (≠0) ∈ R, where [x] is the greatest 62. If the ratio of the roots of x2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + qx +
integer less than or equal to x, then the number of solu- r = 0 be the same, then
⎛ 1⎞ (A) r2c = b2q (B) r2b = c2q
tions of f (x) + f ⎜ ⎟ = 1 are
⎝ x⎠ (C) rb2 = cq2 (D) rc2 = bq2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) infinite (D) 2 63. The number of solutions of |[x] – 2x| = 4, where [x] is
2
54. If x – (a + b + c)x + (ab + bc + ca) = 0 has imaginary the greatest integer ≤ x, is
roots, where a, b, c ∈ R+, then a , b , c (A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) infinite
(A) can be the sides of a triangle 64. If a, b are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 then
(B) cannot be the sides of a triangle a
is a root of the equation
(C) nothing can be said b
(D) None of these (A) px2 + (2q – p2) x + p = 0
55. If x1, x2, x3, …, xn are the roots of the equation xn + ax + (B) qx2 + (p2 – 2q) x + q = 0
b = 0, then the value of (x1 – x2)(x1 – x3)(x1 – x4) … (C) qx2 + (2q – p2) x + q = 0
(x1 – xn) is equal to (D) None of these
4.22 Chapter 4

65. If ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R has distinct real 75. The solution set of (x)2 + (x + 1)2 = 25, where (x) is the
roots in (1, 2) then a and 5a + 2b + c have least integer greater than or equal to x, is
(A) same sign (B) opposite sign (A) (2, 4)
(C) not determined (D) None of these (B) (–5, 4] ∪ (2, 3]
(C) [–4, –3) ∪ [3, 4)
66. If a < 0, the positive root of the equation x2 – 2a
(D) None of these
|x – a| – 3a2 = 0 is
(A) a ( −1 − 6 ) (B) a ( −1 + 6 ) 76. Let S denote the set of all values of S for which the
(C) a (1 − 2 ) (D) None of these equation 2x2 – 2 (2a + 1)x + a (a + 1) = 0 has one root
less than a and other root greater than a, then S equals
67. If px2 + qx + r = 0 has no real roots and p, q, r are real
(A) (0, 1) (B) (–1, 0)
such that p + r > 0, then
(A) p – q + r ≤ 0 (B) p + r ≥ q ⎛ 1⎞
(C) ⎜ 0, ⎟ (D) None of these
(C) p + r = q (D) None of these ⎝ 2⎠

68. Given lx2 – mx + 5 = 0 does not have two distinct real 77. Solution of 2x + 2| x | ≥ 2 2 is
roots, the minimum value of 5l + m is (A) (–∞, log2 ( 2 + 1)
(A) 5 (B) –5 (C) 1 (D) –1 (B) (0, 8)
69. If 1 lies between the roots of 3x2 – 3sin q – 2cos2 q = 0 ⎛1 ⎞
(C) ⎜ , log 2 ( 2 − 1)⎟
then ⎝2 ⎠
−1 1 −1 ⎡1 ⎞
(A) < sin q < (B) < sin q < 0 (D) (–∞, log2 ( 2 − 1) ] ∪ ⎢ , ∞⎟
2 2 2 ⎣2 ⎠

(C)
1
< sin q < 1 (D) None of these 78. If f (x) = x2 + 2bx + 2c2 and g(x) = – x2 – 2cx + b2 such
2 that min. f (x) > max. g(x), then the relation between
b and c is
70. If a, b are the roots of the equation 375x2 – 25x – 2 = 0
n (A) |c| < |b| 2 (B) 0 < c < b 2
and Sn = a n + b n, then Lt
n →∞
∑ Sr is (C) |c| < |b| 2 (D) |c| > |b| 2
r =1
7 1
(A) (B) 79. If the roots of the equation x2 – 2ax + a2 + a – 3 = 0 are
12 12 real less than 3, then:
35 (A) a < 2 (B) 2 ≤ a ≤ 3
(C) (D) None of these
12 (C) 3 < a ≤ 4 (D) a > 4
71. If ax2 + bx + 6 = 0 does not have two distinct real roots x +1 ( x + 1) 2
80. The solution set of + |x + 1| = is
a ∈ R, b ∈ R, then the least value of 3a + b is x x
(A) 4 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) –2
(A) {x | x ≥ 0}
72. If the ratio of the roots of lx2 + mx + v = 0 is equal to the (B) {x | x > 0} ∪ {–1}
ratio of the roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0, then l, m, v are in (C) {– 1, 1}
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (D) {x | x ≥ 1 or x ≤ –1}
(C) H.P. (D) None of these
81. If a, b are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
73. If c < a < b < d, then roots of the equation bx + (1 – b 2
(a ≠ 0) and a + d, b + d are the roots of Ax2 + Bx +
(c + d)) x + bcd – a = 0 C = 0, (A ≠ 0) for some constant d, then
(A) are real and one lies between c and a b 2 − 4 ac B 2 − 4 AC
(B) real and distinct in which one lies between a and b (A) =
a2 A2
(C) real and distinct in which one lies between c and d 2 2
b − 2ac B − 2 AC
(D) roots are not real (B) =
2 a2 A2
74. If the roots of x + ax + b = 0 are c and d then roots of
x2 + (2c + a) x + c2 + ac + b = 0 are b 2 − 8ac B 2 − 8 AC
(C) =
(A) 1, d – c (B) 0, d – c a2 A2
(C) 1, c – d (D) None of these (D) None of these
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.23

82. Let a, b, c be real, if ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two real roots 90. If ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and a1x2 + 2b1x + c1 = 0 have a
c b a b c
a and b, where a < – 1 and b > 1 then 1 + + is common root and , , are in A.P., then a1, b1,
a a c are in a1 b1 c1
(A) < 0 (B) > 0 1
(A) A.P. (B) G.P.
(C) ≤ 0 (D) None of these.
(C) H.P. (D) None of these
83. If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equations ax2 + 2bx + c =
d e 91. If x is real, then the minimum value of
0 and dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root if , , ( a + x ) (b + x )
f a b (x > – c), for a > c, b > c is
are in (c + x )
c
(A) H.P. (B) G.P. (A) ( a − b + c − b ) 2
(C) A.P. (D) None of these (B) ( a − c + b − c ) 2
84. If the equations x2 + abx + c = 0 and x2 + acx + b = 0 (C) ( a − c − b − c ) 2
have a common root, then their other roots satisfy the (D) None of these
equation
92. If the ratio of the roots of a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 be equal
(A) x2 + a (b + c) x + a2bc = 0
a
(B) x2 – a (b + c) x + a2bc = 0 to the ratio of the roots of a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0, then 1 ,
b1 c1 a2
(C) x2 – a (b + c) x – a2bc = 0 , are in
(D) None of these b2 c2
(A) A.P. (B) G.P.
85. If (ax2 + bx + c) y + a'x2 + b'x + c' = 0, then the condi-
(C) H.P. (D) None of these
tion that x may be a rational function of y is
(A) (ac' – a' c)2 = (ab' – a' b) (bc' – b'c) 93. If a, b be the roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0 and
(B) (ab' – a ' b)2 = (ac' – a ' c) (bc' – b'c) a > 0, b > 0, then the value of a1/4 + b1/4 is
(C) (bc' – b ' c)2 = (ab' – a ' b) (ac' – a'c)
( p + 6 q + 4q ) , where k is equal to
k
1/ 4
(D) None of these p+2 q

86. If n and r are positive integers such that 0 < r < n, then 1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
the roots of the quadratic equation nCr–1 x2 + 2 ⋅ nCr x + 2 3 4
n
Cr+1 = 0 are 2
94. If a, b are the roots of the equation x + px + 1 = 0 and
(A) real and distinct c, d are the roots of the equation x2 + qx + 1 = 0, then
(B) rational (a – c) (b – c) (a + d) (b + d) =
(C) rational but not integer (A) p2 – q2 (B) q2 – p2
(D) imaginary (C) p2 + q2 (D) 2 (p2 – q2)
87. If the equations x2 – px + q = 0 and x2 – ax + b = 0 95. If q ≠ 0 and the equation x3 + px2 + q = 0 has a root of
have a common root and the other root of the second multiplicity 2, then p and q are connected by
equation is the reciprocal of the other root of the first,
(A) p2 + 2q = 0
then (q – b)2 =
(B) p2 – 2q = 0
(A) aq (p – b)2 (B) bq (p – a)2 (C) 4p3 + 27q + 1 = 0
2
(C) bq (p – b) (D) None of these (D) 4p3 + 27q = 0
88. If the two equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and 2x2 – 3x + 96. If the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, are of the
4 = 0 have a common root, then a a +1
(A) 6a = 4b = –3c (B) 3a = –4b = 3c form and , then the value of (a + b + c)2 is
a −1 a
(C) 6a = –4b = 3c (D) None of these
(A) b2 – 2ac (B) 2b2 – ac
2
89. If a, b, c are rational and ax2 + bx + c = 0 and 3x2 + (C) b – 4ac (D) 4b2 – 2ac
x – 5 = 0 have a common root, then 3a + b + 2c =
97. If the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 +
(A) 0 (B) 1 bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of the squares of their
(C) 2 (D) None of these a b c
reciprocals, then , and are in
c a b
4.24 Chapter 4

(A) arithmetic progression 105. If b > a, then the equation (x – a) (x – b) –1 = 0 has

(B) geometric progression (A) both roots in (–∞, a)
(C) harmonic progression (B) one root in (–∞, a) and other in (b, ∞)
(D) arithmetico-geometric progression (C) both roots in (b, ∞)
98. If both the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2kx + (D) both roots in [a, b]
k2 + k – 5 = 0 are less than 5, then k lies in the interval 106. The quadratic equation
(A) (–∞, 4) (B) [4, 5] ( x + b)( x + c) ( x + c)( x + a) ( x + a)( x + b)
+ + =1
(C) (5, 6] (D) (6, ∞) (b − a)(c − a) (c − b)( a − b) ( a − c)(b − c)
99. If for real number a, the equation (a– 2) (x– [x])2 + has
2  (x  – [x]) + a2 = 0 (where [x] denotes the greatest (A) two real and distinct roots
integer ≤ x) has no integral solution and has exactly (B) imaginary roots
one solution in (2, 3), then a lies in the interval (C) equal roots
(A) (–1, 2) (B) (0, 1) (D) infinite roots
(C) (–1, 0) (D) (2, 3) 107. The equation ax4 – 2x2 – (a – 1) = 0 will have real and
100. Let a, b, c be distinct positive numbers such that unequal roots if
each of the quadratics ax2 + bx + c, bx2 + cx + a (A) a < 0, a ≠ 1 (B) a > 0, a ≠1
and cx2 + ax  + b is non-negative for all x ∈ R. If (C) 0 < a < 1 (D) None of these
a2 + b2 + c2
R= , then 108. If the equation x2 + [a2 – 5a + b + 4] x + b = 0 has
ab + bc + ca
roots –5 and 1, where [a] denotes the greatest integer
(A) 1 ≤ R < 4 (B) 1 < R ≤ 4
less than or equal to a, then the set of values of a is
(C) 1 ≤ R ≤ 4 (D) 1 < R < 4
⎛ 5−3 5 5 + 3 5⎞
101. The set of values of a for which the equation (x2 + x (A) ⎜ ,
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
+ 2)2 – (a – 3) (x2 +x + 2) (x2 + x + 1) + (a – 4) (x2 +
x + 1)2 = 0 has at least one real root is ⎛ 5 + 3 5⎞
(B) ⎜ 0,
⎛ 19 ⎞ ⎡ 19 ⎤ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
(A) ⎜ 5, ⎟ (B) ⎢5, ⎥
⎝ 3⎠ ⎣ 3⎦ ⎛ 5 − 3 5 ⎤ ⎡5 + 3 5 ⎞
⎡ 19 ⎞ ⎛ 19 ⎤ (C) ⎜ −1, ⎥∪⎢ , 6⎟
(C) ⎢5, ⎟ (D) ⎜ 5, ⎥ ⎝ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎠
⎣ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎦
(D) None of these
102. If all real values of x obtained from the equation
109. Let a1, b be the roots of the equation x2 – ax + p = 0
4x – (a – 3)2x + a – 4 = 0 are non-positive, then a
and g, d be the roots of the equation x2 – bx + q = 0.
belongs to
If a, b, √, d are in increasing G.P., then the value of
(A) [4, 5] (B) (4, 5] q+ p
(C) [ 4, 5) (D) (4, 5) is equal to
q− p
103. Let f (x) = x2 + ax + b be a quadratic polynomial, b2 − a2 b2 + a2
where a and b are integers. If for a given integer n, (A) (B)
f (n) f (n + 1) = f (m) for some integer m, then the value b2 + a2 b2 − a2
of m is b+a b−a
(C) (D)
(A) n (n + 1) + an + b (B) n (n + 1) + a + bn b−a b+a
(C) n (n + 1) + a + b (D) None of these 1
2
110. If tn denotes the nth term of an A.P. and tp = and tq
x + nx − 2 q
104. If for any real x, we have –1 ≤ 2 ≤ 2 , then n 1
x − 3x + 4 = , then which of the following is necessarily a root
belongs to p
(A) [ − 40 + 6, −1] of the equation (p + 2q – 3r) x2 + (q + 2r – 3p) x + (r
+ 2p – 3q) = 0
(B) [ − 40 + 6, 40 − 6]
(A) tp (B) tq
(C) [ −1, 40 − 6]
(C) tpq (D) tp + q
(D) None of these
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.25

111. If the roots of the equation 4x2 + 4ax + b = 0 are real (A) |b| ≤ 4a (B) |b| ≥ 4a
and differ at most by a, then b lies in (C) |b| = 2 a (D) None of these
⎛ a2 ⎞ ⎛ a2 ⎞ 113. If a, b, c, d are real numbers, then the number of real
(A) ⎜ 0, ⎟ (B) ⎜ , a 2 ⎟ roots of the equation (x2 + ax – 3b) (x2 – cx + b) (x2 –
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
dx + 2b) = 0 are
(C) [0, a2] (D) (0, a2)
(A) 3 (B) 4
112. The roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where (C) 6 (D) at least 2
a ∈ R+, are two consecutive odd positive integers, then

More than One Option Correct Type

114. If a ≤ 0, then the root of the equation x2 – 2a |x – a| – 121. If a, b are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a4, b 4
3a2 = 0 is are the roots of lx2 + mx + n = 0, then the roots of the
(A) (1 − 2 )a (B) ( − 1 + 6 )a equation a2 l x2 – 4 aclx + 2c2l + a2 m = 0 are
(C) (1 + 2 )a (D) − (1 + 6 )a (A) real (B) imaginary
(C) opposite in sign (D) equal
2
115. If x – 3x + 2, be one of the factors of the expression
x4 – px2 + q, then 122. If a, b, c are positive rational numbers such that
a > b > c and the quadratic equation (a + b – 2c)x2 +
(A) p = 5 (B) q = 4
(b + c –2a) x + (c + a – 2b) = 0 has a root in the inter-
(C) p = 4 (D) q = 5
val (–1, 0,) then
p a b (A) c + a < 2b
116. If c ≠ 0 and the equation = + has two
2x x+c x−c (B) both roots of the given equation are rational
equal roots, then p can be (C) the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 has both negative
(A) ( a − b ) 2 (B) ( a + b ) 2 real roots
(C) a + b (D) a – b (D) the equation cx2 + 2ax + b = 0 has both negative
real roots
117. For a > 0, the roots of the equation logax a + logx a2 +
log a x a3 = 0, are given by
2 123. If the equation x2 + a2x + b2 = 0 has two roots each of
which exceeds a number c, then
(A) a1/2 (B) a–1/2 (C) a4/3 (D) a–4/3
(A) a4 > 4b2
118. Solution of |x2 + 4x + 3| + 2x + 5 = 0 is
(B) c2 + a2c + b2 > 0
(A) 4 (B) –4
(D) 1 + 3 a2
(C) –1 – 3 (C) − >c
2
119. If the roots of 10x3 – cx2 – 54x – 27 = 0 are in har-
a2
monic progression, then the roots are (D) – <c
−3 −3 1 2
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D) 124. If b2 ≥ 4ac for the equation ax4 + bx2 + c = 0, then all
5 2 3
the roots of the equation will be real if
120. If the equation x2 + 9y2 – 4x + 3 = 0 is satisfied for real
(A) b > 0, a < 0, c > 0
values of x and y, then
(B) b < 0, a > 0, c > 0
(A) 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 (C) b < 0, a > 0, c > 0
(B) 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 (D) b > 0, a < 0, c < 0
1 1
(C) − ≤ y ≤ 125. If the equation x2 + (a – b) x – a – b + 1 = 0, where a,
3 3
b ∈R, has unequal real roots for all b ∈ R, then
1
(D) ≤ x ≤ 1. (A) a < 0 (B) a > 0
3
(C) a >1 (D) a < 1
4.26 Chapter 4

Passage Based Questions

Passage 1 129. The value of a for which the equation (1– a2) x2 +
Let a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 be two 2ax – 1 = 0 has roots belonging to (0,1) is
quadratic equations such that a1a2 ≠ 0 and a1b2 ≠ a2b1. 1+ 5
(A) a > (B) a > 2
If the two equations have a common root a, then 2
a1a2 + b1a + c1 = 0 and a2a2 + b2a + c2 = 0. 1+ 5
(C) <a<2 (D) a > 2
Eliminating a using cross-multiplication method gives the 2
condition for a common root. Solving the two equations 130. The values of a for which each one of the roots of
simultaneously, the common root can be obtained. x2 –4ax + 2a2 – 3a + 5 = 0 is greater than 2, are
If the two equations have both roots common, then (A) a ∈ (1, ∞) (B) a = 1
a1 b1 c1 (C) a ∈ (– ∞, 1) (D) a ∈ (9/2, ∞)
= = .
a2 b2 c2
Passage 3
126. If a, b, c ∈ R and the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
The maximum number of positive real roots of a polyno-
x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 have two roots common, then
mial equation f (x) = 0 is the number of changes of signs
(A) a = b ≠ c (B) a = b = – c from positive to negative and negative to positive in f (x).
(C) a = b = c (D) None of these For example, consider the equation f (x) = x3 + 6x2 + 11x –
6 = 0. The signs of the various terms are:
Passage 2
Let k be any point such that k ∈ R and a, b are the roots of +++–
the quadratic equation f (x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0. If k lies out- Clearly, there is only one change of sign in the given
side and is less than both the roots then the equation must expression. So, the given equation has at most one positive
have real and distinct roots and the sign of f (k) is same as real root.
the sign of ‘a’. Also, k is less than the x-coordinate of the The maximum number of negative real roots of a pol-
vertex of the parabola y = ax2 + bx + c. ynomial equation f (x) = 0 is the number of changes of signs
If k lies between both the roots, then the sign of f (k) from positive to negative and negative to positive in f (–x).
is opposite to the sign of ‘a’. For example, for the equation f (x) = x4 + x3 + x2 – x – 1 =
If k lies outside and is greater than both the roots, 0, there are three changes of signs in f (–x). So, the given
then the sign of f (k) is same as the sign of ‘a’. Also, k is equation has atmost three negative real roots.
greater than the x-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola If f (x) and f (–x) do not have any changes of signs, the
y = ax2 + bx + c. equation f (x) = 0 has no real roots.
If both the roots of the equation lie between two real Now, consider the polynomial
numbers k1 and k2, then equation must have real and dis-
tinct roots and the sign of f (k1) and f (k2) is same as the sign Pn (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + … + (n + 1) xn.
of a. Also, the x-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola 131. If n is even, the number of real roots of Pn(x) is
y = ax2 +bx + c lies between k1 and k2.
(A) 0 (B) n
127. The values of ‘a’ for which the roots of the equation (C) 1 (D) None of these
(a + 1) x2 – 3ax + 4a = 0 (a ≠ – 1) to be greater than
132. If n is odd, the number of real roots of Pn (x) is
unity are
(A) 0 (B) n
−16
(A) ≤ a < −1 (B) –2 < a < – 1 (C) 1 (D) None of these
7
(C) 0 < a < 1 (D) None of these 133. If a1 < a2 < a3 < a4 < a5 < a6, then the equation (x – a1)
(x – a3) (x – a5) + 3 (x – a2) (x – a4) (x – a6) = 0 has
128. The values of ‘a’ so that 6 lies between the roots of (A) three real roots
the equation x2 + 2 (a – 3) x + 9 = 0, are (B) a root in (–∞, a1)
3 3 (C) no real root in (a1, a2)
(A) a > − (B) a < −
4 4 (D) no real root in (a5, a6)
3 3
(C) a > (D) a <
4 4
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.27

Match the Column Type

134. 135.
Column-I Column-II Column-I Column-II
2
(I) If the roots of the equation (a (A) A.P. (I) If a, b be the roots of x + px –
2
(A) 0
+ b2)x2 + 2(bc + ad)x + (c2 + q = 0 and g, d be the roots of
d2) = 0 are real, then a2, bd, x2 + px + r = 0, q + r ≠ 0, then
c2 are in (a − g ) (a − d )
=
(II) If a(b – c)x2 + b(c – a)x + c(a (B) H.P. (b − g ) (b − d )
– b) = 0 has equal roots, then
a, b, c are in (II) The number of solutions of the (A) 2
equation sin(ex) = 5x + 5–x is
(III) If the sum of the roots of the (C) G.P.
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (III) If x = 2 + 22/3 + 21/3, then the (A) 6
is equal to the sum of the value of x3 – 6x2 + 6x is
reciprocals of their squares, (IV) The minimum value of (A) 1
then bc2, ca2 and ab2 are in 1 5
| x | + | x + | + | x − 3 | + | x − | is
(IV) If a, b, c, d and p are distinct (D) A.G.P. 2 2
real numbers such that (a2 +
b2 + c2)p2 – 2(ab + bc + cd)p
+ (b2 + c2 + d2) ≤ 0 then a, b,
c and d are in

Assertion-Reason Type
Instructions: In the following questions an Assertion (A) is 137. Assertion: If the equation x2 + 2 (k + 1)x + 9k – 5 = 0
given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your responses from has only negative roots, then k ≤ 6
the following options: Reason: The equation f (x) = 0 will have both roots
(A) Assertion(A) is True and Reason(R) is negative if and only if
True; Reason(R) is a correct explanation for (i) Discriminant ≥ 0,
Assertion(A) (ii) Sum of roots < 0,
(B) Assertion(A) is True, Reason(R) is True; (iii) Product of roots > 0
Reason(R) is not a correct explanation for
Assertion(A) 138. Assertion: If the equations x2 + bx + ca = 0 and x2 +
(C) Assertion(A) is True, Reason(R) is False cx + ab = 0 have a common root, then their other roots
(D) Assertion(A) is False, Reason(R) is True will satisfy the equation x2 + ax + bc = 0
Reason: If the equations x2 + bx + ca = 0 and x2 +
136. Assertion: If the roots of the equations x2 – bx + c = 0 cx + ab = 0 have a common root, then a + b + c = 0
and x2 – cx + b = 0 differ by the same quantity, then
b + c is equal to –4.
Reason: If a, b are the roots of the equation Ax2 +
B 2 − 4 AC
Bx + C = 0, then a − b =
A

Previous Year’s Questions

l39. If a ≠ b with a2 = 5a − 3 and b2 = 5b − 3, then the (A) 3x2 + 19x + 3 = 0 (B) 3x2− 19x + 3 = 0
equation having a/b and b/a as its roots, is [2002] (C) 3x2− 19x− 3 = 0 (D) x2− 16x + 1 = 0
4.28 Chapter 4

139. The number of real roots of 32 x

2
−7 x +7
= 9 is 148. If both the roots of the quadratic equation x2− 2kx +
[2002] k2 + k− 5 = 0 are less than 5, then k lies in the interval
(A) Zero (B) 2 [2005]
(C) 1 (D) 4 (A) (5, 6] (B) (6, ∞)
(C) (−∞, 4) (D) [4, 5]
140. If the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of the squares of 149. All the values of m for which both roots of the equa-
a b c tions x2− 2mx + m2− 1 = 0 are greater than –2 but less
their reciprocals, then , and , are in [2003] than 4, lie in the interval [2006]
c a b
(A) arithmetic progression. (A) –2 < m < 0 (B) m > 3
(B) geometric progression. (C) –1 < m < 3 (D) 1 < m < 4
(C) harmonic progression. 3 x 2 + 9 x + 17
(D) arithmetic-geometric-progression. 150. If x is real, the maximum value of is
3x 2 + 9 x + 7
141. The number of real solutions of the equation x2− 3 [2006]
| x | + 2 = 0 is [2003] (A) 1/4 (B) 41
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) 3 (C) 1 (D) 17/7
142. The value of ‘a’ for which one root of the quadratic 151. If the difference between the roots of the equation
equation (a2−5a + 3) x2 + (3a – 1) x + 2 = 0 is twice x2 + ax + 1 = 0 is less than 5 , then the set of possi-
as large as the other, is [2003] ble values of a is [2007]
2 2 (A) (−3, 3) (B) (−3, ∞)
(A) (B) −
3 3 (C) (3, ∞) (D) (−∞, −3)
1 1 152. The quadratic equations x2− 6x + a = 0 and x2− cx +
(C) (D) −
3 3 6 = 0 have one root in common. The other roots of
143. If (1 − p) is a root of quadratic equation x2 + px + the first and second equations are integers in the ratio
(1 − p) = 0, then its roots are [2004] 4 : 3. Then the common root is [2008]
(A) 0, 1 (B) –1, 2 (A) 1 (B) 4
(C) 0, –1 (D) –1, 1 (C) 3 (D) 2

144. If one root of the equation x2 + px + 12 = 0 is 4, while 153. If the roots of the equation bx2 + cx + a = 0 be imagi-
the equation x2 + px + q = 0 has equal roots, then the nary, then for all real values of x, the expression 3b2x2
value of ‘q’ is [2004] + 6bcx + 2c2 is [2009]
49 (A) greater than 4ab
(A) (B) 4 (B) less than 4ab
4
(C) 3 (D) 12 (C) greater than − 4ab
(D) less than − 4ab
145. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0, then at least one root of the equa-
tion ax2 + bx + c = 0 lies in the interval [2004] 154. If a and b are the roots of the equation x2−x + 1 = 0,
then the value of a2009 + b2009 = [2010]
(A) (0, 1) (B) (1, 2)
(C) (2, 3) (D) (1, 3) (A) −1 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) −2
146. The values of a for which the sum of the squares of
the roots of the equation x2− (a − 2)x − a − 1 = 0 155. The equation esin x –e–sin x – 4 = 0, for x real, has
assume the least value is [2005] [2012]
(A) 1 (B) 0 (A) infinite number of roots
(C) 3 (D) 2 (B) no roots
(C) exactly one root
147. If roots of the equation x2− bx + c = 0 be two (D) exactly four roots
consectutive integers, then b2− 4c equals [2005]
156. The real number k for which the equation,
(A) −2 (B) 3
2 x 3 + 3 x + k = 0 has two distinct real roots in [0, 1]
(C) 2 (D) 1
[2013]
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.29

(A) lies between 2 and 3 (A) ( −1, 0) ∪ (0,1) (B) (1, 2)

(B) lies between −1 and 0
(C) does not exist (C) ( −2, −1) (D) ( −∞, −2) ∪ ( 2, ∞ )
(D) lies between 1 and 2
159. Let a and b be the roots of equation x 2 − 6 x − 2 = 0.
157. If the equations x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and
2 a − 2a8
ax + bx + c = 0, a, b, c ∈ R have a common root, then If an = a n − b n, for n ≥ 1,then the value of 10
a : b : c is [2013] 2a9
is equal to [2015]
(A) 3 : 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 3 : 2
(C) 3 : 1 : 2 (D) 1 : 2 : 3 (A) − 6 (B) 3
(C) − 3 (D) 6
158. If a ∈ R and the equation −3 ( x − [ x ]) + 2 ( x − [ x ]) +
2
=
3 2(x [ x ]) + a 2
= 0 (where [ x ] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x )
has no integral solution, then all possible values of a
lie in the interval [2014]

ANSWER KEYS

Single Option Correct Type

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (C)
11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (A, B, C) 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (C) 19. (B)
20. (A) 21. (C) 22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (D) 25. (C) 26. (B) 27. (B) 28. (A) 29. (C)
30. (A) 31. (D) 32. (B) 33. (C) 34. (B) 35. (C) 36. (C) 37. (B) 38. (D) 39. (A)
40. (C) 41. (B) 42. (B) 43. (C) 44. (B) 45. (C) 46. (B) 47. (A) 48. (D) 49. (C)
50. (D) 51. (B) 52. (C) 53. (C) 54. (A) 55. (A) 56. (A) 57. (B) 58. (D) 59. (A)
60. (D) 61. (B) 62. (C) 63. (B) 64. (C) 65. (A) 66. (C) 67. (B) 68. (D) 69. (C)
70. (B) 71. (D) 72. (B) 73. (C) 74. (B) 75. (B) 76. (D) 77. (D) 78. (D) 79. (A)
80. (B) 81. (A) 82. (A) 83. (C) 84. (B) 85. (A) 86. (A) 87. (B) 88. (C) 89. (A)
90. (B) 91. (B) 92. (B) 93. (D) 94. (B) 95. (D) 96. (C) 97. (C) 98. (A) 99. (C)
100. (D) 101. (D) 102. (B) 103. (A) 104. (C) 105. (B) 106. (D) 107. (C) 108. (C) 109. (B)
110. (C) 111. (C) 112. (B) 113. (D)

More than One Option Correct Type

114. (A) and (B) 115. (A) and (B) 116. (A) and (B) 117. (B) and (D) 118. (B) and (C)
119. (A), (B) and (C) 120. (A) and (C) 121. (A) and (C) 122. (A), (B), (C) and (D)
123. (A), (B) and (C) 124. (C) and (D) 125. (B) and (C)

Passage Based Questions

126. (C) 127. (A) 128. (B) 129. (B) 130. (D) 131. (A) 132. (C) 133. (A)

Match the Column Type

134. (I) → (C); (II) → (B); (III) → (A); (IV) → (C)
135. (I) → (D); (II) → (A); (III) → (B); (IV) → (C)
4.30 Chapter 4

Assertion-Reason Type
136. (A) 137. (D) 138. (A)

Previous Year’s Questions

139. (A) 140. (B) 141. (C) 142. (B) 143. (A) 144. (C) 145. (A) 146. (A) 147. (D) 148. (C)
149. (C) 150. (C) 151. (C) 152. (A) 153. (D) 154. (C) 155. (B) 156. (B) 157. (C) 158. (D)
159. (A) 160. (B)
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.31

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

Single Option Correct Type

1. We have, 2x + 2 ⋅ 33x /(x – 1) = 9 = 32 6. The discriminant = 16q2 – 4 (2q2 – r)
3x
⇒ (x + 2) log 2 + log 3 = 2 log 3 = 8q2 + 4r = 8q2 + (a4 + b4) > 0
x −1
\ roots are real.
⎛ 3x ⎞
⇒ (x + 2) log 2 + ⎜ − 2⎟ log 3 = 0 The correct option is (A)
⎝ x −1 ⎠
7. We have, (a2 + b2 + c2) p2 – 2 (ab + bc + cd) p
⎛ 1 ⎞
⇒ (x + 2) ⎜ log 2 + log 3⎟ = 0 + (b2 + c2 + d2) ≤ 0
⎝ x −1 ⎠
⇒ (ap – b)2 + (bp – c)2 + (cp – d)2 ≤ 0
log 3
⇒ x = –2 or x = 1 – . ⇒ (ap – b)2 + (bp – c)2 + (cp – d)2 = 0
log 2
(a, b, c, d, p ∈ R)
The correct option is (C)
⇒ ap – b = 0, bp – c = 0, cp – d = 0
2. Since a, b, c are all +ve
b c d
\ ax2 + b | x | + c > 0 for all real x ⇒ = = =p
a b c
\ ax2 + b | x | + c ≠ 0 for any real x
⇒ a, b, c, d are in G.P.
\ no real solution is possible.
The correct option is (B)
The correct option is (A)
8. The required a satisfies the inequality
3. Since x2 – x + 1 = 0
2a2 – 2(2a + 1)a + a(a + 1) < 0
\ (x – 1) (x2 – x + 1) = 0
⇒ a(a + 1) > 0 ⇒ a ∈ (–∞, –1) ∪ (0, ∞)
⇒ x3 – 1 = 0
The correct option is (D)
⇒ x3 = 1,
9. (a + c)2 + 4b2 – 4b (a + c) ≤ 0
\ x3n = 1
⇒ (a – 2b + c)2 ≤ 0
The correct option is (C)
⇒ a – 2b + c = 0
4. The given equation can be written as
⇒ 2b = a + c
⎡ 1⎤
2 x +1 ⎢ x 2 − ⎥ = 2| x − 3 | ⋅ 4 [4 x 2 − 1] ⇒ a, b, c are in A.P.
⎣ 4⎦
The correct option is (B)
⎡ 2 1⎤ 10. Let a, b be the roots of equation x2 + bx + c = 0 and a ′, b ′
= 16 · 2|x – 3| ⎢⎣ x − 4 ⎥⎦ be the roots of the x2 + qx + r = 0. Then,
⇒ 2x – 3 = 2|x – 3| a + b = – b; ab = c, a ′ + b ′ = – q, a ′ b ′ = r.
1
[Q x2 = does not give negative integral value] a a′ a+b a ′ + b′
4 It is given that = ⇒ =
b b′ a −b a ′ − b′
⇒ x – 3 = ± (x – 3)
(a + b ) 2 (a ′ + b ′ ) 2
⇒ either x – 3 = x – 3 or x – 3 = – x + 3 ⇒ =
⇒ 2x = 6 or x = 3 (a − b ) 2 (a ′ − b ′ ) 2
\ Given equation does not give any negative integral b2 q2
⇒ = ⇒ b2r = q2c.
solution. b 2 − 4c q2 − 4r
The correct option is (D) The correct option is (C)
5. We have a + b = – b, ab = c 16
11 Let 16sin x = y, then 16cos x = 161−sin x =
2 2 2

As c < 0, b > 0, we get y

The given equation becomes
a<0<b 16
y+ = 10 ⇒ y2 – 10y + 16 = 0 or y = 2, 8
Also, b = – b – a < – a = |a | y
Thus, a < 0 < b < |a |.
2 2

Now, 16sin x = 2 ⇒ 24 sin x = 2(1)

2
The correct option is (B) ⇒ 4 sin x = 1
4.32 Chapter 4

1 π ⎛ π⎞ 18. Sincea, b are roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0

\ sin x =± ⇒x= ⎜⎝Q0 ≤ x < ⎟⎠
2 6 2 \ a + b = – p and ab = q
2

and 16sin x = 8 2
⎛a⎞ a
4 sin 2 x 3 Now q ⎜ ⎟ + ( 2q − p 2 ) + q
⇒ 2 =2 ⎝ b⎠ b
3 π ⎛ π⎞ 1 1
⇒ sin x = ± ⇒x= ⎜⎝Q 0 ≤ x < ⎟⎠ = 2 [q (a + b)2 – p2ab] = 2 (qp2 – p2q) = 0
2 3 2 b b
The correct option is (A) a
Thus, is a root of the equation
12. The given condition is fulfilled if and only if b
qx2 + (2q – p2) x + q = 0
f (2) = 4 – 2 (p + 1) + p2 + p – 8 < 0
The correct option is (C)
⇒ (p – 3) (p + 2) < 0 ⇒ –2 < p < 3
19. Since f (x) has no real roots, f (x) has same sign for every x
The correct option is (B)
\ f (0) · f (1) > 0
13. (x3 + 1) + 2x (x + 1) = 0
The correct option is (B)
or (x + 1) [x2 + x + 1] = 0 ⇒ x = – 1, w, w 2.
20. Let x1 and x2 be two roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
Of these x = w, w 2 satisfy the equation
1 < x1 < 2 and 1 < x2 < 2
1 + x130 + x1988 = 0
⎛ b c⎞
The correct option is (A), (B) and (C) Now a (5a + 2b + c) = a2 ⎜⎝ 5 + 2 a + a ⎟⎠
14. We have, |x2 – 3x + 2| + |x – 1| = x – 3
= a2(5 + 2(–1) (x1 + x2) + x1x2)
⇒ x ≥ 3 ⇒ x2 – 3x + 2 + x – 1 = x – 3
= a2[(x1 – 2) (x2 – 2) + 1] > 0
⇒ x2 – 3x + 4 = 0
2
Hence a and 5a + 2b + c are of same sign
⎛ 3⎞ 9
⇒ ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ + 4 − = 0 The correct option is (A)
2 4 21. Since a < 0, in case of positive root of the equation x > a
⇒ No solution. \ The equation is x2 – 2a (x – a) – 3a2 = 0
The correct option is (A) ⇒ x2 – 2ax – a2 = 0
15. We have, 2a ± 4 a 2 + 4 a 2 2a ± 2 2a
Thus, the roots are =
3x 2 + 6 x + 7 = 3 ( x + 1) 2 + 4 ≥ 2 2 2
= a(1 + 2 ) or a(1 − 2 )
and 5 x 2 + 10 x + 14 = 5( x + 1) 2 + 9 ≥ 3 \ the only positive root possible is a(1 − 2 ) .
\ L.H.S. ≥ 5 The correct option is (C)
R.H.S. = 4 – 2x – x2 = 5 – (x + 1)2 ≤ 5 22. Let a + ib, a – ib be the roots
\ the equation holds only when r
Then, a 2 + b 2 = >0
L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 5 p
\ x = – 1. \ p, r must be of the same sign.
The correct option is (A) Since p + r > 0
16. Equating the coefficients of similar powers of x, we get \ p, r are both positive.
a 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ a = ±1 ⎫ If q < r, p – q + r > 0
⎪ If q > 0, (p + r)2 – (p – r)2 = 4pr ≥ q2
a −1 = 0 ⇒ a = 1 ⎬
⎪ (Q roots are non-real)
a − 4 a + 3 = 0 ⇒ a = 1, 3⎭
2
\ (p + r)2 ≤ q2 + (p – r)2 ≥ q2
\ common value of a = 1.
\ p+r≥q
The correct option is (A)
The correct option is (B)
17. The given equation can be written as
23. Let f (x) = lx2 – mx + 5
3x2 – 2x (a + b + c) + bc + ca + ab = 0
Since lx2 – mx + 5 = 0 does not have two distinct real roots,
Discriminant = 4 (a + b + c)2 – 12 (bc + ca + ab) therefore either f (x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R, or f (x) ≤ 0 ∀ x ∈ R
= 4 (a2 + b2 + c2 – bc – ca – ab) But f (0) = 5 > 0
= 2 [(b – c)2 + (c – a)2 + (a – b)2] ≥ 0 \ f (x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R
Hence, the roots are real. \ f (–5) ≥ 0 ⇒ 25l + 5m + 5 ≥ 0 ⇒ 5l + m ≥ –1
The correct option is (C) Hence, minimum value of 5l + m is –1.
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.33

The correct option is (D) If x = n + k, n ∈ Z, 0 < k < 1, then

24. Let a, b be the roots of the given equation, (x)2 + (x + 1)2 = 25
then a + b = l2 – 5l + 5 < 1 ⇒ (n + 1)2 + (n + 2)2 = 25
⇒ l2 – 5 l + 4 < 0 ⇒ 2n2 + 6n – 20 = 0
ab = 2l2 – 3l – 4 < 1 ⇒ n2 + 3n – 10 = 0
⇒ 2 l2 – 3 l – 5 < 0 ⇒ n = 2, –5
\ (l – 4) (l – 1) < 0 or 1 < l < 4 \ x = 2 + k, –5 + k, where 0 < k < 1
5 \ x > 2, x > –5
and (2l – 5) (l + 1) < 0 or –1 < l <
2 \ Solution set is (–5, –4] ∪ (2, 3]
⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
\ Required set = ⎜ −1, ⎟ ∩ (1, 4) = ⎜1, ⎟ . The correct option is (B)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
28. log2 (9 – 2x) = 3 – x
The correct option is (D)
⇒ 9 – 2x = 23–x
25. Since coefficient of x2 > 0 and 1 lies between the roots of 8
3x2 – 3sin q – 2cos2 q = 0 ⇒ 9 – 2x = x
2
\ f (1) < 0
⇒ 9 · 2x – 22x = 8
⇒ 3 – 3sin q – 2cos2q < 0
⇒ 22x – 9 · 2x + 8 = 0
⇒ 1 + 2(1 – cos2 q) – 3sin q < 0
⇒ (2x – 8) (2x – 1) = 0
⇒ 2sin2 q – 3sin q + 1 < 0
⇒ x = 3 or x = 0
⇒ (2sin q – 1) (sin q – 1) < 0
But x = 3 is not the solution of original equation,
1
⇒ < sin q < 1 \ x = 0.
2
The correct option is (A)
29. Since ax2 + bx + 6 = 0 does not have two distinct real roots.
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
\ b2 – 24a ≤ 0
If one root is less than k and other is greatter than k, then Let 3a + b = y
D > 0 and af (k) < 0, where \ 3a = y – b
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0 \ b2 – 8(y – b) ≤ 0
i.e., b2 + 8b – 8y ≤ 0
The correct option is (C) Since b is real
n \ 64 + 32y ≥ 0 ⇒ y ≥ –2
26. ∑ Sr = (a + b ) + (a 2 + b 2) + … + (a n + b n)
\ Min. value of y i.e., 3a + b = –2.
r =1
= (a + a 2 + … + a n) + (b + b 2 + … + b n) The correct option is (D)
n
30. Here a + b = –p ⇒ a + b = g + d
Lt
n→∞
∑ Sr = (a + a 2 + … + ∞) + (b + b 2 + … + ∞)
r =1 g + d = –p
a b
= + Now (a – g) (a – d) = a 2 – a(g + d) + g d = a 2 – a (a + b ) + r
1− a 1− b
= –ab + r = –(–q) + r = q + r
a − ab + b − ab
= By symmetry (b – g ) (b – d ) = q + r
1 − (a + b ) + ab
\ Ratio is 1.
a + b − 2ab
= The correct option is (A)
1 − (a + b ) + ab
x+2 1
25 4 31. − >0
+ x2 + 1 2
375 375 29 1
= = =
25 2 348 12 − x2 − 1 + 2x + 4
1− − ⇒ >0
375 375 2( x 2 + 1)
The correct option is (B) 3 + 2x − x2
27. If x = n ∈ Z, (x)2 + (x + 1)2 = 25 ⇒ >0
2( x 2 + 1)
⇒ n2 + (n + 1)2 = 25 Since denominator is positive
⇒ 2n2 + 2n – 24 = 0 \ 3 + 2x – x2 > 0
⇒ n2 + n – 12 = 0 ⇒ –1 < x < 3
⇒ n = 3, – 4 ⇒ x = 0, 1, 2
\ x = 3, – 4 The correct option is (D)
4.34 Chapter 4

32. Let a, b be the roots of lx2 + mx + v = 0 \ Discriminant can’t be perfect square.

m v The correct option is (C)
\ a + b = – , ab =
l l loge ( x 2 − 5 x + 6) loge ( x − 4)
37. >
m 2
loge 9 loge 3
(a + b ) 2 l 2 m2 ⇒ x2 – 5x + 6 > x2 – 8x + 16
\ = =
ab v lv 10
l ⇒ 3x – 10 > 0 ⇒ x > (1)
3
a b m2 Also, x2 – 5x + 6 > 0 ⇒ x > 3 or x < 2 (2)
⇒ + +2= (1)
b a lv and x – 4 > 0 ⇒ x > 4 (3)
Let g, d be the roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0 Common solution from Eqs (1), (2) and (3) is x > 4
\ g + d = –1, g d = 1 The correct option is (B)
(g + d ) 2 g d 38. Let f (x) = a2x2 + 2bx + 2c = 0
\ =1⇒ + +2=1 (2)
gd d g Given: a2a 2 + ba + c = 0
a g and a2b 2 – bb – c = 0
Since = ,
b d Now, f (a) = a2a 2 + 2ba + 2c
\ from Eq. (1) and (2) = (a2a 2 + ba + c) + (ba + c)
m2 = ba + c = – a2a 2
= 1 ⇒ m2 = lv
lv ⎫
\ l, m, v are in G.P. f (b ) = a2b 2 + 2bb + 2c ⎬
⎭
The correct option is (B) = 3bb + 3c = 3 (bb + c)
33. Given equation can be written as = 3a2b 2
bx2 + x – bcx – bdx + bcd – a = 0 Since 0 < a < b
⇒ bx (x – c) – bd (x – c) + x – a = 0 \ a, b are real
⇒ b (x – c) (x – d) + (x – a) = 0 \ f (a) < 0, f (b) > 0
Let f (x) = b (x – c) (x – d) + (x – a) \ f (g ) = 0 where a < g < b
f (c) = c – a < 0; f (d) = d – a > 0
Hence, one root of the given equation lies between c and d. TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
The correct option is (C)
a a +1 b a a +1 c Let f(x) = 0 be a polynomial equation. Let p and q be two real
34. We have, + = − and ⋅ = numbers, p < q. If f(p) ⋅ f(q) < 0, then the equation f(x) = 0
a −1 a a a −1 a a
has atleast one real roots between p and q.
2a 2 − 1 b c+a
⇒ 2 = − and a =
a −a a c−a
2 The correct option is (D)
⇒ (c + a) + 4ac = –2b(c + a)
39. Let us see the graph of y = x2 – 2 and y = [x]
⇒ (c + a)2 + 2b(c + a) + b2 = b2 – 4ac
⇒ (a + b + c)2 = b2 – 4ac Y
The correct option is (B)
35. Here a + b = p; ab = 1 ⇒ ab = g d
g + d = q; g d = 1
Now, (a – g ) (b – g) (a + d ) (b + d )
X
= [ab – g (a + b ) + g 2] [ab + d(a + b ) + d 2] O
= [1 + g p + g 2] [1 – pd + d 2]
= [(g 2 + 1) + g p] [(d 2 + 1) – pd]
= (–qg + g p) (–qd – pd )
= g d (q2 – p2) = 1 (q2 – p2)
The correct option is (C) If [x] = –1
36. Let y = [x] We have x2 – 2 + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0 not possible
\ The given equation y2 + ay + b = 0 must have integral [x] = 0 ⇒ x = ± 2 not possible
roots which is not possible as a and b are odd integers. [x] = 1 ⇒ x = ± 4 = ± 2 not possible
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.35

[x] = 2 ⇒ x = ± 6 44. Product of roots = 2 e2 ln k – 1 = 7 (given)

2

⇒ x = 6 is the only solution. ⇒ 2e ln k − 1 = 7

The correct option is (A) ⇒ 2k2 – 1 = 7
2 2 2 ⇒ k = ±2
40. Let 2sin x = Z ⇒ 2cos x =
Z ⇒ k=2 (Since ln k is defined for k > 0)
Therefore, the given equation becomes The correct option is (B)
2 45. x – x2 – 9 = –(x2 – x + 9)
Z– – 1 = 0 ⇒ Z = 2 or Z = –1
Z
2 2 ⎡⎛ 1⎞
2
35 ⎤
⇒ 2sin x = 2 or 2sin x = –1 (not possible) = – ⎢⎜ x − ⎟ + ⎥ < 0 for all x ∈ R
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 ⎥⎦
π
⇒ sin2 x = 1 ⇒ x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ 1
2 \ no. solution i.e., solution set = f
The correct option is (C)
⎡ ⎛ 3⎞ x ⎤
41. Given: |a – b | > 3p ⎢Q ⎜ ⎟ > 0 for all x ∈ R ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎥⎦
If a, b are the roots of x2 + px + 1 = 0, then
The correct option is (C)
a + b = –p, ab = 1
46. Let esin x = t
\ (a – b)2 > 3p
⇒ t2 – 4t – 1 = 0
⇒ (a + b)2 – 4ab > 3p
⇒ (–p)2 – 4 · 1 > 3p 4 ± 16 + 4
⇒ t=
⇒ p2 – 3p – 4 > 0 2
⇒ (p – 4) (p + 1) > 0 ⇒ t = esin x = 2 ± 5
⇒ p > 4, p > –1 or p < 4, p < –1 ⇒ esin x = 2 – 5 , esin x = 2 + 5
⇒ p > 4 or p < –1 esin x
=2– 5 < 0,
But p is not –ve (Q If p is –ve, then 3 p is not real) ⇒ sin x = ln(2 + 5 ) > 1
⇒ p>4 So both rejected.
The correct option is (B) Hence no solution
42. If f (x) = x2 + ax + b The correct option is (B)
f (x + c) = x2 + (2c + a) x + c2 + ac + b 47. Let f (x) = x3 – px + q
\ Roots of the given equation are 0 and d – c. Now for maxima/minima
(since roots of x2 + ax + b = 0 are c and d.) f ′(x) = 0
The correct option is (B) ⇒ 3x2 – p = 0
43. Let f (x) = x2 + 2 (k + 1) x + 9k – 5. Let a, b be the roots of
f (x) = 0. The equation f (x) = 0 will have both negative roots
if and only if –(p/3)
(i) Disc. ≥ 0
–(p/3)
(ii) a + b < 0 and
(iii) f (0) > 0
Now, discriminant ≥ 0
p
⇒ 4 (k + 1)2 – 36k + 20 ≥ 0 ⇒ k2 – 7k + 6 ≥ 0 ⇒ x2 =
3
⇒ (k – 1) (k – 6) ≥ 0
p
⇒ k ≤ 1 or k ≥ 6 (1) \ x= ±
3
( a + b) < 0
The correct option is (A)
⇒ –2 (k + 1) < 0
48. Let a and 4b be roots of x2 – 6x + a = 0 and a, 3b be the roots
⇒ k + 1 > 0 ⇒ k > –1 (2) of x2 – cx + 6 = 0, then
and ab > 0 a + 4b = 6 and 4ab = a
⇒ 9k – 5 > 0 a + 3b = c and 3ab = 6.
5
⇒ k> (3) We get ab = 2 ⇒ a = 8
9
From Eqs (1), (2) and (3) we get k ≥ 6. So the first equation is x2 – 6x + 8 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, 4
The correct option is (C) If a = 2 and 4b = 4 then 3b = 3
4.36 Chapter 4

If a = 4 and 4b = 2, then 3b = 3/2 (non-integer) 1 ⎡1⎤

\ common root is x = 2. ⇒ x+ − 1 = [x] + ⎢ ⎥
x ⎣x⎦
The correct option is (D) x +1− x
2

49. bx2 + cx + a = 0 ⇒ = (integer) k (say)

x
Roots are imaginary ⇒ c2 – 4ab < 0 ⇒ x2 – (k + 1) x + 1 = 0
⇒ c2 < 4ab ⇒ –c2 > –4ab Since x is real, so (k + 1)2 – 4 ≥ 0
Given expression has minimum value ⇒ k2 + 2k – 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ (k + 3) (k – 1) ≥ 0
4(3b 2 )( 2c 2 ) − 36b 2c ⇒ k ≤ –3 or k ≥ 1.
=
4(3b 2 ) Therefore, number of solutions is infinite.
12b 2c 2 The correct option is (C)
=– = –c2 > –4ab. 54. Since the given equation has imaginary roots
12b 2
The correct option is (C) ⇒ D < 0 or (a + b + c)2 – 4(ab + bc + ca) < 0
⇒ (a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2bc + 2ac) < 4ac
50. Put x − 1 = t ⇒ x – 1 = t2
⇒ (a – b + c)2 < 4ac
or x = t2 + 1, the given equation reduces to
⇒ − 2 ac < a – b + c
t 2 + 1 + 3 − 4t + t 2 + 1 + 8 − 6t
= 1 where, t ≥ 0.
⇒ ( a + c + 2 ac ) > b
( a + c ) > b or
2
⇒ |t – 2| + |t – 3| = 1, where t ≥ 0. This equation will be ⇒ a + c > b.
satisfied if 2 ≤ t ≤ 3. Similarly, b + c > a and a + b > c.
Therefore, 2 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 3 or 5 ≤ x ≤ 10.
Therefore, a , b , c can be the sides of a triangle.
\ The given equation is satisfied for all values of x lying
The correct option is (A)
in [5, 10].
55. We have,
The correct option is (D)
xn + ax + b = (x – x1) (x – x2) … (x – xn)
2
x −1
51. We have, 3sec 9 y2 − 6 y + 2 ≤ 1 x n + ax + b
⇒ (x – x2) (x – x3) … (x – xn) =
x − x1
2 2 2
⇒ 3sec x
y2 − y+ ≤1 x n + ax + b
3 9 ⇒ (x1 – x2) (x1 – x3) … (x1 – xn) = lim
x→ x
1 x − x1
sec 2 x ⎛ 1⎞ 1
2
= nx1n –1 + a.
⇒ 3 ⎜⎝ y − ⎟⎠ + ≤ 1
3 9 The correct option is (A)
2
⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 56. Since the roots of the given equation are real
Now, sec2x ≥ 1 ⇒ 3sec2x ≥ 3 and ⎜⎝ y − ⎟⎠ + ≥ , so we
3 9 3 \ B2 – 4AC ≥ 0 ⇒ 4a2 – 4 (a2 + a – 3) ≥ 0
must have sec2x = 1 and y –
1
= 0. ⇒ –a + 3 ≥ 0 or a ≤ 3. (1)
3 Since the root is less than 3, so f (3) > 0
1 ⇒ 32 – 2a (3) + a2 + a – 3 > 0
⇒ x = 0, π, 2π, 3π and y = .
3 ⇒ a2 – 5a + 6 > 0 or (a – 2) (a – 3) > 0
\ There are 4 solutions.
The correct option is (B) ⇒ a < 2 or a > 3 (2)
52. Let From (1) and (2), we have a < 2.
f (x) = (x – n)m + (x – n2)m + (x – n3)m + … + (x – nm)m. The correct option is (A)
⇒ f ′(x) = m(x – n)m–1 + m(x – n2)m–1 + … + m(x – nm)m–1 1 − x + x2
57. Let z =
Since m is odd, (m – 1) is even. Therefore, f ′(x) = 0 has no 1 + x + x2
real root. ⇒ z + zx + zx2 = 1 – x + x2
⇒ f (x) = 0 has one real and (m – 1) imaginary roots. ⇒ zx2 – x2 + zx + z + z – 1 = 0
The correct option is (C) ⇒ x2 (z – 1) + x (z + 1) + (z – 1) = 0
⎛ 1⎞ For real x, B2 – 4AC ≥ 0
53. We have, f (x) + f ⎜ ⎟ = 1
⎝ x⎠ ⇒ (z + 1)2 – 4 (z – 1) (z – 1) ≥ 0
1 ⎡1⎤ ⇒ z2 + 2z + 1 – 4z2 + 8z – 4 ≥ 0
⇒ x – [x] + − =1
x ⎢⎣ x ⎥⎦ ⇒ – 3z2 + 10z – 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ – 3z2 + 9z + z – 3–≥ 0
⇒ – 3z (z – 3) + 1 (z – 3) ≥ 0
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.37

⇒ (z – 3) (– 3z + 1) ≥ 0 ⇒
1
≤ z ≤ 3. 62. Let a, b be the roots of equation x2 + bx + c = 0 and a ′, b ′
3 be the roots of the x2 + qx + r = 0. Then,
1 a + b = – b; ab = c, a ′ + b ′ = – q, a ′ b ′ = r.
\ minimum value of z = .
3
a a′ a+b a ′ + b′
The correct option is (B) It is given that = ⇒ =
b b′ a −b a ′ − b′
1 x2 − 2x + 4 (a + b ) 2 (a ′ + b ′ ) 2
58. Given, < < 3 for all x ∈ R. ⇒ =
3 x2 + 2x + 4 (a − b ) 2 (a ′ − b ′ ) 2
1 x2 + 2x + 4 b 2
q2
⇒ < < 3 for all x ∈ R. (1) ⇒ = ⇒ b2r = q2c.
3 x2 − 2x + 4 b 2 − 4c q2 − 4r
Let 3x + 1 = y The correct option is (C)
Then, y ∈ R for all x ∈ R. 63. If x = n ∈ I, |n – 2n| = 4
9 ⋅ 32 x + 6 ⋅ 3x + 4 32 x + 2 + 2 ⋅ 3x + 1 + 4 \ n = ± 4,
\ =
9 ⋅ 32 x − 6 ⋅ 3x + 4 32 x + 2 − 2 ⋅ 3x + 1 + 4 If x = n + k, n ∈ I, 0 < k < 1 then
y + 2y + 4
2 |n – 2 (n + k)| = 4
=
y2 − 2 y + 4 \ |–n – 2k| = 4.
1
1 y2 + 2 y + 4 It is possible if k = .
From (1), < <3 2
3 y2 − 2 y + 4 The correct option is (B)
1 9 ⋅ 32 x + 6 ⋅ 3x + 4 64. Since a, b are roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0
\ < < 3.
3 9 ⋅ 32 x − 6 ⋅ 3x + 4 \ a + b = – p and ab = q.
2
The correct option is (D) ⎛a⎞ a
Now, q ⎜ ⎟ + ( 2q − p 2 ) + q
59. Let f (x) = x2 + (1 – 2k) x + k2 – k – 2 ⎝ b⎠ b
The number 3 lies between the roots of the given equation, if 1 1
f (3) < 0 = 2 [q (a + b) – p ab] = 2 [qp2 – p2q] = 0.
2 2
b b
Now, f (3) = 9 + (1 – 2k) 3 + k2 – k – 2 a
Thus, is a root of the equation
= 10 – 7k + k2 = k2 – 7k + 10 b
Hence, f (3) < 0 ⇒ k2 – 7k + 10 < 0 qx2 + (2q – p2) x + q = 0.
⇒ (k – 2) (k – 5) < 0 ⇒ 2 < k < 5. The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (A) 65. Let x1 and x2 be two roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
60. The given equation can be written as 1 < x1 < 2 and 1 < x2 < 2
⎛ b c⎞
⎡ 1⎤
2 x + 1 ⎢ x 2 − ⎥ = 2| x − 3 | [4 x 2 − 1] Now, a (5a + 2b + c) = a2 ⎜⎝ 5 + 2 a + a ⎟⎠
⎣ 4⎦
⎡ 2 1⎤ = a2(5 + 2(–1) (x1 + x2) + x1x2)
= 4 · 2|x – 3| ⎢⎣ x − 4 ⎥⎦ = a2{(x1 – 2) (x2 – 2) + 1} > 0
Hence, a and 5a + 2b + c are of same sign.
⇒ 2x – 1 = 2|x – 3|
1 The correct option is (A)
[Q x2 = does not give negative integral value]
4 66. Since a < 0, in case of positive root of the equation x > a
⇒ x – 1 = ± (x – 3) \ The equation is x2 – 2a (x – a) – 3a2 = 0
⇒ either x – 1 = x – 3 or x – 1 = – x + 3 ⇒ x2 – 2ax – a2 = 0
⇒ 1 = 3 (not possible) or 2x = 4 2a ± 4 a 2 + 4 a 2 2a ± 2 2a
i.e., x = 2. Thus, the roots are =
2 2
\ Given equation does not give any negative integral = a(1 + 2 ) or a(1 − 2 )
solution.
\ the only positive root possible is a(1 − 2 ) .
The correct option is (D)
The correct option is (C)
61. We have a + b = –b, ab = c
67. Let a + ib, a – ib be the roots
As c < 0, b > 0, we get a < 0 < b.
r
Also, b = – b – a < – a = |a | Then, a2 + b2 = >0
p
Thus, a < 0 < b < |a |.
\ p, r must be of the same sign.
The correct option is (B)
4.38 Chapter 4

Since p + r > 0 \ p, r are both positive. 72. Let a, b be the roots of lx2 + mx + v = 0
If q < 0, p – q + r > 0 m v
\ a + b = – , ab =
If q > 0, (p + r)2 – (p – r)2 = 4pr ≥ q2 l l
[Q roots are non-real] m2
\ (p + r)2 ≥ q2 + (p – r)2 ≥ q2 (a + b ) 2 m2
= l =
2
\
\ p+r≥q ab v lv
The correct option is (B) l
68. Let f (x) = lx2 – mx + 5 a b m2
⇒ + +2= (1)
Since lx2 – mx + 5 = 0 does not have two distinct real roots, b a lv
therefore, Let g, d be the roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0
either f (x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R, or f (x) ≤ 0 ∀ x ∈ R \ g + d = –1, g d = 1
But f (0) = 5 > 0 (g + d ) 2 g d
\ f (x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R \ =1⇒ + +2=1 (2)
gd d g
\ f (–5) ≥ 0 ⇒ 25l + 5m + 5 ≥ 0 ⇒ 5l + m ≥ –1 a g
Hence, minimum of 5l + m is –1. Since = ,
b d
The correct option is (D) \ from (1) and (2)
69. Since coefficient of x2 > 0 and 1 lies between the roots of
m2
3x2 – 3sin q – 2cos2 q = 0 = 1 ⇒ m2 = lv
lv
\ f (1) < 0
\ l, m, v are in G.P.
⇒ 3 – 3sin q – 2cos2q < 0
The correct option is (B)
⇒ 1 + 2(1 – cos2 q) – 3sin q < 0
73. Given equation can be written as
⇒ 2sin2 q – 3sin q + 1 < 0
bx2 + x – bcx – bdx + bcd – a = 0;
⇒ (2sin q – 1) (sin q – 1) < 0
⇒ bx (x – c) – bd (x – c) + x – a = 0
1
⇒ < sin q < 1 ⇒ b (x – c) (x – d) + (x – a) = 0
2
Let f (x) = b (x – c) (x – d) + (x – a)
The correct option is (C)
n f (c) = c – a < 0; f (d) = d – a > 0
70. ∑ Sr = (a + b) + (a 2 + b 2) + … + (a n + b n) The correct option is (C)
r =1
74. If f (x) = x2 + ax + b
= (a + a 2 + … + a n) + (b + b 2 + … + b n)
n f (x + c) = x2 + (2c + a) x + c2 + ac + b
Lt
n→∞
∑ Sr = (a + a 2 + … + ∞) + (b + b 2 + … + ∞) \ roots of the given equation are 0 and d – c.
r =1
a b (since roots of x2 + ax + b = 0 are c and d.)
= +
1− a 1− b The correct option is (B)
a − ab + b − ab 75. If x = n ∈ Z, (x)2 + (x + 1)2 = 25
= ⇒ n2 + (n + 1)2 = 25
1 − (a + b ) + ab
⇒ 2n2 + 2n – 24 = 0
a + b − 2ab
= ⇒ n2 + n – 12 = 0
1 − (a + b ) + ab
⇒ n = 3, – 4
25 4
+ \ x = 3, –4
375 375 29 1
= = = If x = n + k, n ∈ Z, 0 < k < 1, then
25 2 348 12
1− −
375 375 (x)2 + (x + 1)2 = 25
The correct option is (B) ⇒ (n + 1)2 + (n + 2)2 = 25
71. Since ax2 + bx + 6 = 0 does not have two distinct real roots ⇒ 2n2 + 6n – 20 = 0
\ b2 – 24a ≤ 0 ⇒ n2 + 3n – 10 = 0
Let 3a + b = y \ 3a = y – b ⇒ n = 2, –5
\ b2 – 8(y – b) ≤ 0 i.e., b2 + 8b – 8y ≤ 0 \ x = 2 + k, –5 + k, where 0 < k < 1
Since b is real \ 64 + 32y ≥ 0 ⇒ y ≥ –2 \ x > 2, x > –5
\ Min. value of y, i.e., 3a + b = –2. \ Solution set is (–5, –4] ∪ (2, 3]
The correct option is (D) The correct option is (B)
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.39

76. The required a satisfies the inequality If x < – 1, 1 + |x| – |x + 1| = 0

2a2 – 2(2a + 1)a + a(a + 1) < 0 ⇒ 1–x+x+1=0⇒2=0 (absurd)
⇒ a(a + 1) > 0 ⇒ a ∈ (–∞, –1) ∪ (0, ∞) If –1 ≤ x < 0, 1 + |x| – |x + 1| = 0
The correct option is (D) ⇒ 1 – x – (x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 (not possible)
77. We have, 2x + 2x ≥ 2 2 (x ≥ 0) If x ≥ 0, 1 + x – (x + 1) = 0 ⇒ 0 = 0
1 ⇒ x can have any value in the interval
⇒ 2x ≥ 2 ⇒ x ≥ \ x = –1, x > 0. (Q x ≠ 0)
2
and, 2x + 2–x ≥ 2 2 (x < 0) The correct option is (B)
1 81. As a, b are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have
⇒ t+ ≥ 2 2 (where t = 2x)
t a + b = –b/a, ab = c/a
⇒ t2 – t + 1 ≥ 0 Now, (a – b )2 = (a + b )2 – 4ab
⇒ (t − ( 2 − 1)) (t − ( 2 + 1)) ≥ 0 ⎛ b⎞ 4c
2
b 2 − 4 ac
= ⎜− ⎟ − = (1)
⇒ t≤ 2 − 1 or t ≥ 2 +1 but t > 0 ⎝ a⎠ a a2
⇒ 0 < 2x ≤ 2 − 1 or 2x ≥ 2 +1 Now, as a + d, b + d are the roots of Ax2 + Bx + C = 0,
⇒ –∞ < x ≤ log2 ( 2 − 1) we have a + d + b + d = –B/A, (a + d ) (b + d ) = C/A.
or, x ≥ log2 ( 2 + 1) (but not acceptable as x < 0) Now, (a – b )2 = [(a + d ) – (b + d )]2
= (a + d + b + d )2 – 4 (a + d ) (b + d )
⎡1 ⎞
\ x ∈ (–∞, log2 ( 2 − 1) ] ∪ ⎢ , ∞⎟ B2 4C B 2 − 4 AC
⎣2 ⎠ = − = (2)
A2 A A2
The correct option is (D)
From (1) and (2), we get
D 4b 2 − 8c 2
78. min. f (x) = – =– b 2 − 4 ac B 2 − 4 AC
4a 4 2
= .
a A2
= –(b2 – 2c2) (upward parabola)
The correct option is (A)
D 4c 2 + 4b 2
max. g(x) = – = 82. Given equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0
4a 4
2 2
Since a, b are the roots of the given equation
=b +c (downward parabola) −b c
Now, 2c2 – b2 > b2 + c2 \ a+b= , ab = .
a a
⇒ c2 > 2b2 ⇒ |c| > 2 |b| Also, since a < – 1, b > 1
The correct option is (D) \ ab < – 1
c c
79. We can write the given equation as ⇒ < – 1 or +1<0
(x – a)2 = 3 – a a a
Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
This shows that a ≤ 3 and x = a ± 3 − a
As f (1) f (–1) > 0,
Both the roots of the given equation will be less than 3 if the
larger of the two roots is less than 3, that is, if \ (a + b + c) (a – b + c) > 0
a + 3−a < 3 or, (a + c)2 – b2 > 0 or (a + c)2 > b2
2 2
⇒ 3 − a – (3 – a) < 0 ⎛ c⎞ ⎛ b⎞
or, ⎜⎝1 + ⎟⎠ > ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
a a
⇒ 3 − a (1 − 3 − a ) < 0
⎛ c⎞ b ⎡ ⎛c ⎞ ⎤
⇒ a < 3 and 1 − 3 − a < 0 ⇒ ⎜⎝1 + ⎟⎠ < − ⎢Q ⎜⎝ a + 1⎟⎠ < 0 ⎥
a a ⎣ ⎦
But 3 − a > 1 ⇒ 3 – a > 1 or a < 2
Thus, a < 3 and a < 2 ⇒ a < 2 c b
or, 1 + + <0.
The correct option is (A) a a
The correct option is (A)
| x + 1| | x + 1 |2
80. + | x + 1| = 83. Roots of ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 are given by
|x| |x|
⎧ 1 | x + 1 |⎫ − 2b ± 4b 2 − 4 ac −b
⇒ | x + 1| ⎨ +1− x= =
⎬ =0 2a a
⎩| x | |x| ⎭
\ |x + 1| = 0 or 1 + |x| – |x + 1| = 0. (Since b2 = ac as a, b, c, are in G.P.)
|x + 1| = 0 ⇒ x = –1. This is root of dx2 + 2ex + f = 0
4.40 Chapter 4

2 86. The discriminant of the given equation is

⎛ − b⎞ ⎛ − b⎞
\ d⎜ + 2e ⎜ + f =0
⎝ a ⎟⎠ ⎝ a ⎟⎠ D = 4 [(nCr)2 – nCr – 1 nCr + 1]
⇒ db2 – 2eba + a f = 0 = 4 (a – b),
⇒ dac – 2eba + a f = 0 (Q b2 = ac) where a = (nCr)2, b = nCr – 1 · nCr + 1
⇒ 2eb = dc + a f a n
Cr ⋅ n Cr
Now, =
2e dc + af dc + af b n
Cr − 1 ⋅ n Cr + 1
⇒ = = (Q b2 = ac)
b b2 ac n! n! ( r − 1)! ( n − r + 1)!
d f = ⋅
= + r ! ( n − r )! r ! ( n − r )! n!
a c
( r + 1)! ⋅ ( n − r − 1)!
d e f ⋅
⇒ , , are in A.P. n!
a b c
r +1 n − r +1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
The correct option is (C) = ⋅ = ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 + >1
r n−r ⎝ r⎠ ⎝ n − r ⎟⎠
84. Let a, b be the roots of x2 + abx + c = 0 and a, g be the roots
of x2 + acx + b = 0, a being the common root. \ a>b⇒D>0
\ a + b = – ab (1) ⇒ roots of given equation are real and distinct.
ab = c (2) The correct option is (A)
1
a + g = – ac (3) 87. Let a and b be the roots of x2 – px + q = 0 and a and be
2
the roots of x – ax + b = 0. b
ag = b (4)
From (1) – (3), Then, a + b = p and ab = q.
b – g = a (c – b) 1 a
Also, a + = a and = b.
From (2)– (4), b b
a (b – g) = c – b ⎛ a⎞ ⎛
2
1⎞
2
Now, (q – b)2 = ⎜ ab − ⎟ = a 2 ⎜ b − ⎟
a (b − g ) c−b ⎝ b⎠ ⎝ b⎠
\ = ;
b −g a ( c − b) 2
a ⎡ ⎛ 1⎞⎤
1 ⋅ ba ⎢(a + b ) − ⎜ a + ⎟ ⎥
=
or a= . b ⎣ ⎝ b⎠⎦
a
\ From (2) and (4), = bq (p – a)2.
b The correct option is (B)
= c, i.e., b = ac 88. The roots of 2x2 – 3x + 4 = 0 are imaginary, because disc. =
a
g (–3)2 – 4 · 2 · 4 < 0. Hence, the common root must be
and, = b, imaginary. But imaginary roots occur in pair. Hence both the
a
i.e., g = ab. roots will be common, i.e., two equations will be identical.
So their coefficients will be proportional
\ The quadratic equation whose roots are b, g is a b c
i.e., = = ,
x2 – (b + g ) x + bg = 0 2 −3 4
or, x2 – (ac + ab) x + ac · ab = 0; \ 6a = –4b = 3c.
or, x2 – a (b + c) x + a2bc = 0. The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (B) 89. We have, 3x2 + x – 5 = 0.
85. The given equation can be written as Its discriminant = 1 – 4 · 3 (– 5) = 61, which is positive but
(ay + a′) x2 + (by + b′) x + (cy + c′) = 0. not a perfect square. Hence, both the roots of 3x2 + x – 5 = 0
The condition that x may be a rational function of y is, must be irrational as the irrational roots occur in conjugate
pair. But one root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and 3x2 + x – 5 = 0 is
(by + b′)2 – 4 (ay + a′) (cy + c′) is a perfect square;
common. Hence, both the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 must also
that is, (b2 – 4ac) y2 + (2bb′ – 4ac′ – 4a′c) y + b′2 – 4a′c′ is a be irrational, that is, both the roots of the given equations are
perfect square. common. Thus, both the equations are the same.
The corresponding quadratic equation has discriminant = 0 a b c
\ = = = k (say)
that is, 4 (bb′ – 2ac′ – 2a′c)2 – 4 (b2 – 4ac) (b′2 – 4a’c’) = 0; 3 1 −5
or, (ac′ + a′c)2 – 4aa′cc′ = abb′c + a′bb′c – a′c′b2 – acb′ 2 ⇒ a = 3k; b = k, c = –5k.
or, (ac′ – a′c)2 = (ab′ – a′b) (bc′ – b′c). \ 3a + b + 2c = 9k + k – 10k = 10k – 10k = 0.
The correct option is (A) The correct option is (A)
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.41

90. Let a be the common root. Dividing (1) by (3), we get

Then, aa2 + 2ba + c = 0 a (1 + k ) ba a ba
= 1 2 , or = 1 2 . (5)
and, a1a2 + 2b1a + c1 = 0 b (1 + k ) a1b2 b a1b2
By cross-multiplication, we get Dividing (2) by (4), we get
a2 a 1 ka 2 c1a2
= = = ;
2(bc1 − b1c) ca1 − ac1 2 ( ab1 − ba1 ) kb 2 a1c2
⇒ (ca1 – ac1)2 = 4 (bc1 – b1c) (ab1 – ba1) (1) 2
⎛a⎞ c1a2
a b c or ⎜⎝ b ⎟⎠ =
Q , , are in A.P., a1c2
a1 b1 c1
2
b a c b ⎛ b1a2 ⎞ c1a2
\ − = − =k (say) or, ⎜⎝ a b ⎟⎠ = a c (Using (5))
b1 a1 c1 b1 1 2 1 2

⇒ ab1 – a1b = – ka1b1 and bc1 – b1c = – kb1c1. ⎛ b1 ⎞

2
c1a2 a12 ca a c
⇒ ⎜⎝ b ⎟⎠ =
× 2= 11 = 1⋅ 1
b a c b ca − ac1 a c a c a a2 c2
Also, 2k = k + k = − + − = 1 2 1 2 2 2 2
b1 a1 c1 b1 a1c1 a1 b1 c1
\ , , are in G.P.
or, ca1 – ac1 = 2ka1c1. a2 b2 c2
\ From (1), 4 k 2 a12c12 = 4 (–ka1b1) (–kb1c1) The correct option is (B)
or, a1c1 = b12. Hence a1, b1, c1 are in G.P. 93. Since a, b are the roots of the equation
The correct option is (B) x2 – px + q = 0
\ a + b = p and ab = q.
( a + x ) (b + x )
91. Let y =
(c + x ) Now, (a1/4 + b1/4)4 = [(a1/4 + b1/4)2]2
2
⇒ x + (a + b) x + ab = cy + xy = [a1/2 + b1/2 + 2 (ab)1/4]2
⇒ x2 + (a + b – y) x + ab – cy = 0. 2
= ⎡ a + b + 2 ab + 2(ab )1/ 4 ⎤
For real x, B2 – 4AC ≥ 0 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⇒ (a + b – y)2 – 4ab + 4cy ≥ 0 2
= ⎡ p + 2 q + 2 ( q)1/ 4 ⎤
⇒ (a + b)2 + y2 – 2 (a + b) y – 4ab + 4cy ≥ 0 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
⇒ (a – b)2 + y2 – 2 (a + b – 2c) y ≥ 0
=p+6 q + 4 q1/ 4 p+2 q
⇒ y2 – 2 (a + b – 2c) y + (a – b)2 ≥ 0
1/ 4
⇒ [ y − ( ( a − c) − (b − c)) 2 ] \ a1/4 + b1/4 = ⎡ p + 6 q + 4 q1/ 4 p+ 2 q⎤
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
× [ y − ( ( a − c) + (b − c)) 2 ] ≥ 0 The correct option is (D)
\ y ≤ ( ( a − c) − (b − c)) 2 94. Since a and b are the roots of the equation
or, y ≥ ( ( a − c) + (b − c)) 2 . x2 + px + 1 = 0
\ a + b = –p (1)
Hence, the minimum value of y is
and, ab = 1 (2)
( ( a − c) + (b − c)) 2 Also, since c and d are the roots of the equation
The correct option is (B) x2 + qx + 1 = 0
92. Let the ratio of the roots be k. Then, the roots of \ c + d = –q (3)
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 are a, ka and, cd = 1 (4)
and the roots of a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 are b, kb. Now, (a – c) (b – c) (a + d) (b + d)
−b1 = (ab – bc – ac + c2) (ab + db + ad + d2)
\ a + ka = (1)
a1 = [ab – c (b + a) + c2] ⋅ [ab + d (a + b) + d2]
c
a ⋅ ka = 1 (2) = (1 + cp + c2) (1 – pd + d2)
a1
[Putting the values of a + b and ab]
−b2
b + kb = (3) = 1 + cp + c2 – pd – cdp2 – c2pd + d2 + cpd2 + c2d2
a2
= 1 + (c2 + d2) + c2d2 – cdp2 + p (c – d) + cpd (d – c)
c2
b ⋅ kb = . (4) = 1 + [(c + d)2 – 2cd] + c2d2 – cdp2 + p (c – d) + cpd (d – c)
a2
= 1 + (q2 – 2) + 1 – p2 + p (c – d) + p (d – c)
4.42 Chapter 4

[Putting the values of c + d and cd] 2

⎛ a + b⎞ 2
= 2 – 2 + q2 – p2 = q2 – p2. ⇒ a+b= ⎜ –
⎝ ab ⎟⎠ ab
The correct option is (B) 2 2
95. Let f (x) = x3 + px2 + q = 0 ⎛ b⎞ ⎛ − b /a ⎞ 2 b ⎛ b⎞ 2a
(1) ⇒ ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎝ ⎟ – ⇒– = ⎜ ⎟ –
a c /a ⎠ c /a a ⎝ c⎠ c
Since f (x) = 0 has a root of multiplicity 2
2
\ f (x) = 0 and f ′ (x) = 3x2 + 2px = 0 have a common root. 2a ⎛ b⎞ b 2a b ⎡b c ⎤
⇒ = ⎜ ⎟ + ⇒ = +
The roots of 3x2 + 2px = 0 are x = 0 and x = –2p/3. c ⎝ c⎠ a c c ⎢⎣ c a ⎥⎦
But x = 0 is not a root of f (x) = 0 (Q q ≠ 0) 2a b c c a b
⇒ = + ⇒ , , are in A.P.
\ common root of f (x) = 0 and f ′ (x) = 0 is x = –2p/3. b c a a b c
\ (–2p/3)3 + p (–2p/3)2 + q = 0 a b c
⇒ , , are in H.P.
⇒ 4p3 + 27q = 0. c a b
The correct option is (D) The correct option is (C)
a a +1 98. Discreminent equals –4(k – 5) ≥ 0 ⇒ k ≤ 5. The quadratic
96. Since and are roots of the equation equation at x = 5 must be positive and sum of the roots must
a −1 a
be less than 10. These conditions imply k2 – 9k + 20 > 0. So,
ax2 + bx + c = 0 k < 4.
a a + 1 −b
\ + = The correct option is (A)
a −1 a a
99. Let y = x – [x]
a a +1 c
and · = \ the given equation becomes
a −1 a a
f (y) = (a – 2) y2 + 2y + a2 = 0 (1)
2a 2 − 1−b
⇒ = (1) Since x is not an integer,
a2 − a a \ y = x – [x] ≠ 0
a +1 c Then, a ≠ 0
and, = [Q of (1)]
a −1 a When 2 < x < 3, [x] = 2
⇒ aa + a = ca – c
c+a ⇒ 0 < x – [x] <1 i.e. 0 < y < 1
⇒ a (c – a) = a + c or a = .
c−a Since given equation has exactly one solution in the interval
2 (2, 3)
⎛ c + a⎞
2⎜ −1 \ (1) has exactly one solution in the interval (0,1)
⎝ c − a ⎟⎠ b
\ From (1), 2
=– This is possible if f (0) f (1) < 0
⎛ c + a⎞ c+a a
[Q otherwise, the equation (1) has either no or two
⎜⎝ c − a ⎟⎠ − c − a
solutions in (0,1)]
2 2
2 ( c + a) 2 − ( c − a) 2 b ⇒ a (a – 2 + 2 + a ) < 0 ⇒ a (a + 1) < 0
⇒ =– ⇒ –1 < a < 0 i.e., a ∈ (–1, 0)
( c + a) − ( c − a )
2 2 2
a
The correct option is (C)
(c + a) 2 + 4 ac b
⇒ =– 100. Given, b2 ≤ 4 ac, c2 ≤ 4ab and a2 ≤ 4ac
2a 2 + 2 ac a
Equality cannot hold simultaneously
⇒ (c + a)2 + 4ac = – 2b (a + c)
[Q a, b, c are different]
⇒ (c + a)2 + 2b (a + c) + 4ac = 0
\ a2 + b2 + c2 < 4 (ab + bc + ca) ⇒ R < 4
⇒ (c + a)2 + 2b (a + c) + b2 = b2 – 4ac
Also, a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca
⇒ (a + b + c)2 = b2 – 4ac. 1⎡
(b − c) 2 + (c − a) 2 + ( a − b) 2 ⎤⎦ > 0 = ⇒ R > 1
The correct option is (C) 2⎣
97. Given equation is The correct option is (D)
ax2 + bx + c = 0 101. The given equation can be written as
Let a, b be the roots of this equation. (z + 1)2 – (a – 3) z (z + 1) + (a – 4) z2 = 0
b
then, a + b = – and ab =
c [Putting x2 + x + 1 = z]
a a 2
⇒ (1 + 3 – a + a – 4) z + (2 + 3 – a) z + 1 = 0
1 1 a2 + b 2 1
Also, a + b = 2 + 2 = ⇒ (5 – a) z + 1 = 0 or z =
a b a 2b 2 a−5
1
(a + b ) 2 − 2ab ⇒ x2 + x + 1 – =0
= a−5
(ab ) 2
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.43

a−6 Also, the coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0.

⇒ x2 + x + =0
a−5 Hence, a and b both lie between the roots of the equation
whose roots will be real if discriminant ≥ 0 f (x) = 0
4( a − 6 ) 3a − 19 \ The equation (x – a) (x – b) – 1 = 0 has one root in
⇒ 1– ≥0⇒ ≤0
a−5 a−5 (–∞, a) and other in (b, ∞) [Q b > a]
19 The correct option is (B)
\ 5<a≤
3 106. The given quadratic equation is satisfied by x = –a, x = –b
The correct option is (D) and x = –c, Hence, the quadratic equation has three roots,
102. Given equation can be written as which is only possible if it is an identity hence it has infinite
(2x)2 – ( a– 4)2x – 2x + a– 4 = 0 roots.
⇒ (2x – 1) (2x – a + 4) = 0 The correct option is (D)
⇒ 2x = 1, 2x = a – 4 107. Putting x2 = y, the given equation in x reduces to
Since x ≤ 0 and 2x = a– 4 (Q x is non-positive) ay2 – 2y – (a – 1) = 0 (1)
\ 0 < a – 4 ≤ 1 i.e., 4 < a ≤ 5 i.e., a ∈ (4, 5] The given biquadratic equation will have four real and dis-
tinct roots, if the quadratic equation (1) has two distinct and
The correct option is (B)
positive roots. For that, we must have
103. Let f (x) = (x – a) (x – b) (1)
D > 0 ⇒ a2 – a + 1 > 0, which is true ∀ a ∈ R
Now, f (n) f (n + 1) = (n – a) ( n– b) ( n + 1– a) ( n + 1 – b)
Product of roots > 0 ⇒ 0 < a < 1
= (n – a) ( n + 1– b) (n– b) (n + 1 – a)
sum of roots > 0 ⇒ a > 0
= {n (n + 1) – n (a + b) – a + ab} {n (n + 1)
Hence, the acceptable values of a are 0 < a < 1.
– n (a + b) –b + ab}
The correct option is (C)
= {n (n + 1) + na + b–a } {n (n + 1) + na + b – b}
108. Since –5 and 1 are the roots.
= (m – a) (m – b), where m = n (n + 1) + an + b
Product of roots = –5 × 1 = b ⇒ b = –5
The correct option is (A)
and, sum of roots = –5 + 1= –[ a2 – 5a + b + 4]
104. We have,
⇒ [a2– 5a – 1] = 4 ⇒ 4 ≤ a2 – 5a – 1< 5
x 2 + nx − 2 ⇒ a2 – 5a – 5 ≥ 0 and a2 – 5a – 6 < 0
−2 ≤0
x 2 − 3x + 4
5 − 45 5 + 45
⇒ a≤ or a ≥ and – 1 < a < 6
x 2 − ( n + 6) x + 10 2 2
⇒ ≥0
x 2 − 3x + 4 5−3 5 5+3 5
⇒ –1<a≤ or ≤a<6
⇒ x2 – (n + 6) x + 10 ≥ 0 2 2
[Q x2 – 3x + 4 >0 ∀ x ∈ R, as its D < 0 and a > 0] ⎛ 5 − 3 5 ⎤ ⎡5 + 3 5 ⎞
The above inequality will be true for all real x if its discrim- ⇒ a ∈ ⎜ −1, ⎥∪⎢ , 6⎟
⎝ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎠
inant ≤ 0
The correct option is (C)
i.e., (n + 6)2 – 40 ≤ 0
109. We have,
⇒ –( 40 – 6) ≤ n ≤ ( 40 – 6) (1)
a + b = a, ab = p
Also, we have,
and, g + d = b, gd = q
x 2 + nx − 2 2 x 2 + ( n − 3) x + 2
+ 1≥ 0 ⇒ ≥0 If r (r > 1) be the common ratio of the increasing G.P. a, b,
x − 3x + 4
2
x 2 − 3x + 4 g, d then
⇒ 2x2 + (n – 3) x + 2 ≥ 0 b = ar, g = ar2 and d = ar3
The above inequality will be true for all real x if its discrim- The above equations then reduce to
inant ≤ 0
a (1 + r) = a, a2r = p
⇒ (n – 3) 2 – 16 ≤ 0
and, ar2 (1 + r) = b, a2 r5 = q
⇒ 1≤n≤7 (2)
b q
Drawing the number line for inequalities (1), (2) and taking ⇒ r2 = and r4 =
a p
their intersection we get 2
q ⎛ b⎞
n ∈ [ −1, 40 − 6] ⇒ = ⎜ ⎟
p ⎝ a⎠
The correct option is (C)
q+ p b2 + a2
105. Let f (x) = (x – a) ( x – b) –1 Hence, we have = 2 .
q− p b − a2
⇒ f (a) = –1 and f (b) = –1.
The correct option is (B)
4.44 Chapter 4

110. The sum of the coefficients of the equation = 0 Also, we have for real roots
\ x = 1 is a root of the equation. Let a be the first term (4a)2 – 16 b ≥ 0 i.e., b ≤ a2
and d be the common difference of given A.P. Therefore, 0 ≤ b ≤ a2
1 The correct option is (C)
tp = a + (p – 1)d = (1)
q 112. Let the roots be a and a + 2, where a is an odd positive
1
and, tq = a + (q –1) d = (2) integer. Then, aa2 + ba + c = 0 (1)
p
and a (a + 2) + b (a + 2) + c = 0 ⇒ aa + ba + c + (4 aa
2 2
1
Solving (1) and (2), a = d = + 4a + 2b) = 0
pq
⇒ 2a (1 + a) + b = 0 [using (1)]
\ tpq = a + (pq – 1)d = 1
⇒ b = – 2a (1 + a)
\ tpq is the root of the given equation.
⇒ b2 = 4a2 (1 + a)2 ⇒ b2 ≥ 4a2 (1 + 1)2
The correct option is (C)
[Q a ≥ 1as a is odd positive integer]
111. Let a, b be the roots of the equation 4x2 + 4ax + b = 0, then 2 2
⇒ b ≥ 16 a or |b| ≥ 4a
we have,
b The correct option is (B)
a + b = –a and ab =
4 113. The discriminants of the given quadratic equations are,
According to the given condition,
D1 = a2 + 12b, D2 = c2– 4b and D3 = d2 – 8b
|a – b | ≤ a
\ D1+ D2 + D3 = a2 + c2 + d2 ≥ 0
⇒ (a + b)2 – 4 a b ≤ a2
⇒ At least one of D1, D2, D3 is non-negative. Hence, the
⇒ a2 – b2 ≤ a2 equation has at least two real roots.
⇒ b≥0 The correct option is (D)

More than One Option Correct Type

114. If x – a < 0, |x – a| = –(x – a) For this equation to have equal roots
\ equation becomes x2 + 2a (x – a) – 3a2 = 0 c2 (a – b)2 – pc2 (2a + 2b – p) = 0
⇒ x2 + 2ax – 5a2 = 0 ⇒ (a – b)2 – 2p (a + b) + p2 = 0 [Q c2 ≠ 0]
⇒ x = – (1 + 6 ) a, ( −1 + 6 ) a ⇒ [p – (a + b)]2 = (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
Q x<a≤0 ⇒ p – (a + b) = ± 2 ab
\ x = ( −1 + 6 ) a ⇒ p = a + b ± 2 ab = ( a ± b ) 2
If x – a ≥ 0, |x – a| = x – a The correct option is (A) and (B)
\ the equation becomes x2 – 2a (x – a) – 3a2 = 0 117. We have,
⇒ x2 – 2ax – a2 = 0 log a a 2 log a a 3 log a a
⇒ x = (1 + 2 ) a, (1 − 2 ) a + + =0
log a a + log a x log a x 2 log a a + log a x
Q x ≥ a and a ≤ 0 1 2 3
\ x = (1 − 2 ) a. ⇒ + + =0 (let loga x = t)
1+ t t 2 + t
The correct option is (A) and (B)
2t + t 2 + 2t 2 + 6t + 4 + 3t 2 + 3t
115. Since x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 is one of the factors of the expression ⇒ =0
x4 – px2 + q, therefore, on dividing the expression by factor, t (1 + t ) ( 2 + t )
remainder = 0, i.e., on dividing x4– px2 + q by x2 – 3x + 2, ⇒ 6t2 + 11t + 4 = 0
the remainder ⇒ 6t2 + 8t + 3t + 4 = 0
(15 – 3p) x + (2p + q – 14) = 0. ⇒ (2t + 1) (3t + 4) = 0
On comparing both sides, we get 1 4
⇒ t=– ,–
15 – 3p = 0 or p = 5 and 2p + q – 14 = 0 or q = 4. 2 3
1 4
The correct option is (A) and (B) ⇒ loga x = – , –
116. We can write given equation as 2 3

p ( a + b ) x + c( b − a ) \ x = a–1/2, a–4/3
= The correct option is (B) and (D)
2x x 2 − c2
118. When x2 + 4x + 3 ≥ 0 i.e. x ≥ – 1 or x ≤ – 3
or, p (x – c ) = 2 (a + b) x2 – 2c (a – b) x
2 2

Then, |x2 + 4x + 3| + 2x + 5 = 0
or, (2a + 2b – p) x2 – 2c (a – b) x + pc2 = 0
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.45

⇒ x2 + 4x + 3 + 2x + 5 = 0 ⇒ x2 – 4x + 3 ≤ 0
⇒ x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 ⇒ (x – 1) (x – 3) ≤ 0
⇒ (x + 2) (x + 4) = 0 ⇒ 1 ≤ x ≤ 3.
⇒ x = – 2 or x = –4. The correct option is (A) and (C)
Thus, x = –4 as x ∈ {x : x ≥ – 1} ∪ {x : x ≤ – 3} 121. We have,
When x2 + 4x + 3 < 0 i.e. – 3 < x < – 1 b
a + b = − , ab =
c
Then, |x2 + 4x + 3| + 2x + 5 = 0 a a
⇒ –(x2 + 4x + 3) + 2x + 5 = 0 m n
and, a4 + b4 = − , a 4b 4 =
⇒ x2 + 4x + 3 – 2x – 5 = 0 ⇒ x2 + 2x – 2 = 0 l l
The given equation
−1 ± 4 + 8
⇒ x= = −1 ± 3 a2 lx2 –4aclx + 2c2l + a2m = 0
2
has discriminant
⇒ x = −1 − 3 because −1 + 3 does not lie between D = 16 a2 c2 l2 – 4a2 l (2c2 l + a2 m)
–3 and –1. = 8a2c2 l 2 –4a4 lm
Hence, we have either x = –4 or x = −1 − 3 .
⎛ 2c 2 m ⎞ ⎡ −m ⎤
The correct option is (B) and (C) = 4a4l2 ⎜ 2 − ⎟ > 0 ⎢ = a 4 + b 4 > 0⎥
⎝ a l⎠ ⎣ l ⎦
119. The roots of the equation
10x3 – cx2 – 54x – 27 = 0 are in H.P. Hence, the roots are real.
Putting x = 1/y, we get Also, we have,
2c 2 l + a 2 m
27y3 + 54y2 + cy – 10 = 0 has roots in A.P. product of the roots =
a 2l
Let the roots of the equation in y be
2c 2 m
a – b, a, a + b. Then, = + = 2a 2 b 2 – (a 4 + b 4)
−54 a2 l
sum of roots = a – b + a + a + b = 3a = = –2
27 = –(a 2 – b 2)2 < 0
\ a = –2/3
−2 \ The roots are of opposite signs.
Q a= satisfies the equation The correct option is (A) and (C)
3
8 4 2c 122. Given, a > b > c (1)
\ −27 + 54 ⋅ − − 10 = 0 The given equation is
27 9 3
⇒ c = 9. (a + b – 2c)x2 + (b + c–2a) x + (c + a –2b) = 0 (2)
10
Product of the roots = (a – b) (a) (a + b) = Since (2) has a root in the interval (–1, 0),
27
2 ⎛4 ⎞ 10 \ f (–1) f (0) < 0
or, − ⎜ − b 2 ⎟ =
3 ⎝9 ⎠ 27 ⇒ (2a – b–c) (c + a–2b) < 0 (3)
From (1),
or b2 = 1 ⇒ b = ± 1.
5 2 1 a > b ⇒ a – b > 0 and a > c ⇒ a – c > 0
\ Roots of y-equation are − , − ,
3 3 3 \ 2a–b–c>0 (4)
3 3 From (3) and (4), c + a – 2b < 0
or, roots of x-equation are − , − , 3.
5 2 ⇒ c + a < 2b
The correct option is (A), (B) and (C) The correct option is (A)
120. Given equation is x2 + 9y2 – 4x + 3 = 0 (1) Again, sum of the coefficients of the equation = a + b – 2c +
b + c– 2a + c + a – 2b = 0, \ one root is 1 and the other root
or, x2 – 4x + 9y2 + 3 = 0.
c + a − 2b
Since x is real, \ (–4)2 – 4 (9y2 + 3) ≥ 0 is , which is a rational no.
a + b − 2c
⇒ 16 – 4 (9y2 + 3) ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 – 9y2 – 3 ≥ 0 (Q a,b, c are rational)
⇒ 9y2 – 1 ≤ 0 ⇒ (3y – 1) (3y + 1) ≤ 0 \ both the roots of the equation are rational
−1 1 The correct option is (B)
⇒ ≤ y≤ .
3 3 Since c + a < 2b
Equation (1) can also be written as ⇒ 4b2 > (c + a)2 = c2 + a2 + 2ac
9y2 + 0y + x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
⇒ 4b2 – 4ac > c2 + a2 – 2ac = (c – a)2 > 0
Since y is real
\ Discriminant of ax2 + 2bx + c > 0
\ 02 – 4.9 (x2 – 4x + 3) ≥ 0
4.46 Chapter 4

Also, each of a, b, c is positive, The given equation will have four real roots if (1) has two
\ the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 has real and negative roots non-negative roots. This can happen if
The correct option is (C) −b
≥ 0, af (0) ≥ 0, b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
Similarly, (D) is also correct. a
⇒ – ab ≥ 0, ac ≥ 0 [Q b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 is given]
The correct option is (A), (B), (C) and (D)
Thus, a and b must have opposite signs whereas a, – b and
123. Q Roots are real
c must have the same sign.
\ B2 – 4AC > 0 ⇒ a4 > 4b2
⇒ a > 0, b < 0, c > 0 or a < 0, b > 0, c < 0.
⇒ (A) is correct.
The correct option is (C) and (D)
If f (x) = x2 + a2x + b2
125. The quadratic equation
Q c lies outside the roots.
x2 + (a – b) x – a – b + 1 = 0
\ f (c) > 0, ⇒ c2 + a2c + b2 > 0
will have unequal real roots if
⇒ (B) is correct.
D = (a – b)2 + 4 ( a + b – 1) > 0
Further, if a, b are the roots, then a > c and b > c ⇒ a + b > 2c
⇒ b2 + (4 – 2 a) b + a2 + 4a – 4 > 0 (1)
−a2 This inequality will hold for all b ∈ R if and only if discrim-
⇒ – a2 > 2c ⇒ >c
2 inant of the quardratic expression on l.h.s. of (1) < 0
⇒ (C) is correct. ⇒ ( 4 – 2a)2 – 4 (a2 + 4a – 4) < 0
The correct option is (A), (B) and (C) ⇒ 16 – 16 a + 4a2 – 4a2 – 16 a + 16 < 0
124. Put x2 = y. The given equation becomes ⇒ 32 – 32a < 0 ⇒ a > 1
f (y) = ay2 + by + c = 0 (1) The correct option is (B) and (C)

Passage Based Questions

126. We have, x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
16
⇒ (x + 1)3 + 1 = 0 ⇒ –− ≤ a ≤ −0 (1)
7
⇒ (x + 1 + 1) {(x + 1)2 – (x + 1) + 1} = 0
⇒ (x + 2) (x2 + x + 1) = 0 3a 3a
a+b>2⇒ >0 ⇒ −2>0
a +1 a +1
−1 ± 3i
⇒ x = – 2, 3a − 2a − 2 a−2
2 ⇒ >0 ⇒ >0
a +1 a +1
⇒ x = – 2, w, w 2.
⇒ a < – 1 or a > 2 (2)
Since a, b, c ∈ R, ax2 + bx + c = 0 cannot have one real and and, (a + 1) f (1) > 0.
one imaginary root, therefore, two common roots of ax2 + ⇒ (a + 1) (a + 1–3a + 4a) > 0
bx + c = 0 and x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 are w, w 2. ⇒ (a + 1) (2a + 1) > 0
b
Thus, − = w + w 2 = –1 ⇒ a <–1 or a > –1/2 (3)
a
c From (1), (2) and (3), we get:
⇒ a = b and = w ⋅ w2 = 1
a –16
⇒ c=a ≤ a < –1 i.e., a ∈ [–16/7, –1)
7
⇒ a = b = c.
The correct option is (A)
The correct option is (C)
128. Let f (x) = x2 + 2 (a – 3) x + 9. If 6 lies between the roots of
127. Let f (x) = (a + 1)x2 – 3ax + 4a and let a,b be the roots of
f (x) = 0, then we must have the following:
the equation f (x) = 0. The equation will have roots greater
than 1 iff (i) Disc > 0, and
(i) Disc. ≥ 0 (ii) f (6) < 0 (Q coeff. of x2 is positive).
(ii) a + b > 2 Now,
(iii) (a + 1) f (1) > 0 Disc > 0 ⇒ 4 (a – 3)2 – 36 > 0 ⇒ (a – 3)2 – 9 > 0
Now, Disc. ≥ 0 ⇒ 9a2 –16a (a + 1) ≥ 0 ⇒ a2 – 6a > 0
⇒ –7 a2 – 16a ≥ 0 ⇒ a (a – 6) > 0 ⇒ a < 0 or a > 6 (1)
⇒ a (7a + 16) ≤ 0 and, f (6) < 0 ⇒ 36 + 12 (a – 3) + 9 < 0
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.47

3 131. When x > 0, Pn (x) > 0 and so Pn (x) = 0 can have no positive
⇒ 12 a + 9 < 0 ⇒ a < – (2)
4 real roots.
From (1) and (2), we get; Now, Pn (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + … + (n +1) xn
a < –3/4 i.e., a ∈ (–∞, –3/4). ⇒ xPn (x) = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + … + n xn + (n + 1) xn + 1
The correct option is (B) ⇒ (1 – x)Pn (x) = 1+ x + x2 + … + xn – (n + 1) xn + 1
129. Let f (x) = (1– a2) x2 + 2ax – 1.
1 − ( n + 2) x n +1 + ( n + 1) x n + 2
Then, f (x) = 0 has roots between 0 and 1 if ⇒ Pn (x) =
(1 − x ) 2
(i) Disc ≥ 0 and
For negative values of x, Pn (x) will vanish whenever
(ii) (1 – a2) f (0) > 0 and (1–a2) f (1) > 0
f (x) = 1 – (n + 2) x n + 1 + (n + 1) xn+ 2 = 0
Now, Disc ≥ 0 ⇒ 4a2 + 4(1–a2) > 0, which is always true.
(1 – a2) f (0) > 0 Now, f (–x) = 1 – (n + 2) (–1)n + 1 xn+1 + (n + 1) (–1)n + 2 x n + 2
⇒ –(1 – a2) > 0 If n is even, there is no change of sign in this expression and
⇒ a2 – 1 > 0 so there is no negative real root of f (x).
⇒ a < –1 or a > 1 (1) The correct option is (A)
and, (1 – a2) f (1) > 0 132. As discussed in the above problem, if n is odd, there is one
change of sign therefore f (x) can have at most one negative
⇒ ( 1 –a2) (2a – a2) > 0
real root. In this case
⇒ a (a – 1) (a +1) (a – 2) > 0
f (–1) = – 2n – 2 < 0, f (0) = 1 > 0
⇒ a < – 1 or a > 2 or 0 < a < 1 (2)
The correct option is (C)
From (1) and (2), we get:
So, the negative real root lies between –1 and 0.
a < –1 or a > 2.
133. Let f (x) = (x – a1) (x – a3) (x – a5) + 3 (x– a2) (x – a4) (x – a6)
The correct option is (B)
As x → ∞, f (x) → ∞
130. Let f (x) = x2 – 4ax + 2a2 – 3a + 5. The conditions for both
f (a1) = 3 (a1 – a2) (a1 – a4) (a1 – a6) < 0
the roots to exceed 2 are
Similarly,
(i) Disc. ≥ 0
f (a2) > 0, f (a3) > 0, f (a4) < 0, f (a5) < 0, f (a6) > 0.
(ii) f (2) > 0 and
Thus, f (x) changes sign in each of two intervals (a1, a2),
(iii) sum of the roots > 4
9 (a3, a4) and (a5, a6). Since f (x) = 0 is a cubic root in x,
Solving these three conditions, we get a > .
2 \ It will have I root in each of the above sub-intervals.
⎛9 ⎞
Hence, a ∈ ⎜ , ∞⎟ . The correct option is (A)
⎝2 ⎠
The correct option is (D)

Match the Column Type

134. (I) Since the roots of the given equation are real, therefore ⇒ [b (c + a)]2 + (2ac)2 – 2 · 2ac · b (c + a) = 0
the discriminant ≥ 0 ⇒ [b (c + a) – 2ac]2 = 0
⇒ 4 (bc + ad)2 – 4 (a2 + b2) (c2 + d2) ≥ 0
⇒ b (c + a) = 2ac
⇒ b2c2 + a2d2 + 2abcd – a2c2 – a2d2 – b2c2 – b2d2 ≥ 0
2ac
⇒ (ac – bd)2 ≤ 0. ⇒ b=
a+c
But (ac – bd)2 cannot be negative as it is a square of \ b is H.M. of a and c, i.e., a, b, c are in H.P.
real number
The correct option is (B)
\ ac – bd = 0; or b2d2 = a2c2.
(III) Let a and b be the roots of the given equation;
Hence, a2, bd, c2 are in G.P.
b c
The correct option is (C) then, a + b = − and ab = .
a a
(II) Since the roots are equal,
1 1
\ B2 – 4AC = 0 Given, a + b = 2 + 2
a b
⇒ b2 (c – a)2 – 4ac (b – c) (a – b) = 0
⇒ b2 (c2 + a2 – 2ac) – 4ac [ab – ac – b2 + bc] = 0 a 2 + b2 (a + b ) 2 − 2ab
= = ,
⇒ b2 (c2 + a2 – 2ac + 4ac) + 4a2c2 – 4abc (c + a) = 0 (ab ) 2
(ab ) 2
4.48 Chapter 4

b 2 2c Now, (a – g ) (a – d ) = a2 – a (g + d ) + gd
−
b 2 b 2 − 2ca = a2 – a(a + b) + r
⇒ − = a 2 a =
a c c2 = –ab + r = –(–q) + r = q + r
a2 Similarly, (b – g ) (b – d ) = q + r
⇒ 2ca = bc + ab2
2 2
\ Ratio is 1.
Hence, bc2, ca2 and ab2 are in A.P. The correct option is (D)
The correct option is (A) (II) Put 5x = y. Then, the given equation becomes
2
(IV) We have, (a2 + b2 + c2) p2 – 2 (ab + bc + cd) p + (b2 + 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
c2 + d2) ≤ 0 sin (ex) = y + = ⎜ y− ⎟ +2 [Q 5x > 0]
y ⎝ y⎠
⇒ (ap – b)2 + (bp – c)2 + (cp – d)2 ≤ 0
⇒ sin (ex ) ≥ 2. which is not possible for any real
⇒ (ap – b)2 + (bp – c)2 + (cp – d)2 = 0
value of x.
(Q a, b, c, d, p ∈ R)
Hence, the given equation has no real solution.
⇒ ap – b = 0, bp – c = 0, cp – d = 0
The correct option is (A)
b c d (III) We have,
⇒ = = =p
a b c x – 2 = 22/3 + 21/3. Cube both sides, we get
⇒ a, b, c, d are in G.P. (x – 2)3 = 22 + 2 + 3 ⋅ 22/3 ⋅ 21/3 (x – 2)
The correct option is (C) = 6 + 6 (x – 2)
135. (I) We have, a + b = –p or, x – 6x2 + 12x – 8 = – 6 + 6x.
3

g + d = –p \ x3 – 6x2 + 6x = 2.
⇒ a+b=g+d The correct option is (B)

Assertion-Reasoning Type
136. We know that if a, b are roots of the equation (a + b) < 0 ⇒ –2 (k + 1) < 0
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0, ⇒ k + 1 > 0 ⇒ k > –1 (2)
5
B 2 − 4 AC and, ab > 0 ⇒ 9k – 5 > 0 ⇒ k > (3)
then, a–b= . 9
A The correct option is (D)
Equating the value of a – b from both the given equations, 138. Let a, b be the roots of x + bx + ca = 0 and a, g be the roots
2

we get of x2 + cx + ab = 0, then we have,

b 2 − 4c = c 2 − 4b ⇒ b2 – 4c = c2 – 4b a2 + ba + ca = 0 and a2 + ca + ab = 0
2 2
⇒ b – c = – 4 (b – c) ⇒ (b – c) (b + c + 4) = 0 Subtracting, we have,
⇒ b+c=–4 (Q b ≠ c) (b – c) a + a( c – b) = 0 ⇒ a = a
The correct option is (A) Putting a = a in equation x2 + bx + ca = 0, we have
137. Let f (x) = x2 + 2 (k + 1) x + 9k – 5. Let a, b be the roots of a2 + ab + ca = 0
f (x) = 0. The equation f (x) = 0 will have both negative roots i.e., a + b + c = 0 (1)
if and only if Also, we have
(i) Disc. ≥ 0 ab = ca and ag = ab
(ii) a + b < 0 and ⇒ b = c and g = b
(iii) f (0) > 0 Now, b + g = b + c and bg = bc. Hence b, g will be the roots
Now, discriminant ≥ 0 of the equation
⇒ 4 (k + 1)2 – 36k + 20 ≥ 0 x2 – (b + c) x + bc = 0
⇒ k2 – 7k + 6 ≥ 0 i.e., x2 + ax + bc = 0. [Using (1)]
⇒ (k – 1) (k – 6) ≥ 0 The correct option is (A)
⇒ k ≤ 1 or k ≥ 6 (1)
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.49

Previous Year’s Questions

139. Key Idea : The equation having a and b as its roots, is 142. x2 – 3 | x | + 2 = 0
x2− (a + b )x + ab = 0. ⇒ (| x | –1) (| x | – 2) = 0, as | x |2 = x2
Since a2 = 5a − 3 ⇒ a2− 5a + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = ±1, ± 2 .
and b 2 = 5b − 3 ⇒ b 2− 5b + 3 = 0 The correct option is (B)
The above two equations imply that a and b are the roots of 143. b = 2a
the equation 1 − 3a
x2−5x + 3 = 0. 3a = 2
a − 5a + 3
a + b = 5 and ab = 3 2
2a 2 = 2
a b a 2 + b 2 (a + b ) 2 − 2ab a − 5a + 3
Now + = =
b a ab ab (3a − 1) 2 1
So, =
25 − 6 19 9( a 2 − 5a + 3) 2 a 2 − 5a + 3
= =
3 3 2
⇒a= .
a b 3
and . =1
b a The correct option is (A)
a b 144. (1 − p)2 + p (1 − p) + (1 − p) = 0(since (1 − p) is a root of
Thus, the equation having and as its roots is given by
b a the equation x2 + px + (1 − p) = 0)
⎛a b⎞ a b ⇒ (1− p)(1− p + p + 1) = 0
x2 − ⎜ + ⎟ x + ⋅ = 0
⎝ b a⎠ b a ⇒ 2(1− p) = 0 ⇒ (1 − p) = 0 ⇒ p = 1
19 Now, the sum of roots is a + b = -p and the product ab =
⇒ x2 − x +1= 0 1 − p = 0 (where b = 1 − p = 0)
3
⇒ a + 0 = –1 ⇒ a = –1 ⇒ Roots are 0, –1
⇒ 3 x 2 − 19 x + 1 = 0
The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (A)
145. Since 4 is one of the root of x2 + px + 12 = 0, we have
140. Key Idea : If the discriminant of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is positive,
then this equation has two real roots. 16 + 4p + 12 = 0 ⇒ p = −7
We have 32 x − 7 x + 7 = 32
2
And the equation x2 + px + q = 0 has equal roots
49
⇒ 2x2 − 7x + 7 = 2 ⇒ D = 49 − 4q = 0 ⇒ q = .
4
⇒ 2x2 − 7x + 5 = 0 The correct option is (A)

D = b 2 − 4 ac ax 3 bx 2
146. Let f ′(x) = ax2 + bx + c, then f ( x ) = + + cx + d
3 2
\ = ( −7) 2 − 4 × 2 × 5
1
= 49 − 40 ⇒ f ( x ) = ( 2ax 3 + 3bx 2 + 6cx + 6 d ), Now f (1) = f (0) = d,
6
=9
then according to Rolle’s theorem
Since the discriminant is positive, the equation has two real
roots. ⇒ f ′(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1)
The correct option is (B) The correct option is (A)
141. Let a, b be the roots 147. x2− (a − 2)x − a − 1 = 0
1 1 Sum of roots, a + b = a − 2
a+b = 2 + 2 Product, ab = − (a + 1)
a b
a2 + b2 = (a + b)2− 2ab
a+b =
(a + b )2 − 2ab = a2− 2a + 6 = (a − 1)2 + 5
(ab ) 2 ⇒ a=1
⎛ b ⎞ b − 2ac
2
The correct option is (A)
⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ =
a c2 148. Let a, a + 1 be the roots of the equation, then
⇒ 2a 2c = b(c 2 + ba) a + (a + 1) = b
a b c a(a + 1) = c
⇒ , , are in HP \ b2− 4c = (2a + 1)2 − 4a (a + 1) = 1
c a b
The correct option is (C) The correct option is (D)
4.50 Chapter 4

Minimum value
−b
149. = 2k < 10 ⇒ k < 5 4(3b 2 )( 2c 2 ) − 36b 2c 2 12b 2c 2
a = 2
=− = − c 2 > −4 ab.
c 4(3b ) 12b 2
or, = k 2 + k − 5 < 25 ⇒ ( k + 6)( k − 5) < 0 The correct option is (C)
a
⇒k <5 1± 1− 4
155. x2 − x + 1 = 0 ⇒x=
⇒ k ∈ ( −∞, 4) 2
The correct option is (C) 1 ± 3i
x=
150. Equation x2− 2mx + m2− 1 = 0 2
⇒ (x − m)2− 1 = 0
1 3 π π
⇒ (x − m + 1) (x − m − 1) = 0 a= +i , b = cos − i sin
2 2 3 3
⇒ x = m − 1, m + 1
⎛π⎞
According to question a 2009 + b 2009 = 2 cos 2009 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
− 2 < m − 1, m + 1 < 4
⇒ m > − 1 and m < 3 ⎡ 2π ⎤ ⎛ 2π ⎞
= 2 cos ⎢668π + π + = 2 cos ⎜ π + ⎟
⇒ − 1 < m < 3. ⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎝ 3⎠
The correct option is (C) 2π ⎛ 1⎞
= −2 cos = −2 ⎜ − ⎟ = 1
3 x + 9 x + 17
2 3 ⎝ 2⎠
151. Let y = , then
3x 2 + 9 x + 7 The correct option is (B)
2
3x (y − 1) + 9x (y − 1) + 7y − 17 = 0
156. esin x − e − sin x = 4 ⇒ esin x = t
Now, D ≥ 0 (Q x is real) implies that
1
81(y − 1)2 − 4x3 (y − 1) (7y − 17) ≥ 0 t− −4
t
⇒ (y − 1) (y − 41) ≤ 0 ⇒ 1 ≤ y ≤ 41 4 ± 16 + 4
The correct option is (C) t 2 − 4t − 1 − 0 ⇒ t =
2
152. Given equation x2 + ax + 1 = 0
4±2 5
The sum and product of the roots ⇒t = ⇒t = 2± 5
2
a + b = −a 1
ab = 1 esin x = 2 ± 5 −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ≤ esin x ≤ e
e
Now, | a − b | = (a + b ) 2 − 4ab esin x = 2 + 5 not possible
⇒ |a − b | = a2 − 4 esin x = 2 − 5 not possible
\ Hence no solution
⇒ a2 − 4 < 5
The correct option is (B)
⇒ a − 4 < 5 ⇒ a2− 9 < 0
2
157. If 2 x 3 + 3 x + k = 0 has 2 distinct real roots in [0, 1], then
⇒ a ∈ (−3, 3)
f ′ (x) will change sign.
The correct option is (A)
But f ′(x) = 6x2 + 3 > 0
153. Let a and 4b be roots of x2− 6x + a = 0 and a, 3b be the
So, no value of k exists.
roots of x2− cx + 6 = 0, then
The correct option is (C)
a + 4b = 6 and 4ab = a
158. Both the roots of the equation x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 are
a + 3b = c and 3ab = 6 imaginary.
We get ab = 2 ⇒ a = 8 Since, a, b, c ∈ R.
So the first equation is x2− 6x + 8 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, 4 So, if one root is common then both roots are common
Now, if a = 2 and 4b = 4 then 3b = 3
a b c
If a = 4 and 4b = 2, then 3b = 3/2 (non-integer) Hence, = =
1 2 3
\ common root is x = 2.
a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 3.
The correct option is (D)
The correct option is (D)
154. Given equation bx2 + cx + a = 0 has imaginary roots
159. a 2 = 3t 2 − 2t
⇒ c2− 4ab < 0 ⇒ c2< 4ab ⇒ –c2 > −4ab
For non-integral solution
Since 3b2 > 0, the expression 3b2x2 + 6bcx + 2c2 has
0 < a2 < 1
minimum value.
 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 4.51

Subtract (2) from (1)

a ∈ ( −1, 0) ∪ (0,1).
[Note: It is assumed that a real solution of given equation ⇒ a10 = 6 a9 + 2a8
exists.]
a10 − 2a8
The correct option is (A) ⇒ = 3.
2a9
160. x 2 = 6 x + 2 ⇒ a 2 = 6a + 2
The correct option is (B)
⇒ a 10 = 6a 9 + 2a 8 (1)
and b10 = 6b 9 + 2b 8 (2)