Trends, Networks, and Critical

Thinking in the 21st Century

Joshua Philip T. Pirante, LPT

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 Table of Contents

Module 1: Understanding Elements and Characteristics of Trends

Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 1
Lesson 1. Definition of a Trends 2
Lesson 2. Differentiate a trend from a fad 5
Lesson 3. Point out the elements that make up a trend 6
Lesson 4. Describe the different characteristics of a trend 9
Lesson 5. Identify parts of a whole 10
Lesson 6. Identify emerging patterns 10
Assessment Task 12
Summary 16
Reference 16

Module 2: Understanding Local Networks

Introduction 18
Learning Objectives 18
Lesson 1. Definition of Network 19
Assessment Task 27
Summary 31
Reference 31

Module 3: Global Network: Labor and Migration

Introduction 33
Learning Objectives 33
Lesson 1. Examples of various activities in one’s daily life 34
That show concrete effects of globalization
Lesson 2. Effects of Globalization 37
Lesson 3. Interconnectedness of people and nations 42
Lesson 4. The benefits of collaboration and cooperation 45
Lesson 5. Different contribution of the parts to a whole 47
Assessment Task 48
Summary 54
Reference 54

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Module 4: Planetary Network: Climate Change
Introduction 55
Learning Objectives 55
Lesson 1. Activities that exemplify care for the environment 56
Lesson 2. Effects of consumption and production matter 59
Lesson 3. Effects of climate change 60
Lesson 4. Steps to address the Climate Change 63
Assessment Task 66
Summary 68
Reference 70

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Subject Code: TNCT

Subject Description: The subject provides opportunities for students to

discover patterns and extracts meanings from emerging trends. It aids in
developing their critical and creative thinking skills– essential tools for
decision making and understanding “ethics of care”. Global trends in the 21st
century is examined and are either accepted or rejected on a sound set of
criteria. Students will be asked to create and analyze scenarios that will
challenge them to (1) formulate their stances on issues or concerns; (2)
propose interventions and; (3) formulate alternative features.

Content Standards

The learners demonstrate understanding of:

1. the emergence of trends and patterns;

2. the strategic analysis and thinking;
3. the components, operations, effects, and networks of globalization in
his/her daily life;
4. the consequences of personal and local action to global and planetary
climate change.
5. the meaning and dimensions of democracy;
6. how ICT enslaves, emancipates, and empowers individuals; and
7. the parallelism between neutral and social network.

Performance Standards

The learners should be able to:

1. derive an idea from instances and present idea through a 100-word

essay, artwork, and other graphic representations;
2. draw a color-coded map of the network of power relations (political,
economic, cultural, and kinship ties) within a particular community;
3. locate on a map the different geographical origins of the various
components/ elements of an industrial/technological/ agricultural
product and writes a reflection essay on the insights gathered from the
exercise;
4. locate on a map the workplaces of the OFW in their community and
writes a reflection paper on the effects of labor migration to their
community;

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 5. analyze how production and consumption habits contribute to the
problem of climate change and explain why;
6. write a resolution that you can share with your friends about how you
can personally contribute towards solving the problem of climate
change;
7. explain creatively the ill effects of undemocratic practices using any
different forms of oral presentation and relate to factors such as gender
biases, poverty, political marginalization, racial inequality, cultural
domination, crisis of representation and politics of recognition;
8. organize and mobilize an event that deals with a significant global
issue, using ICT; and
9. create a social map that traces the various roles that students play in
the community (family members, community leader etc.) and rank the
significance of the roles played within the community.

Subject Requirements:
▪ Assessment Task
• Written Works - 40%
• Performance Task (Activity) - 60%
Quarterly Grade 100%

Final Grade= (Third Quarter + Fourth Quarter)/2

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 MODULE 1
UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTS AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRENDS

Introduction

How do we spot a trend? How do we acquire the ability to spot trend changes?

This change will present the trends and patterns of the 21 st century. It will discuss how
trends are developed and thus become a pattern of lifestyle. Each lesson illuminates
understanding on why and how trends emerge in a particular context. Moreover, lessons involve
how to accept and reject the emerging trends.

The 21st century is a deluge of overwhelming demands from a digital society; hence
enormous trends have emerged. Global trends have been increasingly given attention and
anchored to socio-cultural, economic, and political dimensions. Unconsciously, individuals do not
realize that they have been into certain trends.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. differentiate a trend from a fad;
2. explain the process on how to spot a trend;
3. point out the elements that make up a trend;
4. describe the different characteristics of a trend;
5. identify parts of a whole;
6. identify and explain an emerging pattern; and
7. identify causes and consequences.

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Lesson 1. Definition of a trends

Trend Defined
A pattern of gradual change in a condition, output, or process, or an average or general
tendency of a series of data points to move in a certain direction over time, represented by a line
or curve on a graph.

Trend is considered as a collage of present circumstances that extend current patterns

into the future (Mangiduyos, 2017). However, an examination of these phenomena and
speculation on the likely impact they will have in the future is called trend analysis. In addition,
the practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern, or trend, in the information
is also known as trend analysis.

Megatrends and microtrends

Megatrends. They are a larger pattern of broad trends that reshape and transform our
lives. Megatrends entail a major restricting; they are a larger pattern of broad trends that reshape
and transform our lives (Rullin, 2019).

Microtrends. It advocates localization as opposed to globalization, recognizing that people

and communities have never been more sophisticated and more knowledgeable about the
choices they make in their everyday lives (Rullin, 2019).

Example of Trends

1. Twitter – it lets you see what is happening around the world, from breaking news and
entertainment, sports and politics to big events and every day interests.
2. Facebook – is the most common social network website where you can share information
about yourself and communicate with other people.
3. Instagram- an entirely visual platform. Unlike Facebook, which relies on both text and
pictures, or Twitter, which relies on text alone, Instagram's sole purpose is to enable users
to share images or videos with their audience.
4. Tiktok- is a short-form, video-sharing app that allows users to create and share 15-second
videos, on any topic.

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Process of Identifying a Trend
The process of identifying of trends is called trend spotting. Rehn and Lindkvist (2013)
define trend spotting as attempting to see the future in the present situation. On the other hand,
the people who notice and report on new fashions, activities that people are starting to do is called
as trend spotter. Conversely, an act that assumes the future that will be a logical extension of the
past is defined as act of projecting trends. Thus, projecting trends will be based from the past,
present and what will be in the future regardless of defined and undefined factors that contribute
from its changes or development.

5 Ways to Spot and Capitalize on Trends

According to Noice (2015), there five keys to spotting trends and capitalizing on them
before your competition does.

1. Anticipate change
The constant thing in this world is change. Assume that change is coming and look for it.
Change can be either social -- as in the rise of socially responsible business – or technological,
as exemplified by the growth of gadgets. Sometimes change can be both. The great example of
it is social media.

Don’t forget the cyclical, up-down, back-forth nature of business while you are searching.
Change doesn’t have to be permanent to provide a viable opportunity for business creation and
growth. Remember, the nature of trends has no consistency.

2. See it coming
The basic tools of the trend tracker are seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting and touching. In
other words, every sense that can be used to get information about the world should be employed
in seeing for upcoming changes. Start by reading and watching everything you can. That should
include general interest news outlets, trade publications, blogs, government reports and casual
conversations overheard in elevators. Be updated of problems people are talking about. Be
proactive as it comes.

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3. Distinguish between short-lived fads and long-term trends
Labor to identify big changes that create lasting problems that many customers will be
happy to pay to solve. The idea is to break off with a business model in which revenues are larger
than costs for a long period, not one that limps by on slimmer profit margins before competitors
take even that away.

To filter out fads, talk to the potential buyers of the solution to the problem. The more
frustrated they are, the more likely they are to pay for an output. In extreme cases, potential
customers may be willing to fund the development of solutions. With this, it is not hard for you to
win them. Another way around is by talking to experts.

4. Make sure your solutions are realistic

Again, it’s relevant to discuss to target customers. Make sure the output you envision is
one you can realistically provide with features. Costs must establish alternatives will compare
favorably.

It is not all about your desire product to proposed, it’s about their problem to be solved.
What you can do conveniently and inexpensively may be of little value to customers. The sweet
spot for a trend-exploiting start-up is at the intersection of business capability and customer’s
need.

5. Create a competitive advantage

To get the biggest benefit, be the first doer. Be courageous! It is uncommon for any single
entrepreneur to be the only one who sees an opportunity. Most will hesitate and not move at all.
Many others will not move quickly enough. Lasting competitive advantage usually goes to the first
entrant to stake a market out and capture customer loyalty. Those who come later usually have
to settle for slimmer profits and more competition.

Being first is insufficient, of course! Business history is besieged with well-financed start-
ups directed by well-regarded leaders who committed too much, too early and in the wrong place.
So, test before entrust. Again, look for revenues that overwhelm costs and customers who are
feeling great joy.

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Lesson 2. Differentiate a trend from a fad

According to Rullin (2019), fads are normally micro-trends that exist under the umbrella of
an actual trend. Thus, all fads are trend, but not all trends are fad accordingly. However, the ability
to frame a trend in time is what ultimately gives a trend its credibility.

Thinking of trends along a linear timeline however, is not always correct as trends can
revert back on themselves becoming cyclical or trends can fuse or converge with other trends
occurring in the same time frame (Rullin, 2019).

A fad by definition is a short-term event, what some may call a "flash in the pan." It does
not guarantee lifetime. It’s short-lived or some will say it’s just For-A-Day. On the other hand, a
trend has the potential of becoming a long-term influence on the future of a market. It’s long-lived.
These two may resemble each other at first, but there is almost always a definite beginning and
a definite end to a fad.

Fad is something such as an interest or fashion, that is very popular for s short time
(Merriam-Webster’s Learner’s Dictionary). A fad is a product that has little, if any, utility but is
characterized by a quick rise in sales and popularity followed by a quick decline in sales and
popularity. This quick up and down in sales is because fad products usually do not satisfy a strong
consumer need. Nevertheless, fads seldom completely die out with some hardcore followers
remaining loyal.
Examples of fad:
a. Hula hoop
b. Yo-yo
c. Virtual pets
d. Frisbee®
e. Pokemon®
f. Hello Kitty®
g. Loomband

To summarize the difference between trend and fad, let’s take a look in this explanation
discussed by Insight Communication and Design (2018), trends and fads are both things we all

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experience once every few years. Whether that is in the form of fashion, technology or music,
trends and fads shape the way we perceive a certain brand or how we identify. They are a part of
everyday life and we experience different trends and fads without even knowing it most of the
time. Did you dress the same today as you did five or ten years ago? Listen to the same music?
Use the same technology? It is interesting to reflect on how things have changed, and what was
once thought to be a fad (or ‘gimmick’) becomes something that has become so intrinsically linked
to our everyday life.

Trends are what we experience when something changes are evolves along a specific
(sometimes predictable) path, while fads tend to be more fleeting in their existence, here one day,
gone the next.

Lesson 3. Point Out the Elements that Make up a Trend

Trend is a conceptualized idea that has a prospect of providing or having a continuing
influence for a longer period of time due to its increasing and sustained presence and effect or
even demand among its consumers in the case of a product (Mangiduyos, 2017).

According to Dumitrescu (n.d.), there are three fundamental elements that point out trends
namely; basic needs, drivers of change and innovations.

Basic Needs
These are the forces that have been shaping human behavior for years (if not forever!) as
it is necessary to sustain life. These are the minimum requirements of a community for a decent
standard of life. It consists of adequate food, shelter, and clothing plus some household
equipment and furniture. Likewise, these include essential services provided by and for the
community-at-large such as safe drinking water, sanitation, health and education.

Drivers of Change
As the constant thing in this world is change thus, there are no trends without change.
Drivers of change is considered as one of the most well-known and comprehensive publication
series as it investigates the key global issues and trends driving change in our societies and

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markets. It analyzes change, thinks in terms of Shifts (long-term, slower) and Triggers (specific
factors or events).

Innovations
Innovations generally refer to changing processes or creating more effective processes,
products and ideas. They are considered as catalyst for growth and development, but they aren’t
trends. Conversely, without examples of customer-facing innovations, a trend can’t be said to
exist fully yet. Let’s try to consider on the area of modern web design.

There are eight elements that make up a trend and they are presented as follows (Vocell,
n.d.):
1. Unique and Large Typography
Most companies have a particular font or typography that they use to help their customers
immediately identify them from their competitors. For instance, JOLLIBEE OR MCDONALDS are
recognized easily through the use of their unique fonts on their trademark (brand name or brand
mark) which distinguish them from their competitors because of its own originality and
uniqueness. The moment people will see their typography; they already have their positioning in
mind that these businesses will not necessarily inform customers through different types of
promotion because they have already been known.

2. Large & Responsive Hero Images

Hero images are the large promotional images. Examples are the large pictures on the
walls of establishments. They may have texts in the image itself and present unique problems for
responsive designs. Also, these can help tell the story without having to rely on just text. Moreover,
large and responsive images make for a good user experience such as taking pictures and etc.

3. Background Videos
It will greatly help to a page when videos can automatically play in the back ground. They
can be used to tell a story and significantly reduce the amount of other content needed to explain
the business. These will give convenience especially to those individuals who are not interested
on reading and/or too busy to read because of some factors, but can listen while doing other
things.

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4. Semi-Flat Design
Flat design is not only easier for users to comprehend, but it can also load more quickly
on websites without complicated or overly-technical elements. As flat design is any element that
does not include or give the perception of three dimensions, such as shadows. It is simple, but
easily readable.

In terms of manipulating a website, it is important to be consistent in using design

regardless of whether you fully design your website using flat design or utilize shadows and other
elements in order to help visitors/customers/viewers understand your content more quickly.
However, adding elements of depth can also bring it to life.

5. Hamburger Menus
Hamburger menu was created as a website design feature to incorporate a site menu
without taking up too much room. Its three lines stacked together to roughly form the shape of a
hamburger. While it serves its purpose of condensing information, achieving a minimalist
aesthetic, and keeping uncultured site, still it may have relevant drawbacks. Taking the visitor
directly to where they desire is its advantage. However, it generally takes up a ton of relevant
screen space.

6. Giant Product Images

The important attack of a certain business especially online is to catch the attention of the
viewers or clients. Displaying large product images on your site to highlight different features or
parts of the product will do so. It helps designers to efficiently and effectively highlight different
features of the product. In addition, large images help visitors to generate a solid understanding
of what the different product features do.

7. Card Design
Users can pick and choose which articles they want to expand through breaking up unlike
pieces of content into cards. It keeps homepage clean and organized, without relying on a ton of
text.
Card design helps to deliver easily digestible chunks of information for users. Moreover, it
can help highlights multiple products or solutions side-by-side.

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8. Short Product or Feature Videos
In addition to background videos, companies are also beginning to use short product or
feature videos to highlight a specific use case. These short videos are great at bringing your
solution to life, while not overwhelming the visitor with a long experience that they must sit through.
Short videos allow prospects for quick understanding that is best for top of the tunnel. In addition,
these allow prospects to understand it quickly without watching a really long, in-depth experience.

Lesson 4. Describe the Different Characteristics of a Trend

As a pattern of gradual change in condition, output, and or process trend has its own
characteristics. Merriam Webster dictionary defines characteristic as a distinguishing trait, quality,
or property. However, in business dictionary it means ―a distinguishing feature or attribute of an
item, person, phenomenon, etc., usually divided into three categories: physical, functional, and
operational.

Thus, characteristics are what separate you or something from others. It pinpoints the
mark of uniqueness of someone or something. This time, let us apply the five (5) characteristics
which used by the professionals in fashion design skills (Rullin, 2019).

1. Innovation
Even if you are trying to imitate a popular style, be sure to always bring something new
when designing. Because no matter how consistent or repurposed a popular fashion or trend
might be, always remember that something will replace it. But the moment you add something
personalized (own touch) to it, it might distract the present trend and will be the next trend. Change
is constant, remember?

2. Brand consistency
Brand positioning means you are going to place your product or service in your customers’
mind. Attaining this requires brand consistency and loyalty to all your creative designs in order for
your customers to remember what separates you from your competitors.

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3. Outerwear-ability
Outwear is very popular in every cool season. Ability to wear is well appreciated by the
customers especially in clothing. Creating simple but elegant design makes you presentable.

4. Versatility
Design versatile fashions for every season continuously done with outwear ability. They
spend less on the things they acquire. Making your audience happy means a challenge on your
fashion design ability.

5. Simplicity
Creating simple yet innovative fashion design is like setting yourself up for professional
progress. One thing is that versatility usually calls simplicity. It is easy to remember if it is simple.
Empowering your audience and building does not necessarily expensive. Make it simple.

Lesson 5. Identify Parts of a Whole

According to Merriam Webster’s dictionary, part is one of the often-indefinite subdivisions

into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute the whole. On the other
hand, whole means something constituting a complex unity: a coherent system or organization of
parts or working together as whole. It shows the totality of the pieces and segments that somehow,
we consider as parts. We can identify that something is part of a whole if we know what all is that
something about.

Part is one of the often indefinite or unequal subdivisions into which something is or is
regarded as divided and which together constitute the whole. In contrary, whole means something
constituting a complex unity: a coherent system or organization of parts or working together as
whole. Conversely, fads are normally micro-trends that exist under the umbrella of an actual trend.
These are parts of the evolution of creating a whole trend. However, trends are a bit slower paced
but represent something that is occurring on a much wider scale than a fad.

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Lesson 6. Identify Emerging Patterns

Emergence is defined in simple ways but is consistent on its context. It means just
beginning to exist, starting to exist and growing and developing, especially in business.
On the other hand, pattern is a particular way in which something is done or organized, or
in which something happens; it is a regular arrangement of lines, shapes, or colors; it is also a
design or set of shapes that show how to make something (Cambridge Dictionary). In business
dictionary, pattern is a consistent and recurring characteristic or trait that helps in the identification
of a phenomenon or problem, and serves as an indicator or model for predicting its future behavior
(Rullin, 2019).

Furthermore, Rullin, (2019) states that it is important to identify how does trend emerged
and what are the patterns on how it emerged dramatically. Mobile phones are considered as fads
before as it only affects those who can afford it. Since its innovation spread out rapidly, many
people now owned one or more phones. Children ages from 3 years old and above are now using
mobile phones for learning and entertainment. If communication through mobile phone was
considered as fad before, now it is already a trend. Going back to our topic, using the evolution
of mobile phones, we are going to simplify the emerging patterns of its trend.

Another information by Rullin (2019) describe that the main function of mobile phone is to
make communication more convenient. Before, the offering services were only calling and texting.
Simcards were two expensive even loads. Promos were limited to call and text only and no
unlicalls, unlitexts, sulitexts and so on. If you have your aunties and uncles, ask them in their time
if these were true. There are no internet connections and cellphones are not the same as what
we have right now. Features were limited. Below is a simple illustration about the evolution of
mobile phones features from 1980s to present.

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 Assessment Tasks

ACTIVITY A. Trend versus Fad

Directions: Give at least two examples to both fad and trend. Explain how these examples become
a fad and a trend. Write your answer on the object provided.

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ACTIVITY B. Case Analysis

Direction: Identify and analyse if the statements in the first column are a trend or a fad then write
your prediction.

Trend/Fad Prediction
More kids love playing with
loombands.
Yaya Dub (Maine Mendoza)
used dubsmash and got so
popular overnight. Dusmash
is a mobile app that creates
short selfie videos dubbed
with famous sounds.
High fructose corn syrup is
present in fruit juices, cakes,
ice cream; sweets, and
chocolates, and was found to
be the culprit for obesity and
diabetes.
More and more youth today
are fond of using high-tech
gadgets like tablets and
smartphones.
More people around the
globe are playing the mobile
app Mobile Legends.

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ACTIVITY C. My Artwork

Direction: Create an artwork (collage, mosaic, bumper stickers, cartographic works, photographs,
posters, drawings and paintings) showing different examples of trend and fad. Document
yourself while doing this artwork. Send the image of your artwork in JPEG format.

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WRITTEN WORKS

Read and understand the following statements carefully. Identify what is being asked in every
item. Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. Which of the following refer to the larger patterns of broad trends that reshape and transform
our lives?
a. Fads c. Microtrends
b. Megatrends d. Trends
2. What do you call to an identification of new trend?
a. Projecting trends c. Trend spotting
b. Trend analysis d. Trend style
3. What refers to an act that assumes the future which will be a logical extension of the past?
a. Projecting trends c. Trend spotting
b. Trend analysis d. Trend style
4. What allows populations to be proactive in response to future events?
a. Projecting trends c. Trend spotting
b. Trend analysis d. Trend style
5. Which of the following refers to a short-term event, which others called as the flash in the pan?
a. Fad c. Microtrend
b. Megatrend d. Trend
6. Which of the following refer to the forces that have been shaping human behavior for years?
a. Basic needs c. Drivers of change
b. Changes d. Innovations
7. What is the constant thing in this world?
a. Change c. Emotion
b. Effort d. Time
8. What refers to the recurrent phenomenon that takes place over time and gives rise to
speculation on the future?
a. Fad c. Microtrend
b. Megatrend d. Trend
9. Which of the following that refers to short-live and doesn’t guarantee long-term.
a. Fad c. Microtrend
b. Megatrend d. Trend
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 10. What refers to an examination of phenomenon and speculation? A. Fad B. Micro-trend C.
Trend D. Trend analysis

Summary

• Trend is considered as a collage of present circumstances that extend current patterns

into the future.
• Fad is something such as an interest or fashion, that is very popular for s short time;
• The process of identifying of trends is called trend spotting.

References

Cedar Hill Farm House. (n.d.). What’s the difference between a trend and a fad
https://cedarhillfarmhouse.com/whats-difference-between-trend-and-fad/

Differentiating Trends and Fads. (2018). Insight Communication & Design. 47 Hay Street Subiaco,
Western Australia, 6008 Australia. https://tinyurl.com/y2pf9jak

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Dumitrescu, D. (n.d.). The Fundamental Trends Development.
https://www.whataventure.com/collaboration/trends-101/

Forsey, C. (2020). How to Use Instagram: A Beginner’s Guide.

https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/how-to-use-instagram

Influence Marketing Hub. (2020). What is TikTok? The Fastest Growing Social Media App
Uncoveredhttps://influencermarketinghub.com/what-is-tiktok/

Mangiduyos, G. P. (2017). Trends, Networks, and Critical thinking in the 2st Century. Manila,
Philippines: REX Book Store.

Noice, M. (2015). 5 Ways to Spot and Capitalize on Trends. Entrepreneur Asia Pacific.
https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/253101

Rehn, A., Lindkvist M., (2013) Trendspotting. https://docplayer.net/57165747-Trendspotting-the-

basics-alf-rehn-and-magnus-lindkvist.html#show_full_text

Rullin, M. (2019). Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century. Alternative Delivery
Mode. Department of Education.

Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century unlimited books. Accessed January
30, 2020. https://www.unlimitedbooksph.com/product-page/trends-networks-and-critical-
thinking-in-the-21st-century

Vocell, J. (n.d.). The 8 Elements of Modern Web Design.

https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/elements-of-modern-web-design-list

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 MODULE 2
UNDERSTANDING LOCAL NETWORKS

Introduction

In the previous module, you have learned about trend; its meaning, nature, and
importance with the lives of people. In this module, you will be introduced to the concept of
network. It will deal with the discussion of local network which refers to interconnected processes
internal to the individual person’s mind, mental faculty or thoughts such as strategic analysis and
intuitive thinking that are ultimately demonstrated in decision-making.

This introduces the idea and importance of a network for human beings. A gathering of
individuals we interface consistently family, companions, neighbors, instructors and managers.
Network is a group of people whom we interact daily.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. explain strategic analysis and intuitive thinking;
2. define strategic analysis and intuitive thinking;
3. differentiate key components in strategic analysis and intuitive thinking;
4. apply strategic analysis; and
5. apply intuitive thinking in solving a problem in the community using a map of social
networks.

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Lesson 1. Definition of Network

Brass, Galaskiewicz, Greve & Tsai defined networks “as a set of nodes and the set of ties
representing some relationship, or lack of relationship, between the nodes” (2004, p. 795)

A network is called a centralized network when the network is focused around one or a
few actors. In the centralized network all individuals go to one or very few central actors for
information and resources. For example, a community that has only one opinion leader would be
considered a centralized network. Centralized networks are very vulnerable because the
complete network would collapse if the central actor left (Kilduff & Tsai, 2003). In this case, a
decentralized network, or one where there are multiple sources of information and resources are
available, would be preferred as it would be more sustainable.

Nodes (or actors in the network) make up the unit of analysis and may be individuals,
groups of individuals, the entire organization, or even countries (Zack, 2000). Ties (or
relationships) define the connections between the nodes/actors (Wasserman & Faust, 1994), and
these connections can be friendship, advice, social support, or common stakeholders for two
programs (Kumar Chaudhary, 2014; Williams, 2005). For example, we could study the reach of
Extension agents in the community by studying the networks of Extension agents and their
clientele. The ties between two nodes/actors can be either formal or informal (Provan, Fish, &
Sydow, 2007). An example of an informal tie would be friendship, and an example of a formal tie
would be two Extension clients starting a business together and developing formal contracts for
their work responsibilities and shared profit.

Strategic Analysis and Intuitive Thinking

We make choices in our lives every day. Yet our decisions are based on impulses that we
need to face along with the unfavorable consequences of our actions. We cannot go to commit
the same mistakes at all times. This is one reason why there are institutions and organizations
that create strategic analysis at least intuitive thinking, if the latter makes sense.

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 According to Urgel (2017), strategic analysis is the process of examining the
organization’s surroundings and resources to better formulate a strategy to meet the desired goals
and objectives and improved the organization’s performance. It is the understanding of an
organization’s internal and external environments. It also deals with the creation and better
utilization of resources in the pursuit of their objectives and priorities. Such understanding is drawn
from the facts data, and instructions at hand.

Strategic analysis, for example, can be done by an organization to analyze its losing
performance. It is based on data and information about the internal profile of its employees and
their capabilities and work attitudes. It can be done by the organization to investigate the external
profile of its surrounding, opportunities, and possible rivals. Moreover, intuitive thinking is sensing
or knowing without using rational processes such as reading facts and instructions. According to
the dictionary, intuition is something that is known or understood without proof or evidence. In
short, intuitive is making choices and decisions according to one’s hunch and gut feeling without
knowing the reason why (Urgel, 2017).

Good intuition results from long years of knowledge and experience which enable you to
comprehend how people think, act, and react, perceive and interpret, and interact with one
another.

A critical mind or analytical mind usually exercises strategic thinking. Howland (2015),
defined six elements of strategic thinking designed to provoke strategic leadership among today’s
executives. It is drawn from a study of more than 20,000 executives in more than 175 countries.
The six key elements are abilities to anticipate, challenge, decide, interpret, learn, and align.

1. The ability to anticipate enables the executives to not only focus on the current situation but
also to look at the future. They should monitor the environment to foresee significant changes in
the industry to prepare them for possible threats as well as opportunities. For instance, an
executive who keeps abreast with trends and engages in trendspotting is more likely to be open
to product changes or to beef up the company’s product strength in anticipation of trend. An
example is when a garment executive spots a consumer preference for plaid print, he or she
gradually reduces the production of apparels with floral design and shifts to plaid print.

20
2.The ability to challenge involves raising questions instead of merely accepting information as it
comes. The purpose of raising questions is to trace the root causes of problems, to challenge
existing beliefs, and to find out biases and possible manipulation of the situation. Probing and
investigation may also be employed.

3. The ability to interpret is shown by testing a variety of hypotheses as well as comparing and
contrasting certain data prior to making decisions on particular issues. The executive avoids
jumping into conclusions without sound basis.

4.The ability to decide enables to executive to make a stand with courage and conviction despite
incomplete information at hand. The executive combines speed and quality in doing this for them
to avoid indecision or “analysis paralysis which prevent a leader from acting fast, thereby missing
chances of opportunities.

5. The ability to align enables the executive to have different divergent viewpoints, opinions, and
agenda to attain common goals and to pursue mutual interests. Open communication and
dialogue will help address the problem of misalignment and build trust leading to consensus and
agreements.

6. The ability to learn is demonstrated by an executive who accepts feedback, constructive

criticism, and even failure which are altogether viewed as source of critical and valuable insights.
He or she shows willingness to immediately return to the right course when going off tract. Failures
are considered lessons for success.

Take note on this part, strategic analysis is useful not only to an organization but also to
an individual such as student like you. Your current situation in striving to finish senior high school
can be assessed by the following: (a) knowing your strengths such as your competencies and
values, weaknesses such as negative attitude and needs to be filled, (b) threats such as events
and situations that prevent you from focusing on your studies, and other factors that can help you
improve your skills.

As a student, here is some of the question that you can reflect on. Take time to answer
these questions in your mind. Are you failing or getting poor grades? What good habits can you

21
develop to address this problem? Whom can you approach to help you improve your grades?
Strategic analysis can be a way to turn your weakness into strengths and to take advantage of
situations that will boost your confidence as a student. It will guide you in staying on course toward
finishing senior high school.

The honing and nurturing of a critical mind or strategic thinking must start at an early age.
Students like you should be provided with opportunities to develop this ability for self-
improvement. It can also guide you in giving service to others (for example as an officer in the
student council). In such case, the students develop strategic thinking which is reflected in his or
her abilities to anticipate, decide, challenge, learn, align, and interpret.

Intuitive thinking involves a more spontaneous, instinctive, and unplanned process of

solving a problem. Evaluation of the situation and the perceived alternative course of action are
quick and board. Actions and decisions spring from hunches and gut feeling based on
unpremeditated ideas or experiences rather from facts and hard data. This type of thinking tends
to be imaginative and more applicable in situations where facts are insufficient and previous
related decisions are not readily available.

Intuitive thinkers do certain things which other do not. As cited by Gregory (2014), there
are Ten Things Highly Intuitive People Do Differently . The following activities are as follows:

1. Listening to an inner voice. They pay attention to intuition and allow it to guide them.

2. Taking time to be alone and to reflect. Spending time in solitude is their way of engaging in
deeper thoughts and creative thinking. It is also called “mindfulness” which means looking into
one’s current experience without making judgement.

3. Listening to their bodies. They tune in to their bodies for gut feeling and physical sensation or
emotion associated with intuition.

4. Observing everything. They take note of the occurrence of odd things and keep an eye on the
frequency of coincidences, unexpected connections, and instantaneous decisions or actions
done.

22
5. Paying attention to their dreams. It refers to the way of getting in touch with their “unconscious
thinking process” and of capturing information on how to live their lives.

6. Connecting deeply with others and staying in a positive mood. They can read a person’s mind
through his or her words, feelings, and actions. Avoiding negative emotions helps boost their
intuitive judgement.

7. Intuitive person tend to be creative. Some people practice their creativity as they practice also
their intuitive thinking.

8. They practice mindfulness. Meditation and other mindfulness practices can be an excellent way
to tap into your intuition.

9. They enjoy plenty of down time . According to Huffington, we always have an intuitive sense
about the people in our lives -- on a deep level, we know the good ones from the "flatterers and
dissemblers" -- but we're not always awake enough to our intuition to acknowledge the difference
to ourselves. The problem is that we're simply too busy.

10. Letting go of negative emotions mindfully. It is wrong that intuitive people never get upset but
your intuition will fare better if you're able to mindfully accept and let go of negative emotions for
the most part, rather than suppressing or dwelling on them.

Analytical thinking applied in strategic analysis is brain-centered and focused. It deals with
one thing and is concerned with time. It is linear and inclined toward the abstract. It efficiently
works in a condition with sufficient time, relative stability, and established criteria for analysis such
as rules. It comes in handy when an explanation is needed. The process can be taught and
learned in the classroom.

Intuitive thinking, on the other hand, possesses characteristics which mostly run-in
contrast to analytical thinking. It is heart-centered, unfocused, and is not time-bound. It views
many things simultaneously, is nonlinear, and is inclined toward the concrete and the real. It
efficiently works in dynamic conditions, under time pressure, and is instantaneous. It works well

23
when the observer has gained experience in a particular situation and he is ready to act on
hunches and feeling, especially when an explanation is not needed.

Strategic Thinking
According to Urgel (2017), strategic analysis and planning have five essential
components. These components are the following:

1.Committed people. The initial step in strategic planning is getting the right people at the right
time. They are essential in effectively carrying out a strategy. These people comprise the
management staff, officers, and stakeholders. They are also called engagers.

2. Long-term strategic objectives. The objectives are poised to enhance the organizations
performance. There is need to identify the beneficiaries in the operation who will receive the
benefit from the gains brought by improved efficiency in the operations and delivery of services
of the organization. The people involved in setting the objectives are referred to as aimers.

3.Strategic alternatives. The planning team should be able derive options from brainstorming and
Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis. These alternatives may be of
higher quality than the current strategy or may enable the organization to respond with the ease,
speed, and effectiveness when changes occur in the environment.

4. Evaluation and choice of strategies. The process of formulating a strategy which involves
evaluating and picking out which strategies could facilitate the attainment of long-term
improvements. It should include all those revealed by SWOT analysis of the organization. From
the evaluation of alternative strategies, options which are superior to the current approach may
be found, and change for organization’s improvement can be undertaken. Those who participate
in searching for and selecting strategic alternatives are called option generators.

5. Monitoring of strategy implementation. There should be a plan for formal and regular reporting
and other measures of plan implementation. These will enable the organization to know whether
or not the plan is carried out properly and the objectives are met. The monitoring system should

24
provide ample room for correction when improper implementation of the strategies is observed
and when objectives are not being met. They called stratigizers.

Intuitive Thinking

The components of intuitive thinking differ from those of strategic analysis and planning.
According to Baylor (1997), there are three components of intuition and intuitive thinking:
immediacy, sensing relationship, and reason.

1. Immediacy. This refers to the timing in intuitive thinking. The time involved in intuitive thinking
is quick where decisions, actions, and solutions come up fast without planning or deliberation.
Baylor quotes George Mandler (1995), named it as “mind popping” when thoughts, ideas, and
solutions come to mind non-deliberately.

2. Sensing Relationship. This refers to the establishment or formulation of connections among

ideas. This is basic in intuition. The establishment of connection is necessary is associated with
a person’s knowledge, and

3. Reason. It deals with intuition which involves certain type of reasoning.

The table below shows the differences between strategic thinking and intuitive thinking
based on Urgel (2017).

Element Strategic Analysis Intuitive Thinking

Logic Logical mind needed Logical mind not needed
Reason Starts from an idea or concept and moves Focuses on the idea or concept
on to what can be associated with and its attributes
Center Brain-centered Heart-centered
Basis Hard facts, data, instructions Hunch, instinct, gut feeling
Time Needs time to finish in one or more sittings Spontaneous, quick, finished at
or sessions. one time.

25
 Tools SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Experiences
Threat), PEST (Political, Economic, Social
and Technological) and other analytical
tools
Planning Well-planned Unplanned
While we discover how to become intuitive or strategic thinker, let us come across the
three types of thinkers.
A basic, though abstract, explanation for the differences between uncritical, selfish critical,
and fair-minded critical persons is given in the following brief characterizations (Urgel, 2017):

1. Uncritical persons are those who have not developed intellectual skills; persons who are naïve,
conformist, easily manipulated, often inflexible, easily confused, typically unclear, narrow-minded,
and consistently ineffective in their use of language. They may have a good heart but they are
not able to skillfully analyze the problems they face so as to effectively protect their own interest.

2. Selfish critical persons are skilled thinkers who do not genuinely accept the values of critical
thinking; persons who use the intellectual skills of critical thinking selectively and self-deceptively
to foster and serve their vested interest (at the expense of truth). They are typically able to identify
flaws in the reasoning of others and refute them and to back up their own claims with plausible
reasons; by doing so they have not learned how to reason emphatically within points of view with
which they disagree.

3. Fair-minded critical persons are skilled thinkers who do accept and honor the values of critical
thinking; persons who use the intellectual skills of critical thinking to accurately reconstruct the
strongest version of points of view in conflict with their own and to questions deeply their own
framework of thought. They try to find and correct flaws in their own reasoning and to be
scrupulously fair to those with whom they disagree.

Now let’s test your understanding by answering those questions in the assessment task.

26
 Assessment Task

ACTIVITY A. Let’s Anchor your Learning

Directions: Read the context entitled Assessing Rational and Intuitive Thinking Styles written by
Cilia Witteman, John van den Bercken, Laurence Claes, and Antonio Godoy. You may download
the full PDF using the link below. Ask your teacher about the reference.

Link:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228478381_Assessing_Rational_and_Intuitive_Thinking_S
tyles/link/02bfe510fe67ca9ac7000000/download

Answer the following questions:

1. Why can intuitive thinking be as powerful and accurate as analysis?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why did the authors say that intuition may be the more advantageous thinking styles?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. What does this introduction try to convey?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
27
 4. Are you an intuitive thinker? Why? Why not? Discuss your answer.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the conclusion of the researchers about this study?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY B. Intuitive Thinking

Directions: What will you do in the following circumstances? Use your intuitive thinking in
answering. Write your answer in the space provided.

1. During natural disasters (flash floods or strong typhoon

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Fire in a certain place
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Arrival of unexpected person
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Surprise class recitation
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Wallet is suddenly lost
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Coming home very late at night

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 _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

7. Coming class unprepared

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

8. Meeting a very popular person

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

9. Helping a helpless individual

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

10. Getting lost

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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WRITTEN WORKS

Instruction: Read each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if
the statement is false.

______1. Strategic analysis and intuitive thinking both use reason but in different ways.

______2. Strategic analysis works best only for bigger organizations like business institution.

______3. Intuitive thinking is not accepted in the scientific world.

______4. Rational reasoning is better than intuitive thinking.

______5. Critical tools are needed in instinctive thinking.

______6. Intuitive thinking is hunch-based and spontaneous.

______7. Intuition is something known as infused knowledge.

______8. Strategic analysis must be used always to ensure success in life.

______9. Individuals engaged in strategic analysis apply all cognitive processes in the orientation

towards attainment of success in future.

______10. Only the internal environment is important in strategic analysis

______11. The honing of a critical mind must start at an early age

______12. In a business organization, strategic analysis may mean understanding of its external and

internal settings.

______13. Analytical thinking views things simultaneously in a nonlinear way.

______14. Experience can be considered as a tool of intuitive thinking.

______15. SWOT and PEST are good examples of analytical tools.

30
 Summary

• Strategic analysis is the process of examining the organization’s surroundings and

resources to better formulate a strategy to meet the desired goals and objectives and
improved the organization’s performance.
• Analytical thinking applied in strategic analysis is brain-centered and focused. It deals with
one thing and is concerned with time. It is linear and inclined toward the abstract.
• Intuitive thinking, on the other hand, possesses characteristics which mostly run-in
contrast to analytical thinking. It is heart-centered, unfocused, and is not time-bound. It
views many things simultaneously, is nonlinear, and is inclined toward the concrete and
the real.

References

Baylor, A., (1997). A three-component conception of intuition: immediacy, sensing relationships,

and reason. Department of EducationL Technology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
92182, USA. http://amybaylor.com/Articles/1997NIP.pdf

Brass, D. J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H. R., & Tsai, W. (2004). Taking stock of networks and
organizations: A multilevel perspective. Academy of management journal, 47(6), 795–817.

Gregory, C., (2017). 10 Things Highly Intuitive People Do Differently. The Huffington Post.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-habits-of-highly-intu_n_4958778

Howland, S. (2013). Six Key Elements of Strategic Thinking for CEOs.

https://chiefexecutive.net/six-key-elements-of-strategic-thinking-for-ceos/

Kilduff, M., & Tsai, W. (2003). Social Networks and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications.

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Kumar Chaudhary, A. (2014). Diversity and reach of Penn State Extension programs and effect
of brokerage and network position on extension program outcomes through Social Network
Analysis (SNA). (Unpublished master’s thesis.) The Pennsylvania State University, State
College, PA.

Provan, K. G., Fish, A., & Sydow, J. (2007). Interorganizational networks at the network level: A
review of the empirical literature on whole networks. Journal of Management, 33(3), 479–516.

Urgel, E. (2017). Trends, network and critical thinking in the 21st century. Makati City, Philippines:
University Press, First Asia.

Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and applications.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Zack, M. H. (2000). Researching organizational systems using social network analysis.

Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
doi:10.1109/HICSS.2000.926933.

32
 MODULE 3
GLOBAL NETWORKS: LABOR AND MIGRATION

Introduction

What is labor? Can you relate to globalization? Globalization or globalisation is the

process of interaction and integration among individuals, companies, and governments
worldwide. It is primarily an associated process of interaction and integration that is associated
with social and cultural aspects. How labor and migration has been institutionalized to reply to the
utilization crisis within the country? These queries will be answered as you embark the journey to
the activities designed to assist you to understand the content of this subject.

This module can show you the concrete effects of globalization, coupled with the
interconnections of peoples and nations. It will additionally demonstrate the advantages of
collaboration and cooperation so as to equip the learners with the knowledge and skills required
which can be used to help them face the challenges of the fast-changing society nowadays.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. explain the concrete effects of globalization and to one’s daily life;
2. explain the need for collaboration and cooperation to achieve interconnectedness of
people and nations;
3. discuss the different contributions of the parts to a whole and the important role of
creative imagination in putting together the various parts of a whole; and

33
 4. illustrate the origin of the different components of a gadget, business enterprise,
industrial/technological/agricultural product, etc. through a mind map and reflection
essay.

Lesson 1. Examples of Various Activities in One’s Daily Life

that Show the Concrete Effects of Globalization

In the preceding lessons, you have learned about trends and fads. This time, you will start
an observation and analysis about the society to be able to share insights that are based on your
real –life observation and experiences. This is where you can use your critical thinking based from
your understanding on the topic. This lesson will help you analyze how people interact with each
other.

The following are the different notes we can remember in this lesson (Rullin, 2019):
• Labor is the work done by a group of workers or by a particular worker.
• Labor relation refers to the relationship between employers and employees in industry
along with the political decisions and laws that affect it.
• Migration improves the quality of people. It helps improve the aspect of the social life of
every individual as they embark new customs, culture, and languages that improve
brotherhood among people.
• Labor migration means migration for the purpose of seeking employment.
• The main reason of migration is uneven development along with factors like poverty,
landholding system, and fragmentations of land, lack of employment opportunities, large
family-size and natural calamities.
• Globalization refers to the connection of various parts of the world which results in
expansion of multicultural, political, and economic activities.
• Globalization is defined as the integration of goods and people among various countries
as they move from one country to another.
• The positive effects of globalization include a number of factors namely education, trade,
technology, competition, investments and capital flows, employment, culture and
organization structure.

34
 • The negative effects of globalization include influence in multinational corporations which
focus on promoting a consumer culture, exploitation of workers and markets and
influencing societal values.
• Collaboration refers to the process of working together to create something new in support
of a shared vision.
• Cooperation is important in networks where individuals can exchange relevant
information and resources in support of each other’s goals rather than focus on share
goal.

The Virtues of Deglobalization

This article was written by Bello and Feffer (2009).

The current global downturn, the worst since the Great Depression 70 years ago, pounded
the last nail into the coffin of globalization. Already beleaguered by evidence that showed global
poverty and inequality increasing, even as most poor countries experienced little or no economic
growth, globalization has been terminally discredited in the last two years. As the much-heralded
process of financial and trade interdependence went into reverse, it became the transmission belt
not of prosperity but of economic crisis and collapse.

End of an Era
In their responses to the current economic crisis, governments paid lip service to global
coordination but propelled separate stimulus programs meant to rev up national markets. In so
doing, governments quietly shelved export-oriented growth, long the driver of many economies,
though paid the usual nostrums to advancing trade liberalization as a means of countering the
global downturn by completing the Doha Round of trade negotiations under the World Trade
Organization. There is increasing acknowledgment that there will be no returning to a world
centrally dependent on free-spending American consumers, since many are bankrupt and nobody
has taken their place.

Moreover, whether agreed on internationally or unilaterally set up by national

governments, a whole raft of restrictions will almost certainly be imposed on finance capital, the
untrammeled mobility of which has been the cutting edge of the current crisis.

35
 Intellectual discourse, however, hasn’t yet shown many signs of this break with orthodoxy.
Neoliberalism, with its emphasis on free trade, the primacy of private enterprise, and a minimalist
role for the state, continues to be the default language among policymakers. Establishment critics
of market fundamentalism, including Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman, have become entangled
in endless debates over how large stimulus programs should be, and whether or not the state
should retain an interventionist presence or, once stabilized, return the companies and banks to
the private sector. Moreover some, such as Stiglitz, continue to believe in what they perceive to
be the economic benefits of globalization while bemoaning its social costs.

But trends are fast outpacing both ideologues and critics of neoliberal globalization, and
developments thought impossible a few years ago are gaining steam. “The integration of the world
economy is in retreat on almost every front,” writes the Economist. While the magazine says that
corporations continue to believe in the efficiency of global supply chains, “like any chain, these
are only as strong as their weakest link. A danger point will come if firms decide that this way of
organizing production has had its day.”

“Deglobalization,” a term that the Economist attributes to me, is a development that the
magazine, the world’s prime avatar of free market ideology, views as negative. I believe, however,
that deglobalization is an opportunity. Indeed, my colleagues and I at Focus on the Global South
first forwarded deglobalization as a comprehensive paradigm to replace neoliberal globalization
almost a decade ago, when the stresses, strains, and contradictions brought about by the latter
had become painfully evident. Elaborated as an alternative mainly for developing countries, the
deglobalization paradigm is not without relevance to the central capitalist economies.

Eleven Pillars of the Alternative

There are 11 key prongs of the deglobalization paradigm (Bello & Feffer, 2009):

1. Production for the domestic market must again become the center of gravity of the
economy rather than production for export markets.
2. The principle of subsidiarity should be enshrined in economic life by encouraging
production of goods at the level of the community and at the national level if this can be
done at reasonable cost in order to preserve community.

36
 3. Trade policy — that is, quotas and tariffs — should be used to protect the local economy
from destruction by corporate-subsidized commodities with artificially low prices.
4. Industrial policy — including subsidies, tariffs, and trade — should be used to revitalize
and strengthen the manufacturing sector.
5. Long-postponed measures of equitable income redistribution and land redistribution
(including urban land reform) can create a vibrant internal market that would serve as
the anchor of the economy and produce local financial resources for investment.
6. Deemphasizing growth, emphasizing upgrading the quality of life, and maximizing equity
will reduce environmental disequilibrium.
7. The development and diffusion of environmentally congenial technology in both
agriculture and industry should be encouraged.
8. Strategic economic decisions cannot be left to the market or to technocrats. Instead, the
scope of democratic decision-making in the economy should be expanded so that all
vital questions — such as which industries to develop or phase out, what proportion of
the government budget to devote to agriculture, etc. — become subject to democratic
discussion and choice.
9. Civil society must constantly monitor and supervise the private sector and the state, a
process that should be institutionalized.
10. The property complex should be transformed into a “mixed economy” that includes
community cooperatives, private enterprises, and state enterprises, and excludes
transnational corporations.
11. Centralized global institutions like the IMF and the World Bank should be replaced with
regional institutions built not on free trade and capital mobility but on principles of
cooperation that, to use the words of Hugo Chavez in describing the Bolivarian
Alternative for the Americas (ALBA), “transcend the logic of capitalism.”

Lesson 2. Effects of Globalization

Globalization means connection of different parts of the world which results in the
expansion of international cultural, economic, and political activities. Thus, globalization is the
movement and integration of goods and people in various countries. It has positive effects which
include a number of factors namely education, trade, technology, competition, investments and

37
capital flows, employment, culture and organization structure. It enhances goodwill and goodwill
in various countries. Globalization concept can lead to the loss of cultural identity. The negative
effects of globalization include influence in multinational corporations which focus on promoting a
consumer culture, exploitation of workers and markets and influencing societal values. It can
cause the spread of communicable diseases and cause social degeneration. Globalization has
improved the standard of living through improved education due to the global expansion of
corporations. Thus, globalization makes an individual more competent and globally competitive
(Rullin, 2019).

Some definition of terms that you need to understand in this lesson (Commission on
Filipinos Overseas, 2017).
a. Overseas Filipinos is the term encompassing all Filipino migrants, whether permanent
or temporary, legal or unauthorized.
b. Overseas Filipino Workers, or OFWs, represent a subset of Overseas Filipinos, and
are temporary migrants. The OFW term is commonly used, a further sign of the
pervasive role that labor migration occupies in Philippine society.

The Commission on Filipinos Overseas includes the following categories of migrants in its
stock estimates:

a. Permanent Migrants - Filipino immigrants and legal permanent residents abroad,

Filipino spouses of foreign nationals, Filipinos naturalized in their host country, Filipino
dual citizens, and their descendants.
b. Temporary Migrants – Filipinos whose stay overseas, while regular and properly
documented, is temporary, owing to the employment-related nature of their status in
their host country. Include land-based and sea-based Filipino workers, intracompany
transferees, students, trainees, entrepreneurs, businessmen, traders, and others
whose stay abroad is six month or more, and their accompanying dependents.
c. Irregular Migrants - Filipinos who are not properly documented or without valid
residence or work permits, or who may be overstaying their visa.

38
 Read the excerpt from an article entitled “The Philippines: Beyond Labor Migration,
Toward Development and (Possibly) Return ” written by Maruja M.B. Asis (2017).

Beyond Labor Migration

The growing volume of labor migration from the Philippines has increased the incidence
of problems and challenges faced by migrants and their families. The participation of private
recruitment agencies in matching workers with employers abroad has contributed to the
challenges. The problems that emerged in the 1970s remain the same today: illegal recruitment,
contract substitution, illegal placement fees, long working hours, and no days off (in the case of
domestic workers), among others.

Over the years, institutional and policy development in the Philippines was geared toward
worker protection. The 1995 Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act, a landmark law, aimed
to provide protection to OFWs from predeparture through arrival and return. The focus on
protection shifted during the presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-10), when the
government for the only time to date set a target for the deployment of workers. The Medium-
Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010 set a goal of sending 1 million workers overseas
every year.

This thrust was reversed by the subsequent administration of Benigno Aquino III (2010-
16). His social contract with the Filipino people included the goal of moving “from a government
that treats its people as an export commodity and as a means to foreign exchange, disregarding
the social cost to Filipino families, to a government that creates jobs at home, so that working
abroad will be a choice rather than a necessity; and when its citizens do choose to become OFWs,
their welfare and protection will still be the government’s priority.”

This stated desire to a return to welfare and protection was accompanied by legislative
and executive actions to further regulate labor migration and expand services for OFWs. Soon
after Aquino took office, he signed Republic Act (RA) 10022 into law, aiming to further strengthen
measures to protect migrant workers, their families, and other overseas Filipinos in distress.
Among the law’s key provisions is the restriction of deployment only to countries that have been
certified as safe and offering protection. Implementation-wise, certifying a country as safe or

39
unsafe can be politically and diplomatically sensitive, and deployment bans (even for good
reasons) have not proven effective in stopping migration. The law also mandates recruitment
agencies or employers to provide OFWs with compulsory insurance to cover accidental death or
disability, among other protections.

The Philippines Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) also amended recruitment

industry regulations, resulting in the 2016 Revised POEA Rules and Regulations Governing the
Recruitment and Employment of Seafarers, and a separate set of rules and regulations applying
to land-based workers. These measures were aimed at curbing the illegal practices of recruitment
agencies, such as exorbitant placement fees and contract substitution, which negatively impact
migrants.

The welfare and protection of OFWs received another boost in 2016 with RA 10801, which
launched a new charter bolstering the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA). This
agency’s mandate is to provide programs and services for the welfare of OFWs and their families,
and to manage the funds from member contributions and interest from investments. The
contributions come from the OWWA membership fee of US $25 per contract (which employers or
recruitment agencies are supposed to cover but instead pass on to OFWs). A number of
nongovernmental organizations had criticized the government for not financially contributing to
OWWA operations. The 2016 OWWA charter changed this, stating that the national government
would allocate a regular budget for the operations and personnel expenses of the agency, which
would free up more funds for programs and services. The law also identified the reintegration
program as a core function for OWWA, shifting responsibility from the Department of Labor and
Employment.

The government’s antitrafficking measures also strengthen the protection environment

(although trafficking can also occur internally). The Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of
2012 (RA 10364) amended the 2003 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act to enhance concerted efforts
to combat trafficking and increase penalties for violators. Those who are identified as victims of
trafficking can access support and assistance.

Growing marriage migration also has caused anxieties about the welfare of women who
marry foreign nationals. A new law (RA 10906) strengthening the Anti-Mail Order Bride Act of

40
1990 was enacted in 2016. Unlike the earlier law, the amended version applies to Filipino men as
well as women (though marriage migrants are overwhelmingly female), and takes into account
trafficking and new developments, such as online transactions. The law mainly prohibits
commercial or for-profit matching or offering of Filipinos to foreign nationals through the mail, in
person, or over the Internet, for the purpose of marriage or common law partnership.

Linking Migration and Development

Beyond the now-traditional facilitate-and-protect policy framework, migration governance

in recent years has also started to make inroads on migration and development. The global
discussion on the migration and development nexus may have influenced reflections in the
Philippine context. A 2007 conference and a 2010 comprehensive study on migration and
development in the Philippines brought to the fore five key observations:

1. Migration policies in the Philippines were primarily focused on temporary labor migration.
2. The development impact of migration was mostly discussed in terms of economic benefits,
particularly remittances.
3. The social costs of migration to families were often mentioned.
4. National, regional, and local development plans did not take international migration into
consideration.
5. At the regional and local levels, there were few migration institutions.

In other words, the migration and development nexus were more of a disconnect: Except
in the case of remittances, policies in these areas were not linked, and the national framework
was out of sync with local frameworks. The Central Bank of the Philippines had taken the lead on
improving the remittance environment, likely driven in part by the enormous importance of these
money transfers as well as the relative ease of monitoring formal remittances, compared to other
impacts such as social costs. However, other migration and development initiatives were not as
persistently pursued, implemented, or monitored.

Despite this implementation gap at home, the Philippines has become a global leader in
discussions on migration and development. It has actively participated in the Global Forum on
Migration and Development, and hosted the second such forum in 2008.

41
 These development-related discussions have also expanded the domestic migration
conversation to encompass the broader population of overseas Filipinos, not just OFWs. At the
start of the Aquino administration in 2010, the CFO, created in 1980 to look after the concerns of
permanent migrants and nurture their links to the Philippines, embraced the task of “Responding
to the Challenges of Migration and Development.” The commission began more actively reaching
out to the Filipino diaspora through global and regional summits and developed a one-stop online
portal for diaspora engagement, BaLinkBayan.

CFO also lobbied and cooperated with the National Economic Development Authority
(NEDA), the key government agency responsible for development planning and policy, to
integrate international migration issues into the Philippine Development Plan 2011-16. Sixty
provisions on migration and development appeared in seven out of nine chapters of the plan.
Further, in 2014, NEDA created an interagency structure to promote attention to migration and
development and improve coordination among migration-related agencies and other government
agencies.

There has also been movement toward involving local governments in developing
institutions, policies, and programs on migration and development, including under Phase II of
the Joint Migration and Development Initiative (JMDI). In the past, local officials tended to think of
overseas employment as a national government concern and responsibility. While few local
governments have established migration centers, the POEA and OWWA have forged
partnerships with local governments to enhance the reach of their programs and services

You can read the full text using this link:

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/philippines-beyond-labor-migration-toward-development-
and-possibly-return

Lesson 3. Interconnectedness of Peoples and Nations

Interconnectedness of peoples and nations produce a transcontinental collaboration in the

society. It tells about interactions between domestic and global affairs. The interconnectedness

42
of peoples and nations speed up the process of communications, information and merging ideas.
It also increases the scope of trade, business and finance in the country (Rullin, 2019).

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional grouping that promotes
economic, political, and security cooperation among its ten members: Brunei, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Due to
CoViD-19, the ASEAN 2020 in Vietnam was conducted through videoconference last November
12-15, 2020. Here is an excerpt from the East Asia Summit leaders’ statement on cooperation to
promote steady growth of regional economy.

1. Work together to accelerate regional economic recovery and strengthen regional economic
resilience, while taking all necessary public health measures and cooperating in the
prevention, detection and response to communicable and emerging infectious diseases
including pandemics such as COVID-19;
2. Enhance efforts towards a comprehensive recovery from the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic, including sharing of information and best practices to mitigate the impact of
economic downturns, revive growth, restore consumer and business confidence, promote
investment, productivity, connectivity and tourism, and facilitate essential movement of
people across borders, without undermining each country’s efforts to prevent the spread
of the virus, and minimise the negative effects on livelihoods, including through addressing
unemployment issues, and targeted measures for poverty eradication;
3. Enhance efforts to maintain macroeconomic and financial stability, strengthen financial
resilience and implement necessary fiscal and monetary policies and measures to
accelerate the process of a comprehensive recovery from the impact of COVID-19, as
applicable, and bring the region back on track towards strong growth, with due
consideration to vulnerable households and businesses, especially micro, small and
medium enterprises (MSMEs);
4. Strengthen regional multilateral dialogue and cooperation, and support ASEAN led regional
mechanisms in playing a bigger role for peace, stability, development and prosperity of
the region;
5. Underscore the importance of further strengthening regional economic cooperation, and
resolve to take actions aimed at mitigating the economic impact of the pandemic on global

43
 and regional trade and investment, ensuring macroeconomic and financial stability and
restoring business confidence in the region;
6. Continue to work together to realize a free, fair, transparent, non-discriminatory, predictable,
and stable trade and investment environment, and affirm the importance of agreed upon
rules in the WTO, which can enhance market predictability and business confidence, while
reiterating support for the necessary reform of the WTO;
7. Reiterate that any trade restrictive emergency measures put in place to address the impact of
COVID-19 must be targeted, proportionate, transparent, temporary, consistent with WTO
rules and do not create unnecessary barriers to trade or disruption of global and regional
supply chains;
8. Underscore the importance of strengthening regional supply chains to make them resilient and
less vulnerable to shocks, and to advance sustainable economic growth, and to promote
trade and investment, minimize disruptions to trade and global supply chains, and facilitate
supply chain connectivity, including for essential goods such as medical supplies,
medicines, vaccines, food and agricultural products, commodities, and other essential
supplies and services in the region;
9. Further promote coordination and cooperation with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
with the Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization (CMIM), as the regional financial safety
net, to maintain and strengthen regional economic and financial stability, address balance
of payment difficulties, and encourage international multilateral and regional financial
institutions to maintain their strong support for the region’s durable recovery;
10. Acknowledge the importance of balancing the need between financing policy measures to
address the COVID-19 pandemic and to support economic recovery while ensuring fiscal
sustainability and transparency;
11. Enhance regional connectivity, facilitate coordination and synergies between the Master Plan
on ASEAN Connectivity (MPAC) 2025 and other connectivity initiatives;
12. Embrace the opportunities brought about by the Fourth Industrial Revolution and digital
transformation to mitigate productivity loss amid travel and movement restrictions in
response to the pandemic, promote the development of the digital economy and society
including through addressing the digital divide, smart working solutions, strengthened
cooperation on smart cities and e-commerce, financial technology, promoting digital up-
skilling of the workforce, especially start-ups and MSMEs, and stimulating innovation as a
new driving force for economic development and competitiveness;

44
13. Promote human capital development including through re-skilling and up-skilling of the
workforce to be adaptive and responsive as well as experience sharing in order to promptly
cope with emergency situations in the context of restrictions on travel between countries;
14. Promote cooperation in transitioning and adapting to the post-COVID-19 environment,
including by exchanging best practices in reopening economic and social activities,
enhancing preparedness for future communicable disease outbreaks, building business
and consumer confidence for faster and more productive recovery, and accelerating
implementation of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement;
15. Encourage closer coordination and cooperation between governments and counterparts in
the international community, as well as with the private sector, academia, and civil
societies in addressing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in an effective, innovative,
and timely manner; and
16. Advance the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development for a comprehensive, more inclusive
and sustainable recovery, including poverty eradication and sustainable development in
its three dimensions — economic, social and environmental — in a balanced and
integrated manner.

Lesson 4. The Benefits of Collaboration and Cooperation

Collaboration and cooperation in globalization speak of modernity and optimistic approach

in the modern society. Collaboration and cooperation in globalization protect a country from social
degradation and scientific improvement. It adapts understanding of new cultures, beliefs and
values, increases the opportunity of employment. Collaboration and cooperation in globalization
create an exchange of ideas and information between countries and its people (Rullin, 2019).

Here is an excerpt from the ASEAN Secretariat and United Nations reaffirmed their
commitment to strengthen cooperation and collaboration within the framework of the ASEAN-UN
Comprehensive Partnership Agreement at the Secretariat-to-Secretariat Meeting held at ASEAN
headquarters in Jakarta last 17th of April 2017.

45
ASEAN, UN to strengthen cooperation and collaboration
The five-year Plan of Action is a key instrument for advancing engagement between
ASEAN and the UN to realize the goals of ASEAN Vision 2025 for a ‘people centered, people
oriented’ ASEAN and the UN 2030 Agenda call to ‘leave no one behind’. It covers cooperation
between ASEAN and the United Nations in areas such as peace and security, human rights,
gender mainstreaming, economic integration, people-to-people connectivity and sustainable
development, including climate change and disaster risk reduction among others.

Mr. Miroslav Jenča, Assistant Secretary-General for Political Affairs of the United Nations
commented that “ASEAN has evolved to become an indispensable partner for peace and
prosperity, not only in the region but increasingly on the global stage.” He added that “the new
Secretary-General’s vision of a surge in diplomacy for peace stresses expanded and deepened
cooperation with the UN’s regional partners through innovative and results-oriented relationships
across the three pillars of the United Nations – peace and security, development and human
rights.”

On political-security cooperation, both sides recognized the importance of developing

comprehensive strategies in the areas of peace and security, the prevention of violent extremism
and the promotion and protection of human rights. Participants also discussed transnational
security challenges in the region, including calls from UN experts to address the exploitation of
regional economic integration processes by transnational organized crime and trafficking
networks.

Under economic cooperation, participants reviewed collaboration on deepening regional

integration in the areas of trade facilitation; Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME); food,
agriculture and forestry; energy security and transport connectivity. Under socio-cultural
cooperation, the meeting reviewed progress in balancing growth with environmental and social
protection, including through actions to reduce vulnerabilities to disasters and climate change.
The meeting also underscored the need to address violence in its root causes and further enhance
cooperation in all areas with a view to bring direct benefits to the people.

46
Lesson 5. Different Contributions of the Parts to a Whole

Politics, economy, migration, and environment constitute the components of a whole. This
component creates a domino effect if one part plays least. The combination of all parts into
creative whole will result to innovations. These components will become the key to survival if it
acts creatively and sustainability. It is important to maintain balance to all these parts to avoid
disintegration (Rullin, 2019).

United Nations created a sustainable development goals that helps every nation to have
an action for people, planet and prosperity also to have universal peace and freedom. You can
read the whole action plan using this link https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda

Figure 2.1 Sustainable development goals of UN for 2030

Source: https://tinyurl.com/y3j9zlzc

47
 Assessment Task

ACTIVITY A. Effects of Globalization

Directions: Use the picture below to describe the concrete effects of globalization.

Source: https://cc.search.creativecommons.org/photos

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Source: https://cc.search.creativecommons.org/photos

________________________________________________________________________________________
48
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Source: https://cc.search.creativecommons.org/photos

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Source: https://cc.search.creativecommons.org/photos

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Source: https://cc.search.creativecommons.org/photos

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
49
________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity B: Interconnectedness

Direction: Use the space below to make a collage / drawing to show the interconnectedness of
peoples and nations.

50
Activity C: Interview (Group Work)

Direction: Interview a two OFW, one who is now in the Philippines and one who is currently working
abroad using any media platform (Messenger video call, Zoom, Skype, Google Meet etc.). You can
use personal and mediated interview as part of your procedure. Ask your interviewee about their
experiences working abroad and how they cope up with different situations. Record and submit your
interview (5-7 minutes including the introduction and outro) to your subject teacher in MP4 format.
You can use your communication and editing skills for this activity.

Title:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Nickname of your interviewees:

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Date of interview:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Location of interview:

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

51
WRITTEN WORKS

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which country from the option below has the biggest proportion of migrants is deployed within
Asia?
a. Middle East b. East Asia c. Europe d. South East Asia
2. Which of the following reasons of migration from one country to another is considered the most
important in today’s world?
a. Better living conditions c. To escape persecution
b. Higher wages d. For a better climate
3. How many percent do overseas Filipino workers constitute to the total Filipino population?
a. 10 percent b. 20 percent c. 30 percent d. 40 percent
4. Which of the following will not contribute to hourly wages being lowered in Philippines than in
the United States?
a. Philippines lacks much of the infrastructure of the U.S.
b. b. Philippines has less capital per worker than the U.S. does.
c. c. Philippines labor force is less educated than the U.S. labor force.
d. d. Philippines technology lags behind that of the U.S.
5. How does immigration now into the United States as a fraction of the Philippine population is
compared to the beginning of the 20th century?
a. Much greater (more than ten times as large)
b. Somewhat greater (between twice as large and ten times as large)
c. About the same
d. Somewhat smaller (between one tenth as large and half as large)
6. How can a compensation systems influence?
a. by motivating the workers
b. by the quality of workers who work at the firm
c. by the workers who quit and who stay on the job
d. all of the above
7. What do you call a person who searches for a job sequentially?
a. searches while employed
b. accepts the first job offers
c. accepts the best job offer after applying for a pre-specified number of jobs 52

d. accepts or rejects job offer as they arrive

8. Mass migration takes place in the Philippines primarily because of what reason?
a. the government is lazy to help the poor
b. the government is rich enough to employ the jobless
c. failure of government to provide decent jobs and decent wages to its people.
d. failure of the government to equally distribute its wealth.
9. How common is it for people to migrate from one developing country to another?
a. More common than migration from developing countries to developed countries.
b. Less common than migration from developing countries to developed countries, but more
common than migration between developed countries.
c. Less common than migration between developed countries, but more common than
migration from developed countries to developing countries.
d. Less common than migration from developed countries to developing countries, but more
than migration from developing countries to developed countries.
10. What is the world's third biggest source of migrant workers in the world?
a. China b. India c. Philippines d. Indonesia
11. What is the natural rate of unemployment in the Philippines?
a. zero
b. below 50 percent of the population
c. above 50 percent of the population
d. about 80 percent of the recent population
12. Which country has the biggest proportion of migrants deployed?
a. Asia and United States b. China and India
c. Australia and New Zealand d. Saudi Arabia and Dubai
13. How many countries and destinations do this overseas Filipino worker found?
a.100 countries b.200 countries c.300 countries d.400 countries
14. What are the effects of the labor migration in the country?
a. skilled workers will be insufficient.
b. decrease in the remittances
c. increase in the remittances
d. both a and c
15. Why are migrant Filipinos called new economic heroes?
a. because they contribute a lot in the economy.
b. because they are exploited and abused.
c. because they are the product of extreme poverty in the country
53
d. because they died in other country.
 Summary

• Labor is the work done by a group of workers or by a particular worker.

• Labor relation refers to the relationship between employers and employees in industry
along with the political decisions and laws that affect it.
• Globalization refers to the connection of various parts of the world which results in
expansion of multicultural, political, and economic activities.
• Globalization is defined as the integration of goods and people among various countries
as they move from one country to another.
• Collaboration and cooperation in globalization speak of modernity and optimistic
approach in the modern society.
• Collaboration and cooperation in globalization protect a country from social degradation
and scientific improvement.
• Interconnectedness of peoples and nations produce a transcontinental collaboration in
the society. Interconnectedness tells about interactions between domestic and global
affairs.
• Politics, economy, migration, and environment constitute the components of a whole.

References

Asis, M.M.B., (2017). The Philippines: Beyond Labor Migration, Toward Development and
(Possibly) Return. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/philippines-beyond-labor-migration-
toward-development-and-possibly-return

54
ASEAN-UN to strengthen cooperation and collaboration. (2017). https://asean.org/asean-un-to-
strengthen-cooperation-and-collaboration/

Bello, W., and Feffer J., (2009). The virtues of deglobalization.

https://fpif.org/the_virtues_of_deglobalization/

Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO). 2017. CFO Statistics on Philippine International

Migration. Manila: CFO.

East Asia Summit Leaders’ Statement on Cooperation to Promote Steady Growth of Regional
Economy. (2020). https://asean.org/east-asia-summit-leaders-statement-cooperation-promote-
steady-growth-regional-economy/

Rullin, M. (2019). Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century. Alternative Delivery
Mode. Department of Education.

Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.(n.d.). United Nations.
Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda

55
 MODULE 4
PLANETARY NETWROKS: CLIMATE CHANGE

Introduction

This lesson will highlight the simple ways list of activities on how we are going to take care
of our environment. There is no other creation who will take care for our environment except for
us human beings. Our personal actions will contribute in taking care of our environment. A simple
step will make big difference.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. explain the effects of consumption and production patterns on climate change;
2. discuss personal contributions that can actually solve the problem of climate change;
and
3. make a stand on how the consequences of one’s action affect the lives of others and
the environment.

Lesson 1. Activities that Exemplify Care for the Environment

Every year on 5th June, World Environment Day is observed to spread awareness for the
protection of our environment. This year, it will be hosted by India for which the decided theme is-
Beat Plastic Pollution.

56
 It’s high time that we as an individual must contribute to protect and sustain our
environment. Here are a few simple ways with which you can make a difference (Rawat, 2018).

1. Plant more trees

Trees are the greatest source of oxygen that removes carbon dioxide and provide fresh
and pure air to breathe. They help decrease ozone level in the environment, reduce noise
pollution, and offer various fruits and flowers that provide several health benefits. You can also
put indoor plants in your home to reduce the level of air pollutants like benzene and nitrogen
dioxide and keep the air temperature down.

2. Save electricity
Always switch off the light, fan or A.C when you walk out of the room or don’t need them.
Try to make better use of sunlight and avoid using artificial lights at daytime. Unplug the electronic
appliance when you are not using them. Along with helping the environment, it saves your
electricity as well.

3. Save water
Water is a natural resource and its supply is finite, therefore, to preserve our environment
and minimize the effect of drought, it is necessary to conserve water. Take short showers. Do not
keep the tap water running when you are washing dishes. Don’t waste too much of water while
flushing. It takes a great number of resources to get fresh and clean water delivered to your house,
so please don’t waste it and use wisely.

4. Go paperless or use less paper

In the office or at home, we all take print out of documents, tickets, and flyers, etc. Most
of the time we throw away half-used notepads. Many trees are cut down every year to produce
paper. So, by saving paper, you can do a huge favor to conserve the environment. Don’t take
printouts unless it’s necessary. Don’t avail the magazine subscriptions. Take notes on your
mobile, instead of paper for immediate use.

5. Save fuel

57
 Walking or riding your bicycle to commute to work, school, and other places will cut down
the fuel consumption and burn some calories that is also beneficial for your health. Or you can
also take public transport or try carpool. Stop the car when stuck in a jam or at the red light. You
can also invest in a fuel-efficient car. Adopting these measures will save the fuel and reduce
greenhouse gases in the environment.

6. Use jute bags

Avoid using plastic or paper bags every time you go grocery shopping. Because plastic is
harmful to the environment that takes almost 450 years to decompose. Make it a habit to always
carry eco-friendly jute bag whenever you go shopping. Jute is a natural fiber that lasts longer and
when left unused get destroyed on its own without contributing to the environmental pollution.

7. Compost
When you decompose the organics in landmines, they produce methane and other
greenhouse gases, which absorbs the heat from the sun and contributes to warming the earth.
Try to decompose your food and other organic waste. The compost makes a natural fertilizer that
enriches the soil and helps produce healthy fruits and vegetables.

8. Quit smoking
Smoking is one of the major causes of air pollution and the discarded cigarette butts litter the
streets and contaminate water bodies. When you smoke indoors or in public places, you also put
the health of people around you at the stake. Quitting smoking will make you live longer and
healthier and also save the environment from the toxic chemicals found in cigarettes.

9. Recycle
Recycling minimizes pollution and preserves our natural resources. The process is quite
easy and all you have to do is make wise choices. Buy products that can be recycled or made
from recycled materials. In supermarkets, pick the products with least packaging. Collect the
materials that can be recycled and throw them in a recycle bin provided by the local council.

10. Say no to firecrackers

Fireworks is one of the main causes of air and noise pollution. The chemicals found in
crackers, such as copper, zinc, lead, magnesium, etc. never fully decompose that have an

58
adverse effect on the environment and put human health at stake. Say no to crackers and
celebrate the festivals and special occasions of life without expanding the carbon footprint.

Lesson 2. Effects of Consumption and Production Matter

One article by Mongabay.com (2020), presented that Philippines ranked 57th out of 98
countries in Air Visual’s list of the world’s most polluted countries in 2019.

To lessen the effects of consumption and production matter, the lawmaker created
different laws that will protect our country and decreasing the pollution in different provinces
specially the cities.

Selected Philippine laws on the environment (Sta. Romana, 2017)

The Philippines is known as a leader in the region regarding laws that provide the legal
and policy framework for protecting the environment, for example, the Clean Air Act 1999, the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 2000, the Clean Water Act 2004, the Biofuels Act 2006,
and the Renewable Energy Act 2008.

Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PEIS) of 1978 (Presidential Decree 1586)
A Decree providing the legal and procedural framework for conducting Environmental
Impact Assessments (EIA) for projects likely to have significant environmental impact. This has
been updated by several Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
administrative orders.

Clean Air Act of 1999

An Act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and a national program
to prevent, manage, control, and reverse air pollution through both regulatory and market-based
instruments.

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

An Act setting up a national program for managing the transfer, transport, processing, and
disposal of solid waste. It calls for a phasing out of open dump sites and converting them into
sanitary landfills.

59
Clean Water Act of 2004
An Act providing for a comprehensive water quality management, with the aim of
protecting the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources.
Biofuels Act of 2006
An Act establishing the framework for the promotion of the use of biofuels in road transport
(biodiesel and gasoline blended with bioethanol).

Renewable Energy Act of 2008

An Act establishing the framework for the accelerated development of renewable energy
resources.

Climate Change Act of 2009

An Act establishing the Climate Change Commission, tasked to coordinate, monitor and
evaluate programs, and action plans

Lesson 3. Effects of Climate Change

According to Climate links (2017), the Philippines is highly vulnerable to the impacts of
climate change, including sea level rise, increased frequency of extreme weather events, rising
temperatures and extreme rainfall. This is due to its high exposure to natural hazards (cyclones,
landslides, floods, droughts), dependence on climate-sensitive natural resources and vast
coastlines where all major cities and the majority of the population reside.

The Philippines lies in the world’s most cyclone-prone region, averaging 19–20 cyclones
each year, of which 7–9 make landfall. Sea levels in the Philippines are rising faster than the
global average, increasing the hazard posed by storm surges and threatening permanent
inundation of low-lying areas. A rich yet increasingly depleted natural and marine resources base
supports livelihoods through fisheries, agriculture, forestry, energy, mining and tourism and
provides critical ecosystem services such as shoreline protection, flood control, soil stability and
habitats for biodiversity.

60
 One study by National Integrated Climate Change Database Information and Exchange
System (NICCDIES, 2020), Philippines is the third most vulnerable country to climate change
according to the 2017 world risk report. Impacts of climate change in the Philippines are immense,
including: annual losses in GDP, changes in rainfall patterns and distribution, droughts, threats to
biodiversity and food security, sea level rise, public health risks, and endangerment of vulnerable
groups such as women and indigenous people.

Based on a study by the Asian Development Bank on the economics of climate change,
the country stands to lose 6% of its GDP annually by 2100 if it disregards climate change risks.
This same study found that if the Philippines invests 0.5% of its GDP by 2020 in climate change
adaptation, it can avert losses of up to 4% of its GDP by 2100—clearly a short-term investment
with a long-term eight-fold gain.

Threats to natural ecosystem in our country (NICCDIES, 2020)

Approximately 1 million hectares of grasslands in the Philippines are highly vulnerable to

climate change in the future. Most grasslands in the uplands are prone to fires particularly during
extended periods of dryness and lack of rainfall during summer.

Coral Loss
The 2016 Low Carbon Monitor Report foresees that 98 percent of coral reefs in Southeast
Asia will die by 2050, practically an extinction by the end of the century if current global warming
trends will continue. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that by
years 2051 to 2060, the maximum fish catch potential of Philippine seas will decrease by as much
as 50% compared to 2001-2010 levels.

Declining rice yields

An analysis of temperature trends and irrigated field experiments at the International Rice
Research Institute shows that grain yield decreased by at least 10% for each 1°C increase in
growing-season minimum temperature in the dry season.

More intense droughts

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 Global warming exacerbates the effects of El Niño the most recent of which was
experienced in the country from 2015 to 2016. The Department of Agriculture estimated that
413,456 farmers have been directly affected by El Niño-associated drought and dry spells during
the last El Niño period.

Higher sea level rise

Observed sea level rise is remarkably highest at 60 centimeters in the Philippines, about
three times that of the global average of 19 centimeters. This puts at risk 60% of LGUs covering
64 coastal provinces, 822 coastal municipalities, 25 major coastal cities, and an estimated 13.6
million Filipinos that would need relocation.

Water scarcity
Climate change, rapid urbanization, and population growth drives water scarcity
worldwide. A study conducted by the World Resources Institute predicts that Philippines will
experience a ‘high’ degree of water shortage by the year 2040. The country ranked 57th likely
most water stressed country in 2040 out of 167 countries. The sector that will bear the brunt of
water shortage by that year is agriculture, a major component of the country’s economy and which
currently employs x% of the country’s workforce.

Labor productivity declined

According to a 2016 United Nations study, climate change-induced heat in the workplace
is projected to render 1% loss in working hours by 2025, 2% by 2050, and 4% by 2085.

More public health emergencies

Higher temperatures also trigger the surge of diseases such as dengue, malaria, cholera,
and typhoid. In 1998, when the Philippines experienced the strongest El Nino phenomenon to-
date, almost 40,000 dengue cases, 1,200 cholera cases, and nearly 1,000 typhoid fever cases,
were recorded nationwide.

More women endangered and killed

A paper released by the World Health Organization (WHO) examining gender, climate
change, and health, stated that the impacts of natural hazards such as droughts, floods and

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storms affect more women than men, and tend to affect women at a younger age. Climate-
sensitive and gender-specific health impacts affect women disproportionately than men

Lesson 4. Steps to Address the Climate Change

Climate change is one of the defining issues of our time. Sciences, education, culture and
communication contribute to creating knowledge, educating and communicating about climate
change, and to understanding the ethical implications for present and future generations are the
other 30 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) programs
discussed.

The UNESCO Climate Change Initiative, aims to help to mitigate and adapt to climate
change, to educate for sustainable development in the context of climate change, to assess the
risks of natural disasters due to climate change, and to monitor the effects of climate change on
UNESCO Sites (e.g. World Heritage sites and biosphere reserves). The initiative uses these sites
for promoting low carbon economies, for instance through the sustainable use of renewable
energy sources (UNESCO, n.d.).

The complexities involved require enhanced progress in providing education, public

awareness and training for societies around the world to better understand, mitigate and adapt to
climate change. This progress will create an aware and informed citizen, a knowledgeable
workforce and enlightened government officials.

Climate change can loss and degrade our biodiversity, such as forests, is also an
important driver of climate change. Through the ecosystem services it supports, we can lessen
the effects of climate change and the impact of itself. Climate change can increasingly recognize
as the driver of biodiversity change with the most rapid increase in impacts and related cascading
effects on human livelihoods.

Another thing to realize is the importance of the ocean to global climate change that cannot
be underestimated. The ocean regulates our climate and captures almost a third of our carbon

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emissions. Whether caused by increasing greenhouse gases, coastal pollution, overfishing,
coastal development or increasing population pressure, the world’s ocean, coasts and marine
ecosystems are undergoing great changes.

Ten possible solutions for Climate Change

An article by Madaan (2018), suggested that there is a solution to each problem, and
suggested possible solutions to climate change namely:

1. Stop Cutting down Trees: Believe it or not, cutting down trees is the prime reason of the climate
change. Planting new trees can quickly scale back the speed of the emission of gases.

2. Control Population: Yes, if the population is controlled, then climate change can also be
controlled. How? Putting in simpler words, a greater number of individuals suggests that
additional demand of resources like food and shelter resulted in additional usage or
utilization of the earth.

3. Less use of Fossil Fuels: The high discharges of the greenhouse’s gases are diminishing the
ozone layer which gives global warming. It is then one of the major causes of climate
change.

4. Unplug your Devices: In almost every house, there are at least a dozen of appliances which
includes air conditioner, television, microwave, washing machine and others. These
devices lead to global warming, hence the climate change.

5. Focus on Renewable Energy: Fossil fuels are going to be finished in an exceedingly few decade
and it's time to maneuver towards the renewable energy. In several elements of the globe,
several cities are using the energy from the renewable sources of energy which
incorporates wind, solar, tidal, ocean and many more.

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6. Control of Methane Leaks: Surprisingly, methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon
dioxide. Every month, there is a huge quantity of methane leak from pipeline, storage
tanks, other infrastructure, garbage dumps and coal mines.

7. Tougher Emissions and Efficiency Standards: Most of the harmful gases are released either
by automobiles or power plants. Many countries have already put strict rules in controlling
the emissions.
8. Experimenting the Earth: There are many experiments being done on Earth which might control
climate change. Some ideas like, Geo-engineering, radical interventions to either block
sunlight or reduce greenhouse gas are probably the last options to control the climate
change.

9. Upgrade in infrastructure: Buildings require cement and it is produced by heating limestone

giving rise to the carbon dioxide level. Upgrade in infrastructure like, making the roads
perfect, improving cement-making processes and investing in new infrastructure or
radically upgrading existing highways and transmission lines would cut emission of
greenhouse gas and control climate change.

10. Personal Solutions to Global Warming: There are many steps which everyone can take in
order to control the climate change. A small step by anyone can make a big difference.
• Drive less and cycle more while going to school or work.
• Upgrade your refrigerator and air conditioner, especially if they are more than five
years old.

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 Assessment Task

ACTIVITY A. POSTER ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE

Directions: Create a poster on your personal advocacy to fight climate change and explain. Write
your slogan inside the box and your explanation below. You can also use your cellphone or laptop
in creating a poster.

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ACTIVITY B. LISTING

Directions: Answer the questions from the column below.

List down at least 10 products or goods that In what ways do these products used daily
you use daily. affect the environment?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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WRITTEN WORKS

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. What can you do to prevent climate change in your level?
a. Drive your car less and use public transport
b. Turn off the lights when not in use
c. Recycle the materials
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following activities contribute the most to carbon emissions globally?
a. Energy Supply c. Agriculture
b. Transport d. Forestry
3. Which of the following statements is true about climate change?
a. Global sea level are rising.
b. Get rid from fuel companies is the best solutions for climate change.
c. Majority of the scientists agree that climate change is caused by natural phenomenon.
d. Humans are insignificant to affect global climate
4. Which particular effect of Global warming that has affected many parts of earth?
a. Cooler temperatures c. Season changes
b. Melting ice d. None of the above
5. What causes the greenhouse effect?
a. Greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere absorbing solar radiation
b. Greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere absorbing radiation from the earth's
surface, and preventing much of it escaping into space
c. Too much heat in the atmosphere
d. Too much sunshine reaching Earth
6. Which of the following statements best describe the solutions to climate change?
a. Stop down the cutting of tress
b. Less use of the fossil fuels
c. More consumption on energy
d. Focused on the renewal energy
7. Which of this statement is the true cause of the greenhouse effect?
a. Excess of nitrogen in the atmosphere
b. Excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
c. Heat from the sun that reaches the surface of the earth
d. All of the above
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8. What global issue that refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on earth due to the
burning of fossil fuels?
a. Climate change b. Ultraviolet rays c. El Niño d. Heat wave
9. Which of the following activities are the causes of climate change, except?
a. Rise of the sea levels c. Deforestation
b. Burning of fossil fuels d. Food consumption
10. What is NOT believed to be a cause global warming?
a. Increase in greenhouse gases
b. Burning fossil fuels
c. Increase in human populations
d. None of the above

True or False. Analyze each statement. Write T If the statement is true but if the statement is false
write F. Write your answer on the space provided.

________11. The food consumption and production have no significant impact on the environment.
________12. Renewable energy is one of the possible solutions for climate change.

________13. Agriculture activities contribute the most to carbon emissions globally.

________14. The increase of human populations is NOT believed to cause global warming.
________15. Fossil fuels are natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the
remains of living organisms.

________16. Using plastic cups help the environment as it helps for refilling water or juices.
________17. Use regular bulbs instead of energy-efficient light bulbs.

________18. Turning off lights, TV, and other appliances when not in use help conserve our energy.
________19. Taking public transportation is better than walking, or riding a bike as best options that
help the environment.

________20. Using Cars or any public transportation are harmful to the environment.

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 Summary

• Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to
define Earth's local, regional and global climates. These changes have a broad range of
observed effects that are synonymous with the term.
• Global warming, the gradual heating of Earth's surface, oceans and atmosphere, is
caused by human activity, primarily the burning of fossil fuels that pump carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

References

Climate Links. (2017). Climate Risk Profile: Philippines.

https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-change-risk-profile-philippines
CIIT. (2019).Simple Ways a Student Like You Can Save the
Environment.https://www.ciit.edu.ph/students-save-the-environment/

Sta. Romana, L.L. (2017). Chapter 10 Sustainable Consumption and Production in the
Philippines. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814730914_0010

Madaan, S., (2018). 10 Solutions for Climate Change. Earth Eclipse.

https://www.eartheclipse.com/climate-change/10-solutions-for-climate-change.html

Manila gets its skyline back as air quality improves amid COVID-19 lockdown. (2020).
mongabay.com. https://tinyurl.com/y3agybbg

National Integrated Climate Change Database Information and Exchange System. (2020).
https://niccdies.climate.gov.ph/climate-change-impacts

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Rawat, A., (2018). 10 Ways to Take Care of the Environment and Make a Difference.
https://www.fnp.com/blog/10-ways-take-care-environment-make-difference

UNESCO.(n.d.) Addressing Climate Change. https://en.unesco.org/themes/addressing-climate-

change

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