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Indian Edible Oil Industry

The Indian vegetable oil economy is the world’s fourth largest after the US, China
and Brazil, harvesting about 25 million tons of oilseeds against the world. Since
1995, Indian share in world production of oilseeds has been around 10 percent.
Although, India is a major producer of oilseeds, per capita oil consumption in
India is only 10.6 kg/annum which is low compared to 12.5 kg/annum in China,
20.8 kg/annum in Japan, 21.3 kg/annum in Brazil and 48.0 kg/annum in USA.

Vegetable oil consumption has increased following a rise in household incomes

and consumer demand. India imports half of its edible oil requirement, making it
the world’s third-largest importer of edible oil. The country buys soya oil from
Argentina & Brazil and palm oil from Malaysia & Indonesia.

Currently, India accounts for 11.2 per cent of vegetable oil import and 9.3 per
cent of edible oil consumption.

Types of Oils commonly in use in India:

India has a wide range of oilseeds crops grown in its different agro climatic
zones. Groundnut, mustard/rapeseed, sesame, safflower, linseed, nigerseed /
castorseed are the major traditionally cultivated oilseeds. Soyabean and
sunflower have also assumed importance in recent years. Groundnut, soyabean
and mustard together contribute about 85 percent of the country’s oilseeds
production. Coconut is most important amongst the plantation crops. Efforts are
being made to grow oil palm in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu in
addition to Kerala and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Among the non-conventional
oils, ricebran oil and cottonseed oil are the most important. In addition, oilseeds
of tree and forest origin, which grow mostly in tribal inhabited areas, are also a
significant source of oils.

Until 2002, the olive oil sector in India was predominantly unorganised. The olive
oil industry in India is small and largely people use it more for cosmetic purposes
than for cooking . Today Indians are moving to better cooking mediums like Olive
oil for health and wellness reasons. Oli ve Oil has always been placed
somewhere between food and medicine and the biggest challenge is to educate
Indian consumers on the benefits of olive oil as a cooking medium. Today, the
domestic olive oil consumption is seen rising 25% annually.

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Production of Oilseeds in India:

India is one of the largest producers of oilseeds in the world and this sector
occupies an important position in the agricultural economy and accounts for an
estimated production of 28.21 million tonnes of nine cultivated oilseeds during
the year 2007-08. India contributes about 6 -7% of the world oilseeds production.

Net availability of edible oils from all domestic sources / Consumption of edible
oils from Domestic and Import Sources

(Qty.in million tonnes)

Oil Year (Nov. - Oct.) Net availability of edible Consumption of Edible

oils from all domestic Oils (from domestic and
sources import sources)
2005-2006 8.31 12.60
2006-2007 7.37 11.58
2007-2008(Estimated) 8.42 12.19

Production of Cultivated Oilseeds during the last few years (Nov. -Oct.)
(Qty. in million tonnes)

Oilseeds 07-08 (Estimated) 06-07 05-06

Groundnut 7.29 4.86 7.99
Rapeseed 7.06 7.44 8.13
& Mustard
Sesamum 0.73 0.62 0.64
Soybean 9.45 8.85 8.27
Sunflower 1.12 1.23 1.44
Safflower 0.22 0.24 0.23
Niger 0.11 0.12 0.11
Linseed 0.13 0.17 0.17
Castor 1.04 0.76 0.99
Total 27.16 24.28 27.98

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Status of the Vegetable Oil Industry (as on April 2008)

Type of Vegetable Oil No. Of Annual Capacity Average Capacity

Industry Units (Lakh MT) Utilisation
1,50,000 425
Oilseed Crushing Units 10-30%
(Approx) (In terms of Seeds)
419
Solvent Extraction Units 779 (In terms of Oil-bearing 33%
Material)
Refineries attached with 51
127 45%
Vanaspati Units (in terms of oil)
Refineries attached with 37
225 29%
Solvent Units (in terms of oil)
35
Independent Refineries 585 36%
(in terms of oil)
123
Total Refineries 937 37%
(in terms of oil)
58
(in terms of Vanaspati,
Vanaspati Units 268 19%
Bakery Shortening &
Margarine)

Market Trends:

• India is the world’s fourth largest edible oil economy, after USA, China and
Brazil, with 15,000 oil mills, 711 solvent extraction units, and 264
vanaspati plants; and over 1,000 refineries employing more than one
million people.

• The total market size is at Rs. 600 billion and import-export trade is worth
Rs.130 billion.

• India being deficient in oils has to import 40% of its consumption

requirements.

• The domestic turn over of the vegetable oil industry is Rs.70,000 crores
and import-export turnover of about Rs.16,000 crores per annum, consist
of Rs.10,000 crores for import of edible oils & Rs.6,000 crores for export of

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oilmeals, oilseeds castor oil, groundnut oil & vegetable fats of tree borne
oilseeds.

• India's edible oil industry is growing at an compounded annual growth rate

(CAGR) of 90 per cent. By rationalizing the import duty, the growth rate of
sector may rise up to 150 per cent by 2010.

• The total size of the olive oil market in India is around 4 million euro in
terms of value and 2,000 tonnes in terms of volume, out of which Spanish
companies command a share of about 60%.

• Currently, India accounts for 7.4% of world oilseeds output; 6.1% of world
oilmeal production; 3.9% of world oilmeal export; 5.8% of world vegoil
production; 11.2% of world vegoil import; and 9.3% of the world edible oil
consumption.

• India consumes over 4.5 million tons Palm Oil and other Palm Oil
Products per annum, while domestic production of Crude Palm Oil in India
is hardly 60,000 tons per annum and rising very slowly.

Statutory Regulations:

The Vegetable Oil Industry is administered through the following regulation

orders which are statutory in nature and derive their powers from the Essential
Commodities Act:

• Vegetable Oil Products (Regulation) Order, 1998;

• Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Order, 1998;
• Solvent Extracted Oil, De-oiled Meal and Edible Flour (Control) order,
1967.

Duty Regime:

Custom Duty:

With effect from 1st April, 2008, the customs duty on crude and refined forms of
Palm Oil, Palmolein, Palm Kernel Oil, Soyabean Oil, Rapeseed/Mustard Oil,
Sunflower Oil, Safflower Oil, Groundnut Oil, Coconut Oil and some other
Vegetable Oils has been reduced to zero percent and 7.5% respectively.

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The customs duty on all grades of olive oil has been reduced to 7.5 percent from
the previous 45 percent on virgin olive oil and 40 percent each on refined olive oil
and olive pomace oil.

Import Duty:

The import duty on crude edible oils has been abolished and duty on refined
edible oils has been lowered to 7.5%.

Import Duty Structure on edible oils effective from 1 st April 2008

Item Description WTO Current rates of Current rates of

Binding duty on Crude duty on Refined
Edible Oils Edible Oils
Virgin Olive Oil 45% Nil 7.5%
Olive Oil other than 40% Nil 7.5%
virgin
Soyabean Oil 45% Nil 7.5%
Palmolein 300% Nil 7.5%
Palm Oil 300% Nil 7.5%
Groundnut Oil 300% Nil 7.5%
Sunflower Oil 300% Nil 7.5%
Safflower Oil 300% Nil 7.5%
Coconut Oil 300% Nil 7.5%
Rapeseed/Mustard Oil 75% Nil 7.5%

Value Added Tax (VAT):

There are differences in the percentage rates and rules from State to State under
VAT for oilseeds, oil meals, oilcake and oils.

There is an element of 4% VAT on edible oils / oilseeds plus octroi and other
local taxes on edible oils imposed by the state governments, which accounts to
nearly 6 to 7%.

The VAT on Olive oils is also charged at the rate of 4% by the Indian States.

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Foreign Direct Investment Policy:

100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is allowed in Indian vegetable oils and
vanaspati industry through the automatic route.

Moreover in the Food processing sector and the Private oil refineries sector
100% FDI is allowed through the automatic route.

Import of Vegetable Oils:

India, the world's biggest vegetable oil importer after China, buys almost half of
its annual consumption of around 11 million tonnes, including palm oil from
Malaysia and Indonesia and soyoil from Brazil and Argentina. India mainly
imports olive oil from Spain, Italy, Turkey and Greece.

India's vegetable oil imports rose to 593,730 tonnes in June 2008.

Import Data of various types of Olive Oils:

The olive oil market in India is expanding rapidly. In 2007, India imported 23,000
tonnes of olive oil. It is estimated that India will import 42,000 tonnes in 2012,
implying a compounded annual growth rate of approximately 80 percent.

(i) Virgin Grade Olive Oil

Italy is the largest virgin oil exporting nation and occupies the largest
share in India’s total virgin olive oil import volume. It is closely followed by
Spain which occupies the next position of India’s total virgin olive oil import
volume. Other important countries exporting the virgin grade olive oil to
India include countries like Turkey, Greece, UK, Australia and USA.

Year Value (US$ Quantity India's Total Import

Million) (in (US$ Million)
thousand
Kgs)
2004-2005 0.28 92.48 111,517.44
2005-2006 0.41 126.77 149,165.73
2006-2007 0.86 299.37 185,604.10
2007-2008(Apr-Dec) 1.24 415.15 172,119.50

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(ii) Other Grades of Olive Oil & its fractions (Excluding Virgin)

Spain is the largest exporting nation in this category and occupies the
largest share of India’s total import volume in this grade. It is closely
followed by Italy which occupies the next position of India’s total import
volume in this grade.

Year Value (US$ Quantity India's Total Import

Million) (in (US$ Million)
thousand
Kgs)
2004-2005 2.94 789.09 111,517.44
2005-2006 4.21 1,100.54 149,165.73
2006-2007 3.73 908.16 185,604.10
2007-2008(Apr-Dec) 3.48 778.67 172,119.50

(iii) Olives Prepared / Preserved, Not Frozen

Spain is the largest exporter of fresh olives to India occupying more than
85% of India’s import volume in this grade.

Year Value (US$ Quantity India's Total Import

Million) (in (US$ Million)
thousand
Kgs)
2004-2005 0.16 20.65 111,517.44
2005-2006 0.22 56.39 149,165.73
2006-2007 0.36 119.45 185,604.10
2007-2008(Apr-Dec) 0.33 108.54 172,119.50

(iv) Olives Provisionally Preserved

Spain is the largest exporter of provisionally preserved olives to India. Italy

ranks the second biggest exporter of provisionally preserved olives to
India.

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Year Value (US$ Quantity India's Total Import

Million) (in (US$ Million)
thousand
Kgs)
2004-2005 0.13 52.97 111,517.44
2005-2006 0.24 94.71 149,165.73
2006-2007 0.32 148.73 185,604.10
2007-2008(Apr-Dec) 0.16 105.12 172,119.50

Localisation of the Industry:

India is one of the largest producers of oilseeds in the world. The oilseeds area
and output is concentrated in Central and southern parts of India, mainly in
Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. In India,
oilseeds are grown in an area of nearly 27 million hectares across the length and
breadth of the country.

Groundnuts:

India ranks second in the world (after China) in groundnut production. The three
southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and the western
state of Gujarat together account for close to 80% of the annual output in India.

Regional trends in groundnut production indicate that the recent increase in

groundnut yields has mainly occurred in Tamil Nadu due to increased irrigation.
Although Tamil Nadu accounts for 12% of the total area under groundnuts, it
contributes to 22% of the total production.

Rapeseed-Mustard:

India ranks fourth (after China, EU and Canada) in the world in the production of
Rapeseed. Almost 40 percent of the rapeseed output comes from the state of
Rajasthan. Other major states include Uttar Pradesh (18%), Madhya Pradesh
(10%) and Haryana (11%). Yield improvements have taken place in all the major
states although Haryana shows the maximum growth in yields in the last two
decades.

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Soybeans :

In India Madhya Pradesh is the leading state in producing soybean followed by

Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. On an average, Madhya Pradesh
produces 74 percent of India's total soybean crop; Maharashtra, 13 percent; and
Rajasthan, 10 percent. The crop has exhibited a vast potential as a monsoon
season crop mainly in Central India, and is extending its coverage in the
Southern parts of the country.

Olive Oil:

India relies on import route for its olive requirement, as the country has no olive
cultivation locally except in a few pockets in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal
Pradesh. For the first time, Rajasthan government has tied up with an Israeli firm
Indolive Ltd and Indian company Plastro Plasson Industries to promote olive
farming on 210 hectares in the state.

In India the major Olive Oil importing companies are clustered in the States of
Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai.

Key Market Players and Brands:

Major Market players:

Edible Oils:

• National Dairy Development Board (Anand)

• ITC Agro-Tech (Secunderabad)
• Marico Industries (Mumbai)
• Ahmed Mills (Mumbai)

Vanaspathi:

• Hindustan Lever (Mumbai)

• Wipro (Bangalore)
• Rasoi (Calcutta)
• Avi Industries (Mumbai)

Major Oil Brands:

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Oil brands:

• Sundrop
• Dhara
• Saffola
• Sweekar
• Postman

Vanaspathi brands:

• Dalda
• Rath

Major Olive Oil Brands:

The brands available in the Indian market are predominantly Italian, with one
American brand, Bertolli.

Of the current marketshare of an estimated 1,700 tonnes of olive oil imported into
India, the brand Leonardo claims 15 per cent of the market share with 255
tonnes, while Colavita has 150 tonnes or 11 per cent.

The following are the other imported brands:

• Aceites Borges Pont, S.A. (Spain)

• Arte Oliva (Spain)
• Consul brand (Spain)
• Figaro (Spain)
• Fragata (Spain)
• Musa (Spain)
• Casarinaldi (Italy)
• Cipriani Industria SRL (Italy)
• Costa d’Oro (Italy)
• Divella (Italy)
• Filippo berio (Italy)
• Granoro (Italy)
• Olitalia (Italy)
• Pietro Coricelli (Italy)

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• Santagata (Italy)
• Sasso (Italy)
• Urbani Tartufi (Italy)
• Olivo (New Zealand)
• Bilginoglu brand (Turkey)

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