FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

UiTM NEGERI SEMBILAN

KUALA PILAH CAMPUS

CHM213
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

LAB REPORT (EXP 1)

EXPERIMENT TITLE :THERMOCHEMISTRY

NAME : MOHAMAD HAZIM IRFAN BIN MD NOOR

STUDENT ID : 2020287202

LECTURER’S NAME : DR NURAZIRA MOHD NOR

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 5/11/2021

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Declaration of Academic Honesty

Academic honesty or academic integrity is a very important virtue that all students should
uphold at all times.

I/We declare that the lab report submitted is not plagiarised and is entirely my/our own work,
and that no part of it has been copied from any work produced by other person(s)/ source(s)
or provided by any other student(s).

I/We understand that issuing a false declaration can result in severe penalties and I/we
am/are willing to be penalized if any form of copying found valid.

___________________________

(STUDENT’S NAME) : MOHAMAD HAZIM IRFAN BIN MD NOOR

(STUDENT ID) : 202028720
OBJECTIVES:
a) To determine the heat capacity of calorimeter
b) To determine the heat of neutralisation

INTRODUCTION:

Thermochemistry is the branch of chemistry that examines the qualitative and quantitative
changes in heat energy caused by chemical reactions and/or physical transformations. It is
also an important study topic since it aids in determining if a reaction will occur and whether
it will release or absorb energy while doing so. It discusses heat, heat capacity, and the heat
produced by chemical and physical processes. Heat is defined as the movement of energy
from or into a system as a result of a temperature difference between the system and its
surroundings. It's commonly misconstrued as a form of energy produced by the random
motion of molecules. Calorimeters are used to track chemical reactions that involve heat
transfer. Calorimeters are insulated to prevent heat loss or gain between the calorimeter and
its surroundings, allowing for the monitoring of heat flow in the system. The heat capacity of
a calorimeter is the amount of heat it absorbs for each 1°C change in temperature that can
be determined experimentally. When an acid and a base mix to form a salt and water, the
heat of neutralisation (or enthalpy) is generated.

a) Determining the heat capacity of a calorimeter

A known weight of hot water (m, g) at T1oC is added to a known weight of cold water (m2 g)
at T2oC in a calorimeter.
Heat released by hot water = Heat absorbed by cold water & calorimeter

m1c (T1 – T3) = m2c (T3 – T2) + (T3 – T2) y

Where c = specific heat of water, 4.184 J g-1 oC-1

T3 = final temperature of the mixture
y = heat capacity of the calorimeter

b) Determining the heat of neutralisation

A known weight of strong acid (ma g) at TAoC is mixed with a known weight of strong base
(mb g) at TBoC in a calorimeter. The final temperature of the mixture is TMoC

Heat released by the mixture = (ma + mb) c[TM - (T A+T B) /2 ] + y[TM – (T A+T B) /2 ]

Heat of neutralisation = Heat released / No. of moles acid or base used

CHEMICALS:

● Cold water- Used as a solution to determine the heat capacity of a calorimeter.

● Hot water-Used to as a solution determine the heat capacity of a calorimeter.
 ● 2M Hydrochloric acid (HCl)-Used as strong acid to determine the heat of
neutralization.
● 2M Nitric acid (HNO3)-Used as strong acid to determine the heat of neutralization.
● 2M Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)-Used as strong base to determine the heat of
neutralization.
● 2M Potassium hydroxide (KOH)-Used as strong base to determine the heat of
neutralization.

APPARATUS:
1. Polystyrene cups with cover- Used as calorimeter in this experiment.
2. Thermometer- Used to measure the temperature during the experiment.
3. Beakers- Used as container to contain solution.
4. Measuring cylinders- Used to measure the volume of solution.
5. Weighing scale- Used to measure the weight of calorimeter and solutions.

PROCEDURES:

Determining the heat capacity of a calorimeter:

1. Overlapping polystyrene cups (calorimeter) was weighed.

2. Cold water of 50 mL (m2) was measured and poured into the calorimeter. The
temperature of cold water (T2) was then measured.
3. Hot water (about 60oC) of 50 mL (m1) and its temperature (T1) was measured.
4. Hot water was then poured into the cold water. The mixture was immediately
covered and then stirred using the thermometer.
5. The maximum temperature (T3) reached by the mixture was noted.
6. Lastly, the calorimeter (without the cover and thermometer) was weighed.

Determining the heat of neutralisation:

1. Calorimeter (without the cover and thermometer) was weighed.

2. Strong acid of 50 mL (ma) was measured and poured into calorimeter. The
calorimeter containing the acid solution was then weighed.
3. Strong base of 50 mL was measured (mb).
4. The temperatures of the two solutions (Ta and Tb) was measured.
5. The strong base was then poured into the calorimeter and covered. The mixture was
stirred with the thermometer.
6. Maximum temperature (Tm) reached by the mixture was noted.
7. Calorimeter (without the cover and thermometer) containing the mixture was
weighed.

RESULT:

Determining the heat capacity of a calorimeter:

weight of calorimeter 7.0 g

Weight of calorimeter + cold water 57.0 g

 Weight of cold water (m2) 50.0 g

Temperature of cold water (T2) 17.4 ℃

Temperature of hot water (T1) 40.5 ℃

Weight of calorimeter + cold water + hot 07.0 g

water

Weight of hot water (m1) 50.0 g

Maximum temperature (T3) 28.3 ℃

Determining the heat of neutralisation:

weight of calorimeter 5.5 g

Weight of calorimeter + cold water 55.5 g

Weight of cold (mA) 50.0 g

Temperature of acid (TA) 21.1 ℃

Temperature of base (TB) 21.1 ℃

Maximum temperature (TM) 31.5 g

Weight of calorimeter containing both acid 105.0 g

and Base

Weight of base (mB) 50.0 ℃

CALCULATION:
1) Use the data above to calculate

a) The heat capacity of calorimeter

Heat released by hot water = Heat absorbed by cold water & calorimeter

m1c (T1 – T3) = m2c (T3 – T2) + (T3 – T2) y

(50.0)(4.184)(40.5 – 28.3) = (50.0)(4.184)(28.3 – 17.4) + (28.3 – 17.4) y
2552.24 = 2280.28 + (10.9) y
y = (2552.24 – 2280.28) / 10.9
y = 24.9505
 Heat capacity of the calorimeter = y + (c)(weight of cold water + weight of hot water)

= 24.9505 + (4.184 x 100)

= 443.3505 J/℃ b)

The heat of neutralisation for your set of strong acid-strong base pair Heat released by
mixture.

(ma + mb) c[TM - (T A+T B) 2 ] + y[TM – (T A+T B)/2 ]

= (50.0 + 50.0) x (4.184) x (31.5 – (21.1 + 21.1 /2) + 443.45(31.5 – (21.1 + 21.1 / 2)
= 4351.36 + 4610.84
= 8962.2 J

Heat released = - 8962.2 J

Heat of neutralisation = Heat released / No. of moles acid or base used.

Mol = 2.0(50.0)/1000
= 0.1 mol
= - 8962.2 / 0.1 = - 89.622 kJ/mol

2) Tabulate the class result for the heat of neutralisation for the four possible set of strong
acid-strong base.

Strong Acid Strong Base Heat of Neutralisation

(kJ/mol)

HCl NaOH -89.622

HCl KOH -52.332

HNO3 NaOH -51.805

HNO3 KOH -60.495

DISCUSSION:

3) The experimental and theoretical results have some discrepancies. It might be because
of the equipment we used. They utilised a calorimeter in theory, but we employed
overlapping cups to measure the temperature of strong acid and strong base in our
experiment. Aside from that, the chemical weighing in overlapping cups has certain flaws. As
a result, the findings of the heat of neutralisation calculation did not match the hypothesis.

4) Heat neutralisation of:

a) Strong Acid (HCl)

= (50.0)(4.184)(31.5 - 21.1)
= 2175.68

b) Strong Base (NaOH)

 = (50.0)(4.184)(31.6 - 21.1)
= 2175.68

The heat of neutralisation value did not differ between strong acid and strong base. This is
simply due to the fact that both solutions have a comparable weight and temperature.

CONCLUSION:
The value of the heat of capacity of a calorimeter is 443.3505 J/℃. The value of the heat of
neutralization for our set of strong acid-strong base pair is - 89.622 kJ/mol. The average
value of the heat of neutralization for every set of strong acid-strong base pair is 63.5635
kJ/mol.

REFERENCES:
● Mombourquette, M. (2020). Energy, Enthalpy And Thermochemistry – First Year General
Chemistry. Energy, Enthalpy and Thermochemistry – First Year General Chemistry.
https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/queenschem1/chapter/chapter-5-energy-enthalpy-
and-thermochemistry/.
● Ruscic, B. (2019). Thermochemistry - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Thermochemistry -
an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/thermochemistry.