Earth Song

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"Earth Song"

Single by Michael Jackson

from the album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I

Released November 27, 1995

Format CD single, 12"

Recorded 1995

Genre Blues, gospel, operatic pop

6:46 (Album Version)

Length
5:02 (Radio Edit)

Label Epic Records

Writer(s) Michael Jackson

Michael Jackson
Producer David Foster
Bill Bottrell (co-producer)
 Michael Jackson singles chronology

"You Are Not "This Time

"Earth Song"
Alone" Around"
(1995)
(1995) (1995)

HIStory Continues track listing

"This Time "Earth Song" "D.S."
Around" (5) (6)
(4)
This Is It track listing
"Black or White" "Earth Song" "Billie Jean"
(11) (12) (13)

"Earth Song" is the third single from Michael Jackson's album HIStory: Past, Present
and Future, Book I. It is a ballad that incorporates elements of blues, gospel and opera.
Jackson had a long-standing history of releasing socially conscious material such as
"We Are the World", "Man in the Mirror" and "Heal the World". However, "Earth
Song" was the first that overtly dealt with the environment and animal welfare. The
song was written and composed by Jackson; the task of production was split between
Jackson, David Foster and Bill Bottrell. Reviews were generally favorable, but some
charged that the song sounded pompous.

"Earth Song" was accompanied by a lavish music video shot on four geographical
regions. It centered around the destruction and rebirth of Earth and went on to receive a
Grammy nomination in 1997. The song was a top five hit in most European countries.
In the United Kingdom, it remains Jackson's best-selling single and was the country's
1995 Christmas number-one single. "Earth Song" was not released as a single in the
United States. Jackson went on to receive recognition from various animal and
environmental organizations.

Contents
[hide]

 1 Background
 2 Production and music
 3 Reception
o 3.1 Critical response
o 3.2 Commercial performance
o 3.3 Environmental recognition
 4 Music video
 5 BRIT awards
 6 Covers
 7 2010 Grammy Performance
  8 Charts and certifications
o 8.1 Charts
o 8.2 Certifications
o 8.3 Chart procession and succession
 9 Track listing
 10 Personnel
 11 References

[edit] Background
Jackson already had a long-standing history of writing charitable or socially conscious
material. As an adult Jackson used his fame and wealth to promote various causes. In
1985, he co-wrote the charity single "We Are the World" with Lionel Richie, which was
released worldwide to aid the poor in Africa and the US. The single became one of the
best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 20 million copies sold and millions of dollars
donated to famine relief. It was also the first time Jackson was seen as a humanitarian.[1]
All of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.[2][3] Jackson
founded the "Heal the World Foundation" in 1992, inspired by his charity single of the
same name.[4][5]

Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to
HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with
the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to
HIV/AIDS charities and research. He would go on to perform the song "Gone Too
Soon" for White and other victims of the illness.[6][7]

[edit] Production and music

"Earth Song" was written and composed by Jackson in a hotel in Austria; production of
the song was a collaborative effort between Jackson, David Foster and Bill Bottrell.[8]
Andrae Crouch's Choir and Jackson engage in a back and forth chant as the song
reaches its climatic finale.[9] Jackson's intent was to create a song that was lyrically deep
yet melodically simple, so the whole world, particularly non-English-speaking fans,
could sing along. He conceptualized a song that had an emotional message.[10] "Earth
Song" is a ballad that incorporates elements of blues, gospel and opera. In the socially
conscious track, Jackson issues a plea to God about problems ranging from war to
endangered animals.[11][12][13][14]

[edit] Reception
[edit] Critical response

"Earth Song"

Introduction to "Earth Song", penned by Jackson, it became the third single

from HIStory. The singer mixes elements of blues, gospel and opera.
 Problems listening to this file? See media help.

James Hunter of Rolling Stone stated, "The slow blues-operatic 'Earth Song' for all its
noble sentiments, sounds primarily like a showpiece".[12] Deepika Reddy of The Daily
Collegian expressed the opinion that someone other than Jackson pushed to have "Earth
Song" in the final album selection for commercial appeal.[15] A San Jose Mercury News
review called it "flat" and "whiny", believing Jackson had already experimented with
these concepts earlier in his career.[16]

The Philadelphia Inquirer described the track as "a healing, rhythmic ballad that evokes
religious imagery".[14] A review in The Sacramento Bee was favorable, describing
Jackson's vocal performance as "cool".[17] Michael Mehle of Rocky Mountain News
described the finale as "anthemic" and a "powerful gospel opus".[13] A Ledger-Enquirer
review observed of "Earth Song", "[it] enjoys the same kind of subtlety, building to a
dramatic call-and-response finish with the Andrae Crouch Choir".[9] Contra Costa
Times's review called it "a bit sappy and overblown" but also acknowledged that it was
"epic" and destined to be a "massive smash hit".[18]

[edit] Commercial performance

"Earth Song" remains Jackson's best selling single in the UK, where it sold more than
one million copies. It debuted at number one, where it remained for six weeks
throughout December 1995—beating the U2/Brian Eno project Passengers in
competition to win the Christmas number one spot—and into the new year.[19][20] During
its stay at number one, "Earth Song" kept the first single released by The Beatles in 25
years, "Free as a Bird", off the number one position. In early December, bookmakers
correctly predicted that Jackson would keep The Beatles off the top position and go on
to attain the Christmas number-one single.[21][22]

The song also took the number one position in Spain and Switzerland, peaking within
the top five in almost every European state.[23] In Germany, it was Jackson's first single
to reach No. 1 of the German Singles Chart and by staying on the pole position for 5
consecutive weeks, it's also his most successful single there.[24] Thanks to this, the song
is the 10th most successful pop hymn ever in that country[25]

The song was only released to radio in the U.S., appearing on the Hot Dance
Music/Club Play chart.[26] In 2006, "Earth Song" reached number 55 on the Eurochart
Hot 100 Singles chart, following the Visionary: The Video Singles campaign, whereby
20 of Jackson's hit singles from the 1980s–1990s were reissued in several European
countries.[27]

[edit] Environmental recognition

Jackson received the Genesis Award: 1995 Doris Day Music Award, given each year
for animal sensitivity.[19] In 2008, a writer for the Nigeria Exchange noted, "'Earth Song'
drew the world's attention to the degradation and bastardization of the earth as a fall out
of various human activities".[28]
[edit] Music video

Jackson walking in a burnt down forest. This section of the music video was simulated
in a corn field.

The music video for "Earth Song", directed by fine art photographer Nick Brandt, was
expensive and well-received; it gained a Le Film Fantastique: Best Video Award in
1996, the 1995 Doris Day Music Award at the Genesis Awards and a Grammy
nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The production had an
environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and
war. Jackson and the world's people unite in a spiritual chant—"Earth Song"—which
summons a force that heals the world. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life
returns, war ends and the forests regrow. The video closes with a request for donations
to Jackson's Heal the World Foundation.[19][29] The clip was shown infrequently in the
United States.[30]

The video was filmed in four geographic regions. The first location was the Amazon
Rainforest, where a large part was destroyed a week after the video's completion.
Natives of the region appeared in the video and were not actors. The second scene was a
war zone in Croatia, with famous Serbian-born Croatian actor Slobodan Dimitrijević
and the residents of the area. The third location was Tanzania, which incorporated
scenes of illegal poaching and hunting into the video. No animals were harmed in the
making of the "Earth Song", as the footage came from documentary archives. However,
a poacher killed an elephant within a mile of the shot. The final location was in
Warwick, New York, where a safe forest fire was simulated in a corn field.[29]

The music video of the song also includes on the video compilation HIStory on Film,
Volume II, Number Ones and Michael Jackson's Vision.

[edit] BRIT awards

Jackson during a performance of "Earth Song" at the HIStory Tour in 1997. The singer
dangled from the edge of a crane in a similar manner at the Brit Awards.

In 1996, Jackson performed "Earth Song" at the BRIT Awards in the United Kingdom;
he was there to collect a special "Artist of a Generation" award. Jackson sang while
dangling off the edge of a high rise crane lift, which he had used the year before while
performing it on the German TV show Wetten Dass. Below, a chorus of backing
performers joined in and many of them began to physically embrace Jackson upon his
descent. In response to the performance, an intoxicated Jarvis Cocker ran onto the stage
without permission, lifted his shirt and pretended to break wind, before giving Jackson
the insulting V-sign.[19][31][32] The Pulp frontman had been there with his band, who had
been nominated for three Brit awards.[33] Cocker was subsequently questioned by police
over claims he had assaulted some of the child performers, but he was later released
without charge.[33][34] The singer explained that he found the performance offensive,
claiming that Jackson had portrayed himself as Christ-like and could do as he pleased
because of his immense wealth and power.[19][31][32] Jackson condemned Cocker's
behaviour as "disgusting and cowardly".[33] The incident is referred to in the book
Politics and Popular Culture by John Street, Professor of Politics at the University of
East Anglia. He says:

"But to read popular culture as a straight forward text is to take a very narrow view of
its meaning, and hence of its political message. As we have noted, the text's meaning
will depend on how it is heard and read. Michael Jackson may have intended his 'Earth
Song' to be an exercise in compassion; others–like Jarvis Cocker–saw it quite
differently. One reason these alternative readings emerge is because of the way the
performance of popular culture engages more than a literal text, it employs gestures and
symbols, tones of voice, looks and glances, all of which might tell a different story".[35]

[edit] Covers
The song has been covered by Russian signer Sergey Lazarev for his 2005 album Don't
Be Fake.

[edit] 2010 Grammy Performance

The song, along with a 3-D short film that was to be featured in Jackson's series of
comeback concerts This Is It, was performed as a tribute to Jackson. Jennifer Hudson,
Carrie Underwood, Smokey Robinson, Celine Dion, and Usher all sang the song
together, while the video played in the background. The film was shown in its original
3-D format during the broadcast. Target provided free 3-D glasses to customers a week
before the Grammy Awards. Paris and Prince Jackson, Michael's oldest children,
appeared shortly after to accept Jackson's Lifetime Achievement Award, where they
both gave a short speech. This was the first time the children had spoken publicly since
the memorial service that was held for Jackson on July 7, 2009.

Michael Jackson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Michael Jackson, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation).

Michael Jackson

Jackson at the White House in 1984

Background information

Birth name Michael Joe Jackson[1]

Also known as Michael Joseph Jackson

August 29, 1958

Born
Gary, Indiana, U.S.

June 25, 2009 (aged 50)

Died
Los Angeles, California, U.S.

R&B, pop, rock, soul, dance, new jack

Genres
swing, funk, disco

Singer-songwriter, record producer,

Occupations composer, musician, dancer, choreographer,
actor, businessman, philanthropist
 Instruments Vocals, piano, drums, beatbox, guitar

Years active 1964–2009

Labels Motown, Epic, Legacy

Associated
The Jackson 5, Janet Jackson, Slash
acts

Website michaeljackson.com

Michael Joseph Jackson[1] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American
recording artist, dancer, singer-songwriter, musician, and philanthropist. Referred to as
the King of Pop, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by
Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a
much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four
decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music
scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5, then the Jacksons in 1964,
and began his solo career in 1971.

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music
videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were
credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the
popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to
fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the
1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of
dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk. His distinctive musical sound
and vocal style have influenced numerous hip hop, pop, contemporary R&B, and rock
artists.

Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all time. His other records,
including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995), also
rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been
inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the
Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and
rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records;
13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime
Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist,
including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his
solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale
of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which have
made him the most-awarded recording artists in the history of music. He was also a
notable humanitarian and philanthropist, donating and raising hundreds of millions of
dollars for beneficial causes and supporting more than 39 charities.
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal
relationships, and behavior, have generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of
child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were
brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further sexual abuse allegations and
several other charges after the jury ruled him not guilty on all counts. While preparing
for his concert series This Is It, Jackson died on June 25, 2009, after suffering from
cardiac arrest. Before his death, Jackson had mistakenly been administered drugs
including propofol and lorazepam. The Los Angeles County Coroner declared his death
a homicide, and his personal physician pleaded not guilty to charges of involuntary
manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as
one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on
live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a US$250 million
deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to
release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.

Contents
[hide]

 1 Life and career

o 1.1 Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)
o 1.2 Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–1981)
o 1.3 Thriller and Motown 25 (1982–83)
o 1.4 Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)
o 1.5 Appearance, tabloids, Bad, autobiography and films (1986–87)
o 1.6 Autobiography, changing appearance and Neverland (1988–1990)
o 1.7 Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII
(1991–93)
o 1.8 First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)
o 1.9 HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)
o 1.10 Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)
o 1.11 Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)
o 1.12 Final years (2006–09)
 2 Death and memorial
o 2.1 Death aftermath
 3 Artistry
o 3.1 Influences
o 3.2 Musical themes and genres
o 3.3 Vocal style
o 3.4 Music videos and choreography
 4 Legacy and influence
 5 Honors and awards
 6 Lifetime earnings
 7 Discography
 8 Filmography
 9 Tours
 10 See also
 11 Notes
 o 11.1 Bibliography
 12 Further reading
 13 External links

Life and career

Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)

Jackson's childhood home in Gary, Indiana, showing floral tributes after his death.

Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African
American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana,[2]
an industrial suburb of Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout
Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker
who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters:
Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and
Randy.[3] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.[4]

Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.[5][6][7] Joseph acknowledged in
2003 that he regularly whipped Jackson as a boy.[7] Jackson stated that he was
physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he also credited
his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.[5] Jackson first spoke
openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in
February 1993. He admitted that he had often cried from loneliness and he would vomit
on the sight of his father. Jackson's father was also said to have verbally abused
Jackson, saying that he had a fat nose on numerous occasions.[8] In fact, Michael
Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep
problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant especially with his father, and to
remain child-like throughout his adult life are in many ways consistent with the effects
of this chronic maltreatment he endured as a young child.[9] Also, U.S.-based research
studies on impact of "adverse childhood experiences" or ACEs (e.g. a child being
abused, violence in the family, extreme stress of poverty, etc.) have shown that having a
number of ACEs exponentially increases the risk of addiction (e.g. a male child with six
ACEs has a 4,600%/46-fold increase in risk of addiction), mental illnesses, physical
illnesses, and early death.[10]

In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the 2003 broadcast of Living with
Michael Jackson, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child,
but was nonetheless a "genius", as he admitted his father's strict discipline played a huge
role in his success. When Bashir dismissed the positive remark and continued asking
about beatings, Jackson put his hand over his face and objected to the questions. He
recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed,
and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you".[11][12]

In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers
Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine.
Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson
began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was
changed to The Jackson 5.[3] The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to
1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "chitlin' circuit",
where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major
local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's "I Got You (I Feel
Good)", led by Michael.[13]

The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy", for the local record label
Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.[3] Rolling Stone
magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming
musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."[14]
The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC",
"The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There") peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot
100.[3] Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown,
among them Got to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and
producing successful singles such as "Got to Be There", "Ben", and a remake of Bobby
Day's "Rockin' Robin". The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band
members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input.
Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single "Dancing
Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.[15]

Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–1981)

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records[15]
and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band
around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.[16] They continued to tour
internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which
Michael was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as "Shake Your Body (Down to the
Ground)", "This Place Hotel," and "Can You Feel It".[13] In 1978, he starred as the
scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up
with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce
Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.[17] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a
complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he
complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr.
Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent
operations.[18]

Jones and Jackson produced the Off the Wall album together. Songwriters for the album
included Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder, and Paul McCartney. Released in
1979, it was the first solo album to generate four U.S. top 10 hits, including the chart-
topping singles "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You".[19][20] It reached
number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually sold over 20 million copies
worldwide.[21] In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his
solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite
Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[22][23] That year, he also won
Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award
for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[19]
Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B
Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.[24] Despite its commercial success, Jackson
felt Off the Wall should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed
expectations with his next release.[25] In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the
music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.[26]

Thriller and Motown 25 (1982–83)

In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the
film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for
Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American
Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him
the most awarded in one night for both award shows.[27][28] These awards were thanks to
the Thriller album, released in late 1982, which was 1983's best-selling album
worldwide[29][30] and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States,[31] as
well as the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 110 million
copies so far.[32] The album topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the
top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven
Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It," and "Wanna Be
Startin' Somethin'."[33] Thriller was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA,
giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another
Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce
Swedien for his work.[34] Jackson's attorney John Branca noted that Jackson had the
highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every
album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings.
The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller sold
over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties like dolls
modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.
[35]
Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that, "Thriller stopped selling like a leisure
item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a
household staple."[36] In 1985, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller won a Grammy
for Best Music Video, Longform.[27] In December 2009, the music video for "Thriller"
was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, "Thriller" is the
first music video ever to be inducted.[37][38][39]

Time described Jackson's influence at that point as "Star of records, radio, rock video. A
one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a
decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all
boundaries of taste and style and color too".[35] The New York Times wrote that, "in the
world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".[40]

In March 1983, Jackson reunited with his brothers for a legendary live performance
which was taped for a Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special. The
show aired on May 16, 1983, to an audience of 47 million viewers, and featured the
Jacksons and a number of other Motown stars. It is best remembered for Jackson's solo
performance of "Billie Jean". Wearing a distinctive black sequin jacket and golf glove
decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the moonwalk, which
former Soul Train dancer and Shalamar member, Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three
years before. The Jacksons' performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and The
Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.[41] Anna Kisselgoff of The New York
Times later wrote, "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his
dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine
mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems
to walk requires perfect timing."[42]

Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)

Jackson with a Knott's Berry Farm Snoopy mascot in April 1984

On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola
commercial, overseen by executive Phil Dusenberry,[43] from ad agency BBDO and
Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, Alan Pottasch at the Shrine Auditorium in Los
Angeles. In front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, pyrotechnics
accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire. He suffered second-degree burns to his scalp.
Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars on his scalp, and he also had his third
rhinoplasty shortly thereafter.[18] Jackson never recovered from this injury. Pepsi settled
out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical
Center in Culver City, California, which now has a "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in
honor of his donation.[44] Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, Then
We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in
Advertising.

On May 14, 1984, Jackson was invited to the White House to receive an award from
President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that helped people overcome
alcohol and drug abuse.[45] Jackson won eight awards during the Grammys that year.
Unlike later albums, Thriller did not have an official tour to promote it, but the 1984
Victory Tour, headlined by The Jacksons, showcased much of Jackson's new solo
material to more than two million Americans. He donated all the funds (around $8
million) raised from the Victory Tour to charity.[46] He also co-wrote the charity single
"We Are the World" in 1985 with Lionel Richie, which was released worldwide to aid
the poor in the U.S. and Africa. It became one of the best-selling singles of all time,
with nearly 30 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. In
1986, "We Are the World" won four Grammys (one for Jackson for Song of the Year).
American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition
because they felt it would be inappropriate, but recognised it with two special honors
(one for the creation of the song and one for the USA for Africa idea). They are the only
AMAs that Jackson won as non-solo artist.[47][48][49][50]

Jackson at the White House South Portico with President Ronald Reagan and first lady
Nancy Reagan, 1984

In 1984, ATV Music Publishing, which had the copyrights to nearly 4000 songs,
including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the
Lennon/McCartney compositions recorded by The Beatles, was put up for sale by
Robert Holmes à Court.[51] Jackson had become interested in owning music catalogs
after working with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s: Jackson had learned McCartney
made approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.[52] In 1981,[53]
McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million USD).[52][54]
According to McCartney, he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint purchase by
splitting the cost equally at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5
million each.[52][54] When they were unable to make the joint purchase, McCartney let the
offer fall through, not wanting to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs.[53][54]

According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, "We had given Paul
McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."[55] Also, an attorney
for McCartney assured Jackson's attorney, John Branca, that McCartney was not
interested in bidding: McCartney reportedly said "It's too pricey"[52][53] But there were
several other companies and investors bidding. In September 1984, Jackson was first
informed about the sale by Branca and sent a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.
[51]
Jackson's agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders
or new areas of debate.[51] In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from talks after
having spent over $1 million on four months of due diligence and on the negotiations.[51]
In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman's and Marty
Bandier's The Entertainment Co. had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court
to buy ATV Music for $50 million.[51] But in early August, Holmes à Court's team
contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million and it was
accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due
diligence of ATV Music.[51] He also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where
he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.[51][55] Jackson's purchase of ATV
Music was finalized August 10, 1985.[51]

Appearance, tabloids, Bad, autobiography and films (1986–87)

See also: Michael Jackson's health and appearance

Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, but
starting in the mid 1980s, it gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media
coverage, including rumors that he was bleaching his skin.[56] According to J. Randy
Taraborrelli's biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo and lupus; the
vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission; both illnesses made
him sensitive to sunlight. The treatments he used for his condition further lightened his
skin tone, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches, he could
appear very pale.[57] Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy.[58] Several
surgeons speculated that he had undergone various nasal surgeries, a forehead lift,
thinned lips, and cheekbone surgery—although Jackson denied this and insisted that he
only had surgery on his nose.[59] Jackson claimed that he had only two rhinoplasties and
no other surgery on his face, although at one point he mentioned having a dimple
created in his chin.[60] Jackson lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet
and a desire for "a dancer's body".[60] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy and
speculated that he was suffering from anorexia nervosa; periods of weight loss would
become a recurring problem later in life.[61]

During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist,
Dr. Arnold Klein, and Klein's nurse Debbie Rowe. Rowe eventually became Jackson's
second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. Long before becoming
romantically involved with her, Jackson relied heavily on Rowe for emotional support.
He also relied heavily on Klein, for medical and business advice.[62]
Jackson two years after he was diagnosed with vitiligo, here in the early stages of the
disease

Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran
a story claiming that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging
process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue,
according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the
fabricated story himself.[63][64] When Jackson bought a chimpanzee called Bubbles from
a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.[65] It was reported
that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "elephant man") and
although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.[63][64] Although initially he saw these
stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they
became more sensational. Consequently the media began making up their own stories.
[64][66][67]
These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the
nickname "Wacko Jacko," which Jackson came to despise.[68] Responding to the gossip,
Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli:

Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars. Tell them I eat live chickens and do a
voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything you say, because you're a reporter.
But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens
and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson
is nuts. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his
mouth."[69]

Jackson wore a gold-plated military style jacket with belt in the Bad era

Jackson collaborated with Francis Ford Coppola on the 17-minute 3-D film Captain
EO, which debuted in September 1986 at both the original Disneyland and at EPCOT in
Florida, and in March 1987 at Tokyo Disneyland. The $30 million movie was a popular
attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at Euro
Disneyland after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations
stayed open well into the 1990s: Paris' installation was the last one to close, in 1998.[70]
The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.[71]

In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses, in response to

their disapproval of the Thriller video.[72] With the industry expecting another major hit,
Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated.[73] It did not top
Thriller as a commercial or artistic triumph, but Bad was still a substantial success in its
own right.
The Bad album spawned seven hit singles in the U.S., five of which ("I Just Can't Stop
Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty
Diana") reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. This was a record for
most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including Thriller.[74] Although
the title track's video was arguably derivative of the video for the earlier single "Beat
It", the "Bad" video still proved to be one of Jackson's iconic moments. It was a gritty
but colorful epic set against the backdrop of the New York City Subway system, with
costuming and choreography inspired by West Side Story. As of 2008, the album had
sold 30 million copies worldwide.[75] Thanks to the Bad album, Bruce Swedien and
Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non
Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for
"Leave Me Alone" in 1989.[27][34] In the same year, Jackson won an Award of
Achievement at the American Music Awards because Bad is the first album ever to
generate five number one singles in the US, the first album to top in 25 countries and
the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and in 1988.[76][77][78][79] In 1988, "Bad" won an
American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.[80]

The Bad World Tour began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.[81]
In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the
previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.[82] Jackson broke a Guinness World Record
when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium. He
performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people. The Bad Tour
turned out to be the last of Jackson's concert tours to include shows in the continental
United States, although later tours did make it to Hawaii.

Autobiography, changing appearance and Neverland (1988–1990)

Jackson performing "The Way You Make Me Feel"

In 1988, Jackson released his first and only autobiography, Moonwalk, which took four
years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.[83] Jackson wrote about his childhood, The
Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered.[84] He also wrote about his facial appearance,
saying he had had two rhinoplastic surgeries and a dimple created in his chin.[60] He
attributed much of the change in the structure of his face to puberty, weight loss, a strict
vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting.[60] Moonwalk reached the top
position on The New York Times best sellers' list.[85] The musician then released a film
called Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films that starred Jackson and
Joe Pesci. The film was originally intended to be released to theaters but due to financial
issues, the film was released direct-to-video. It debuted atop the Billboard Top Music
Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top
spot by Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues.[86]

In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California, to build Neverland
Ranch at a cost of $17 million. He installed Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie
theater on the 2,700-acre (11 km2) property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds.
In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.[14][87] In 1989, his annual earnings
from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that
year alone.[88] Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television
ad in the Soviet Union.[86]

His success resulted in his being dubbed the "King of Pop".[89][90][91][92] The nickname
was popularized by Elizabeth Taylor when she presented him with the Soul Train
Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."[93]
President George H. W. Bush designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".
[94]
From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund, and all
of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.[95][96] Jackson's live
rendition of "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday celebration received
an Emmy nomination.[86]

Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–
93)

In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-
breaking deal at the time,[97] displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia
Records.[98] He released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous
had shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and had sold 32 million copies worldwide.
The Dangerous album was co-produced by Teddy Riley, one of the pioneers of "new
jack swing" which convinced Michael to feature a rapper on his album for the first time,
the act worked and it turned out to be the best-selling album associated with that
movement.[99][100][101] In the United States, the album's first single "Black or White" was
its biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for
seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.[102] The album's second single
"Remember the Time" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at
number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[103] At the end of 1992, Dangerous
was awarded 1992's best-selling album worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded
1992's best-selling single worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he
won an award as best-selling artist of the '80s.[104] In 1993, Jackson performed the song
at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in
rehearsals.[105] In the UK and other parts of Europe, "Heal the World" was the biggest hit
from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in
1992.[103]

Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization
brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that
Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around
the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year
Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the
Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to
Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release.
In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by
some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The Dangerous World Tour
grossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11,
1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 67 concerts.[103][106] He sold the
broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking
deal that still stands.[107]

Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to
HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with
the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to
HIV/AIDS charities and research.[108][109] In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited
several countries, among them Gabon and Egypt.[110] His first stop to Gabon was greeted
with a sizable and enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them
carrying signs that read, "Welcome Home Michael."[110] In his trip to Côte d'Ivoire,
Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.[110] He then thanked the dignitaries
in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship and sat on a
golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.[110]

In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at Super
Bowl XXVII. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as
fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless
"clenched fist, standing statue stance", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and
sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd
cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs:
"Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White" and "Heal the World". It was the first Super
Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed
by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's Dangerous album rose 90 places up the
album chart.[56] Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the 35th Grammy
Awards in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal
performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best
R&B Song.[103] The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non
Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year,
Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album
(Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time") and was the first to
win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian
concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.[27][34][111]

First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)

Main article: 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson

Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey in February 1993, his second
television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at
the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years,
admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had
bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or
bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. The interview was
watched by an American audience of 90 million. Dangerous re-entered the album chart
in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.[12][56][103]

In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13-year-old boy
named Jordan Chandler and his father, Dr. Evan Chandler, a dentist.[112][113][114] The
Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, and the singer initially refused.
Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.[115] Dr.
Chandler was tape-recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go
through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and
they will be destroyed forever ... Michael's career will be over". Jordan's mother was,
however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.[114] Jackson
later used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only
goal was to extort money from the singer.[114]

Later that year, on December 20, Jackson's home was raided by the police, and Jackson
submitted to a 25-minute strip search.[116] Jordan Chandler had reportedly given police a
description of Jackson's intimate parts, notably claiming that his bleach-damaged penis
was circumcised; the strip search revealed, to the contrary, that Jackson was actually
uncircumcised,[117] a fact confirmed in his autopsy.[118] His friends said he never
recovered from the humiliation of the strip search. The investigation was inconclusive
and no charges were ever filed.[119][120] Jackson described the search in an emotional
public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.[112][116][121] On January 1, 1994, Jackson's
insurance carrier settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa
Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2,
1994 without indicting Jackson.[122] After which time the Chandlers stopped co-
operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.[123][124][125] The out-of-court
settlement's documentation specifically stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no
liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.
[126]
The Chandlers' lawyer Mr. Feldman also explicitly stated "nobody bought anybody's
silence".[127] A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations,
Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was done without
his consent.[124]

Jackson married Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of Elvis Presley, in 1994.

In May 1994, Jackson married the daughter of Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. They
had first met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family
engagements at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, and were reconnected through a
mutual friend.[128] According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in
November 1992 in L.A."[129] They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the
child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for
emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.
[130]
Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly
accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do
it."[131] She eventually persuaded him to settle the allegations out of court and go into
rehabilitation to recover.[130]

Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I
asked you to marry me, would you do it?"[130] They married in the Dominican Republic
in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.[132] The marriage was, in her
words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".[133] At the time, the tabloid
media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.[132]
The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement.
[134]
In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley admitted that they spent four more years
after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up", until she decided to stop.[135]

HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)

In 1995, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division
creating Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Jackson retained half-ownership of the company,
earned $95 million upfront as well as the rights to even more songs.[136][137] He then
released the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book  I. The first disc,
HIStory Begins, was a 15-track greatest hits album, and was later reissued as Greatest
Hits: HIStory, Volume I in 2001, while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained
15 new songs. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for
seven million shipments in the US.[138] It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-
time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.[102][139] HIStory received
a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year.[140]

Michael Jackson at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival

The first single released from the album was the double A-side "Scream/Childhood".
"Scream" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister Janet. The song fights
against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child
abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number
five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".[140]
"You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from HIStory; it holds the
Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the
Billboard Hot 100 chart.[88] It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success,
receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".[140] In late 1995,
Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised
performance; the incident was caused by a stress-related panic attack.[141] "Earth Song"
was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six
weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most
successful single in the UK.[140] The track "They Don't Care About Us" became
controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly
antisemitic lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the
offending lyrics.[142] In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form
for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.[27][143]

The album was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour. The tour began on
September 7, 1996, and finished on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in
58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed up a total of $165 million. The show,
which visited five continents and 35 countries, became Jackson's most successful in
terms of audience figures.[81] During the tour, Jackson married his longtime friend
Deborah Jeanne Rowe, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney,
Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at
the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother
Katherine persuaded them to do so.[144] Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as
Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was
born a year later on April 3, 1998.[134][145] The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson got
full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent
custody suit was not settled until 2006.[146][147]

In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which
contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales
stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released.[148]
It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track.[148][149] In the US, the album was
certified platinum, but only reached number 24.[99][140] Forbes placed his annual income
at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.[87] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was
involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit
concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War
Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, as well
as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.[150] Later that month, Jackson
organized a set of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea.
Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross,
Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli and
Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red
Cross and UNESCO.[151]

Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)

At the turn of the century, the American Music Awards honored Jackson as Artist of the
'80s.[152] Throughout 2000 and 2001, Jackson worked in the studio with Teddy Riley and
Rodney Jerkins, as well as other collaborators. These sessions would result in the album
Invincible, released in October 2001. Invincible was Jackson's first full-length album in
six years, and it would be the last album of new material he released while still alive.
The release of the album was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record
label, Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of
his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s. Once he had the licenses, he
would be able to promote the material however he pleased and he would also be able to
keep all the profits. However, due to various clauses in the contract, the revert date
turned out to be many years away. Jackson discovered that the attorney who represented
him in the deal was also representing Sony.[149] Jackson was also concerned about the
fact that for a number of years, Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in their
music catalog venture. Jackson feared that Sony might have a conflict of interest, since
if Jackson's career failed he would have to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.[153]
Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.[149] Just before the release of Invincible,
Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola, that he was
leaving Sony.[149] As a result, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions
concerning the Invincible album were suspended.

In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square
Garden to mark the singer's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage
alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured
performances by Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, 'N Sync, Destiny's Child, Monica,
Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists.[154] The second of the two shows took
place the night before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.[155] After 9/11, Jackson
helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK
Stadium in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included
performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song
"What More Can I Give" as the finale.[153] Jackson's solo performances were omitted
from the televised version of the benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing
background vocals. This omission happened because of contractual issues related to the
earlier 30th Anniversary concerts: those concerts were boiled down into a two-hour TV
special entitled Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration: The Solo Years which
debuted in November 2001.

In spite of the events preceding its release, Invincible came out in October 2001 to much
anticipation. Invincible proved to be a hit, debuting atop the charts in 13 countries and
going on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-
platinum certification in the US.[99][102][156] However, the sales for Invincible were lower
than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting
world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music
industry in general.[153] The album cost $30 million to record, not including promotional
expenditures.[157] Invincible spawned three singles, "You Rock My World", "Cry" and
"Butterflies", the latter without a music video. Jackson alleged in July 2002 that Mottola
was a "devil" and a "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using
them merely for his own personal gain.[153] He charged that Mottola had called his
colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger".[158] Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and
claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to
tour in the United States.[157]

In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the
Century.[159] In the same year, Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II
(nicknamed "Blanket") was born.[160] The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has
said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his
own sperm.[146] On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his newborn son onto the
balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, as fans stood below, holding him in
his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly
extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, causing widespread criticism in
the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".[161]
Sony released Number Ones, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the
US, the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six
times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units.[99][162]

Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)

Further information: Living with Michael Jackson and People v. Jackson

Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV
personality Martin Bashir, to follow him around just about everywhere he went. Bashir's
film crew was with Jackson during the "baby-dangling incident" in Berlin. The program
was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, and painted an
extraordinarily unflattering portrait of the singer.

In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing
sleeping arrangements with a young boy.[163] As soon as the documentary aired, the
Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. Jackson was
arrested in November 2003, and was charged with seven counts of child molestation and
two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in relation to the 13 year old boy
shown in the film.[163] Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not
sexual in nature. The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31, 2005, in Santa Maria,
California, and lasted five months, until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was
acquitted on all counts.[164][165][166] After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation he
moved to the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain, as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah.[167]

Final years (2006–09)

Jackson with his children in Disneyland Paris, 2006

In March 2006, the main house at the Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting
measure.[168] There were numerous reports around that time that Jackson was having
financial problems. Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million
loan secured against his music publishing holdings, even though those holdings were
reportedly making him as much as $75 million a year.[169] Bank of America sold the debt
to Fortress Investments. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would
give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly owned publishing
company (leaving Jackson with a 25% stake).[137] Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed
refinancing deal in April 2006, although the exact details were not made public.[170]
Jackson did not have a recording contract in place with Sony or any other major record
label at the time.

In early 2006, there was an announcement that Jackson had signed a contract with a
Bahrain-based startup called Two Seas Records. However, nothing ever came of that
deal, and the CEO of Two Seas, Guy Holmes, later stated that the deal had never been
finalized.[171][172] Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and
1990s as the Michael Jackson: Visionary series, which subsequently became a box set.
Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and
his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running
child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the
custodial parent of the couple's two children.[147] In October 2006, Fox News
entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio
in rural Westmeath, Ireland. It was not known at the time what Jackson might be
working on, or who might be paying for the sessions, since his publicist had recently
issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.[172][173]

In November 2006, Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in
Westmeath, and MSNBC broke the story that he was working on a new album,
produced by will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas.[102] Jackson performed at the World
Music Awards, in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for
selling over 100 million records.[102][174] Jackson returned to the United States after
Christmas 2006 to attend James Brown's funeral in Augusta, Georgia. He gave one of
the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."[175] In the spring of
2007, Jackson and Sony teamed up to buy yet another music publishing company:
Famous Music LLC, formerly owned by Viacom. This deal gave him the rights to songs
by Eminem, Shakira and Beck, among others.[176] Jackson recorded extensively during
this period in New York with songwriter and producer will.i.am and also in Las Vegas
with producers Akon and RedOne.[177][177][178] In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief
interview to the Associated Press in Tokyo, where he said, "I've been in the
entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as Charles Dickens would say, 'It's
been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While
some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a
loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to
support me."[179]

In September 2007 Jackson was reportedly still working with will.i.am, but the album
was apparently never completed.[180] However, in 2008, Jackson and Sony released
Thriller 25 to mark the 25th anniversary of the original Thriller. This album featured the
previously unreleased song "For All Time" (an outtake from the original sessions) as
well as remixes, where Jackson collaborated with younger artists who had been inspired
by his work.[181] Two of the remixes were released as singles with only modest success:
"The Girl Is Mine 2008" (with will.i.am) and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" (with
Akon). The first single was based on an early demo version, without Paul McCartney.
The album itself was a hit, however.[181][182][183][184] In anticipation of Jackson's
50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest-hits albums called King of Pop.
Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local
fans.[185] King of Pop reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also
sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States.)[186][187]

In the fall of 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch,

which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars.
However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC. In November,
Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC,
which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared
Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra $35 million from the venture. At
the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it
is unknown how large that stake was.[188][189][190] In September 2008, Jackson entered
negotiations with Julien's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of
memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take
place between April 22 and April 25.[191] An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled
on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.[192]

In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O2 Arena and announced a
series of comeback concerts titled This Is It. The shows would be Jackson's first major
series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested
possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his "final curtain call". The
initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City
and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the
first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.[193] The London
residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million
were sold in less than two hours.[194] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks
leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these
rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG.[195] The concerts
would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than
three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts
being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.[196] Some time before his
death, it was widely stated that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier;
due to his death, the current status of the label remains unknown.[197][198]

Jackson's first posthumous single was a song entitled "This Is It" which Jackson
cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the
recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio
for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a
documentary film about the rehearsals entitled Michael Jackson's This Is It was
released.[199] Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the
highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than
$260 million worldwide.[200] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.[201] The film
was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new
song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the
order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously
unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken word poem entitled
"Planet Earth".[202] At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous
awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American
Music Awards total to 26.[203][204]

Death and memorial

Main articles: Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial service

Jackson's fans paid tribute to him at his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, shortly
after the announcement of his death.

On June 25, 2009, Jackson died in his bed at his rented mansion at 100 North
Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating
him by Conrad Murray, his personal physician, were unsuccessful.[205] Los Angeles Fire
Department paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 (PDT, 19:22 UTC), arriving three
minutes later at Jackson's location.[206][207] He was reportedly not breathing and CPR was
performed.[208] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the Ronald Reagan UCLA
Medical Center, and for an hour after arriving there at 1:13 (20:13 UTC). He was
pronounced dead at 2:26 local time (21:26 UTC).[209][210] Jackson's death triggered a
global outpouring of grief.[205]

The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user
overload. Both TMZ and the Los Angeles Times suffered outages.[211] Google initially
believed that the input from millions of people searching for "Michael Jackson" meant
that the search engine was under DDoS attack. Twitter reported a crash, as did
Wikipedia at 3:15 p.m. PDT (6:15 p.m. EDT).[212] The Wikimedia Foundation reported
nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most
visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history.[213] AOL Instant
Messenger collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a "seminal moment in Internet
history", adding, "We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth."[214]

Around 15% of Twitter posts—or 5,000 tweets per minute—reportedly mentioned

Jackson after the news broke,[215][216] compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned
the Iranian elections or the flu pandemic that had made headlines earlier in the year.[216]
Overall, web traffic ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.[215][217] MTV
and Black Entertainment Television (BET) aired marathons of Jackson's music videos.
[218]
Jackson specials aired on multiple television stations around the world. The British
soap opera EastEnders added a last-minute scene, in which one character tells another
about the news, to the June 26 episode.[219] Jackson was the topic of every front-page
headline in the daily British tabloid The Sun for about two weeks following his death.
[220]
During the same period, the three major U.S. networks' evening newscasts—ABC
World News, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News—devoted 34% of their
broadcast time to him.[221] Magazines including Time published commemorative
editions.[222] A scene that had featured Jackson's sister La Toya was cut from the film
Brüno out of respect toward Jackson's family.[223]

Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles,
preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty.
Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about
the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide
audience as high as one billion people,[224][225][226] the U.S. audience was estimated by
Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that
watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan, and the estimated 33.1
million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana.[227]

Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, John Mayer, Jennifer Hudson, Usher,
Jermaine Jackson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event. Berry Gordy and
Smokey Robinson gave eulogies, while Queen Latifah read, "We had him," a poem
written for the occasion by Maya Angelou.[228] The Reverend Al Sharpton received a
standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, "Wasn't nothing strange
about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it
anyway."[229] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter, Paris Katherine, cried as she told the
crowd, "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever
imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."[230] Reverend Lucious Smith
provided a closing prayer.[231] On August 24, several news outlets quoted anonymous
sources as stating that the Los Angeles coroner had decided to treat Jackson's death as a
homicide; this was later confirmed by the coroner on August 28.[232][233] At the time of
death, Jackson had been administered propofol, lorazepam and midazolam.[234] Law
enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician,
Conrad Murray.[235] On February 8, 2010, Murray was charged with involuntary
manslaughter by prosecutors in Los Angeles.[236] Jackson was entombed on September
3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[237]

Tribute of fans from all over the world in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park on his first
anniversary of death

On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans came to Los Angeles to
pay their tribute to him. They visited Jackson’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
and his family’s home, as well as Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many of the fans were
carrying sunflowers and other tribute items to drop off at the sites. Members of the
Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.[238][239] Katherine returned
to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the
family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special
performance of "We Are the World."[240][241] On June 26, there was a protest march in
front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old
Parker Center building and a petition with thousands of signatures demanding justice
was delivered.[242][243] The Jackson Family Foundation in conjunction with Voiceplate
presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members,
celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A
portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities. Katherine
also introduced her new book "Never Can Say Goodbye."[244][245][246]

Death aftermath

After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009 in the United
States selling over 8.2 million albums in the U.S. and a total of 35 million albums
worldwide in the 12 months that followed his death.[247][248] Following this surge in sales,
Sony announced that they had extended their relationship with his material. The
distribution rights held by Sony Music were due to expire in 2015.[249] On March 16,
2010, Sony Music Entertainment, in a move spearheaded by its Columbia/Epic Label
Group division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution
rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, as well as to obtain permission to release
ten new albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released
work. On November 4, 2010 Sony announced the release of Michael, the first
posthumous album set to be released on December 14, with the promotional single
released to the radios on November 8, entitled "Breaking News".[250] The deal was
unprecedented in the music industry as it is the most expensive music contract
pertaining to a single artist in history; it reportedly involved Sony Music paying $250
million for the deal, with the Jackson estate getting the full sum as well as its share of
royalties for all works released.[249][251] Video game developer Ubisoft announced it
would release a new dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010
holiday season. The game entitled Michael Jackson: The Experience will be among the
first to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the respective motion-detecting camera
systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3 due out later that year.[252]
Cirque du Soleil announced on 3 November 2010 that it would launch "Michael
Jackson: The Immortal World Tour" in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent
show will reside in Las Vegas.[253] The 90-minute US$57M production will combine
Jackson's iconic musical oeuvre and choreography with the Cirque's signature artistry,
dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.[254] The tour was written and directed by
Jamie King[255] and centers on Jackson's "inspirational Giving Tree - the wellspring of
creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile
beauty of nature are unlocked."[256]

In April 2011, Jackson's longtime friend and billionaire businessman Mohamed Al-
Fayed, chairman of Fulham F.C., unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club's
stadium, Craven Cottage.[257] Fulham fans were however bemused by the statue and
failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club. [258] Al Fayed however
defended the statue and told the fans to 'go to hell' if they didn't appreciate the statue.
[259]
Artistry
Influences

One of many identical statues, positioned throughout Europe to promote HIStory

Jackson's music took root in R&B, pop and soul. He had been influenced by the work of
contemporary musicians such as Little Richard, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Diana
Ross, David Ruffin, Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis, Jr., The Isley Brothers,
and the Bee Gees.[260] While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,[261]
James Brown was Jackson's greatest inspiration. In reference to Brown, Jackson
declared: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother
would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was
doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I
was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right
then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life
because of James Brown."[262]

The young Michael Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross. In
October 1969, it was decided[why?][by whom?] that Jackson would live with Ross. Not only a
mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished
performer. He later expressed: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used
to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied
the way she moved, the way she sang – just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be
just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."[263] But Jackson owed part of his
enduring style—especially his use of the oooh interjection—to Ross. From a young age,
Jackson often punctuated his verses with a sudden exclamation of oooh. Diana Ross had
used this effect on many of the songs recorded with The Supremes.[264]

Musical themes and genres

Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper. Instead he would dictate
into a sound recorder, and when recording he would sing the lyrics from memory.[265] In
most of his songs, such as "Billie Jean", "Who Is It", and "Tabloid Junkie", he would
beatbox and imitate the instruments using his voice instead of playing the actual
instruments, along with other sounds. Jackson noted that it is easier to sing a drum line,
or sing a bass, instead of playing a drum line or a bass with an instrument. Several
critics have said that Jackson's distinct voice is able to replace any instrument
convincingly. Steve Huey of Allmusic said that, throughout his solo career, Jackson's
versatility allowed him to experiment with various themes and genres.[266] As a
musician, he ranged from Motown's dance fare and ballads to techno and house-edged
new jack swing to work that incorporates both funk rhythms and hard rock guitar.[14]

According to Huey, Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock
tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more
soulful.[266] Notable tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature"
and "The Girl Is Mine"; the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin'
Somethin'"; and the disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".[266]
[267][268][269]
With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson
developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker
imagery.[269] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs
"Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[268] In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings
about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.[266] In "Wanna Be
Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.[269] "Beat It" decried gang
violence in an homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-
over piece, according to Huey.[14][266] He also observed that the title track "Thriller"
began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in
subsequent years.[266] In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the
World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public
persona.[266]

"Thriller"

One of Jackson's signature pieces, "Thriller", released as a single in 1984,

utilizes cinematic sound effects, horror film motifs and vocal trickery to
convey a sense of danger.[17]

"Smooth Criminal"

A single from the album Bad, released 1988, "Smooth Criminal" features
digital drum sounds, keyboard-created bass lines and other percussion
elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart.[270]

Problems listening to these files? See media help.

In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty
Diana".[271] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad,
while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution.[73]
"Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.[73]
Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a very
paradoxical individual.[272] He comments the album is more diverse than his previous
Bad, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with
anthems like "Heal the World".[272] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack
swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time".[273] The album is
Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on
Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.[273]
Dangerous contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the
Closet".[273] The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive
desire.[273] The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will
You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson
opening up about various personal struggles and worries.[273] In the ballad "Gone Too
Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with
AIDS.[274]

HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.[275] Its content focuses on the hardships and
public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack
swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B ballad
"You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and
directs much of his anger at the media.[276] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in
Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song",
"Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces.[275][276] In the track
"D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon
as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the
song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it,
but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot".[277] Invincible found Jackson
working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.[266] It is a record made up of urban soul
like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and
"Butterflies" and mixes Hip-Hop, Pop and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and
"Invincible".[278][279]

Vocal style

Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed
noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to
high tenor.[280] Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting
with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's G.I.T.: Get It
Together album.[281] Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a
gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of Off the Wall: it can be seen in
full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video.[15] With
the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well
regarded. At the time, Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy
stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor
is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very
daringly".[282][283] 1982 saw the release of Thriller, and Rolling Stone was of the opinion
that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".[269]

"Black or White"

The lead single from Dangerous, the danceable hard rock song "Black or
White" was one of Jackson's most successful recordings.[284][285][286] It contains
many features of Jackson's vocal style, including the vocal hiccup he is known
for.
A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson,
occasionally spelt "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and
caricatures of him.[287] The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album
Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his
voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched
teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".[273] When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the
musician would return to "smooth" vocals.[273] When commenting on Invincible, Rolling
Stone were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely
voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".[288] Nelson George summed up
Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural
boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a
major vocalist".[270]

Music videos and choreography

Referred to as the King of Music Videos,[289] Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how
Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through
complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances;
simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.[266] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to
receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.[290] Pressure
from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It",
leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain
recognition.[291] MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to
change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.[292]
The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the
map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.[291][293] His performance on
Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever changed the scope of live stage show; "That
Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not
change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was
live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which
artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.[294] Short films like
Thriller largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat
It" has frequently been imitated.[295] The choreography in Thriller has become a part of
global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the
Philippines.[296] The Thriller short film marked an increase in scale for music videos,
and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World
Records.[88]

In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began

using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He
occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in
the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens
subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as
something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from
both fans and critics; Time magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured
Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.
[66][297]
For "Smooth Criminal", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti-gravity
lean" in his performances. The maneuver required special shoes for which he was
granted U.S. Patent No. 5,255,452.[298] Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone"
was not officially released in the US, in 1989, it was nominated for four Billboard
Music Video Awards, winning three; the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the
quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a
Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.[86]

The MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award was given to Jackson to
celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; the following year the award
was renamed in his honor.[103] "Black or White" was accompanied by a controversial
music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries
with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music
video.[102] It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of
violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out
to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.[299] Along with
Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton and George Wendt. It helped usher
in morphing as an important technology in music videos.[300]

"Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest
videos at over nine minutes. Set in ancient Egypt, it featured groundbreaking visual
effects and appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson, along with a
distinct complex dance routine.[301] The video for "In the Closet" was Jackson's most
sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship
dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.[103]

The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer
Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained 11 MTV
Video Music Award Nominations—more than any other music video—and won "Best
Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".[302] The song and its
accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media
after being accused of child molestation in 1993.[303] A year later, it won a Grammy for
Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards Guinness World Records listed it as
the most expensive music video ever made at a cost of $7 million.[140][304]

"Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video that
gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video
had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution
and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the
forests re-grow.[140][305] Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film
Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen
King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and
holds the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video.[140][149][306][307]

Legacy and influence

See also: Records and achievements of Michael Jackson
Jackson's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, set in 1984

Jackson throughout his career transformed the art of the music video and paved the way
for modern pop music. Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson in 2003 as
"extremely important" and a "genius."[308] For much of his career, he had an
"unparalleled" level of worldwide influence over the younger generation through his
musical and humanitarian contributions.[142] Jackson's music and videos, such as
Thriller, fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster, helped to put the relatively new
channel into public awareness, and steered the channel's focus from rock to pop music
and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work
continues to influence numerous hip hop, rock, pop and R&B artists, including
Beyoncé,[309] Mariah Carey,[310] Usher,[311] Green Day,[312] Britney Spears,[310] Madonna,
[313]
Justin Timberlake,[153] and Ludacris, among others.[314]

Allmusic's Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of

all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice,
eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".
[266]
In the mid-1980s, Time magazine's pop music critic, Jay Cocks, noted "Jackson is
the biggest thing since The Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis
Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever".[35] In 1990, Vanity Fair
cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.[86] In 2007,
Jackson said, "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world.
Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."[315]

Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original
music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.[316] The channel aired many
hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions
from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's
programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's
memorial service.[317] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown
Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as "the greatest entertainer that ever
lived."[318][319][320]

In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended into
academia, and was detectable in scholarly literature pertaining to a range of subject
matter.[321][322] The two researchers combed through various scholars' writings, and
compiled an annotated bibliography of those writings that appeared to meet at least one
of several criteria. Among these criteria were appearance in a peer-reviewed journal,
and the provision of insight into the nature of "popular icons including Jackson".[323] The
bibliography located references to Jackson in research reports concerning music,
popular culture, and an array of other topics. The bibliographers identified as their most
peculiar finding an argument that certain aspects of chemistry can be effectively taught
by altering and imitating elements of Jackson's singing.[324] One of the research
librarians later reflected that "the fact that someone would take a Michael Jackson song
and co-opt it as a means to convey chemistry concepts just shows the pervasiveness of
Jackson's influence".[321]

Honors and awards

See also: List of awards received by Michael Jackson

Thriller platinum record on display at the Hard Rock Cafe, Hollywood in Universal
City, California.

Michael Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of
The Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous
honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of
the Millennium, the American Music Award's Artist of the Century Award and the
Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.[154][325] He was a double-inductee of the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a
solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other hall of fames, including
Vocal Group Hall of Fame (as The Jackson 5 member) in 1999, Songwriters Hall of
Fame in 2002 and Hit Parade Hall of Fame (with his brothers) in 2009.[154][326] In 2010,
Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only)
dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.[327] His awards include many Guinness
World Records (eight in 2006 alone),[328] 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy
Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music
Awards (24 only as a solo artist, including the "Artist of the Century", but not the poll
of "Artist of the '80s")—more than any artist—, 13 number one singles in the US in his
solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era[329]—and estimated sales
of up to 750 million records worldwide, making him the world's best selling male solo
pop artist.[27][88][102][152][203][204][330][331][332][333][334] On December 29, 2009, the American Film
Institute recognized Jackson's passing as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael
Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of
grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie
This Is It."[335] Michael Jackson also received a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from
the United Negro College Fund [336] and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters
from Fisk University.[337]
Lifetime earnings
His total lifetime earnings from royalties on his solo recordings and music videos,
revenue from concerts and endorsements have been estimated at $500 million; some
analysts have speculated that his music catalog holdings could be worth billions of
dollars.[87][338] This speculation however is contradicted by financial documents obtained
by the Associated Press, which showed that as of March 31, 2007, Jackson's 50 percent
stake in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing catalog (his most prized asset) was worth
$390.6 million and Michael Jackson's net worth was $236 million.[339] Billboard has
estimated that Jackson has generated at least $1 billion in revenue in the year following
his death.[340]

Discography
Main articles: Michael Jackson albums discography, Michael Jackson singles
discography, and Michael Jackson videography
See also: Jackson 5 discography

 Got to Be There (1972)

 Ben (1972)
 Music & Me (1973)
 Forever, Michael (1975)
 Off the Wall (1979)
 Thriller (1982)
 Bad (1987)
 Dangerous (1991)
 HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995)
 Invincible (2001)

Filmography
Main article: Michael Jackson videography
Year
Film Role Director
1978 The Wiz[341] Scarecrow Sidney Lumet
Francis Ford
1986 Captain EO[342] Captain EO
Coppola
1988 Moonwalker[343] Himself Jerry Kramer
1997 Michael Jackson's Ghosts[344] Maestro/Mayor/Ghoul/Skeleton Stan Winston
2002 Men in Black II[345] Agent M (cameo) Barry Sonnenfeld
Miss Cast Away and the Bryan Michael
2004 Agent MJ (cameo)
Island Girls[346] Stoller
Michael Jackson's This Is
2009 Himself Kenny Ortega
It[347]

Tours
Main article: List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and The Jackson 5

 Bad World Tour (1987–89)

 Dangerous World Tour (1992–93)
 HIStory World Tour (1996–97)
 This Is It (2009–10) (cancelled)

See also

Book: Michael Jackson

Wikipedia Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded
or ordered in print.

 Honorific nicknames in popular music

 List of best-selling music artists
 List of best-selling music artists in the United States
 List of unreleased Michael Jackson material

Michael Jackson portal

The Jackson Family portal

Notes
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5. ^ a b Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood, VH1, June 20, 2008.
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7. ^ a b Can Michael Jackson's demons be explained?, BBC, June 27, 2009.
8. ^ Jackson interview seen by 14m, BBC News, (February 4, 2003)
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13. ^ a b The Jackson Five, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, accessed May 29, 2007.
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16. ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 138–144
17. ^ a b George, p. 23
18. ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 205–210
19. ^ a b George, pp. 37–38
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