TR2013 Introduction to Numerical Methods

Tutorial 2 _1

1 The following values of the function f(x) = sin x + cos x, are given
x 10 20 30
f(x 1.1585 1.2817 1.3660
)

Construct the quadratic Lagrange interpolating polynomial that fits the data. Hence, find f(π/12).
Compare with the exact value.

P1 ( x )=l0 ( x ) f ( x 0 )+ l 1 ( x ) f ( x1 ) +l 2 ( x ) f ( x2 )

( x−x 1)( x−x 2) ( x−x 0 )( x−x 2) ( x−x 0 )( x −x1 )

P1 ( x )= [f ( x 0 ) ]+ [ f ( x 1 ) ]+ [f ( x 2 ) ]
(x0 −x 1)( x 0−x 2) ( x 1−x 0 )( x1− x2 ) ( x 2−x 0 )( x 2−x 1 )

( x−20)(x−30) ( x−10 ) ( x−30 ) ( x −10 )( x−20 )

P1 ( x )= [1.1585]+ [1.2817]+ [1.3660 ]
(10−20)(10−30) ( 20−10 ) ( 20−30 ) ( 30−10 )( 30−20 )

x 2−50 x+ 600 2 2
P1 ( x )= [ 1.1585 ] + x −40 x +300 [ 1.2817 ] + x −30 x+200 [ 1.366 ]
200 −100 200

π
Hence f ( )
12

f ( 12π )= p( 12π )
π 2 π π 2 π π 2 π
π 12 ( ) ( )
−50
12
+ 600
12
−40
12
+300 ( ) ( )
( ) −30
12 12
+ 200 ( )
p
12( )
=
200
[ 1.1585 ] +
−100
[ 1.2817 ] +
200
[1.366]

p ( 12π )=3.400+ (−3.712 )+1.3128

p ( 12π )=1.0008
2 Construct the Lagrange interpolation polynomial for the data
x -1 1 4 7
f(x -2 0 63 342
)

Hence, interpolate at x = 5.
 P1 ( x )=l0 ( x ) f ( x 0 )+ l 1 ( x ) f ( x1 ) +l 2 ( x ) f ( x2 ) +l 3 ( x ) f ( x 3 )

( x−x 1)( x −x2 )(x−x 3) ( x−x 0)(x −x2 )(x−x 3) (x−x 0)(x−x 1 )( x−x3 )
P1 ( x )= [f ( x0 ) ]+ [f ( x 1 ) ]+ [ f ( x 2 ) ]+
(x0 −x 1)( x 0−x 2)(x 0− x3 ) (x 1−x 0)( x 1−x 2)(x 1−x 3 ) ( x 2−x 0 )(x 2−x 1)(x 2−x 3)

( x−1)( x −4)( x−7) ( x− (−1 ))( x−4)( x−7) ( x−(−1 ) )( x−1)(x −7) (x−(−1 ) )( x
P1 ( x )= [−2 ] + [0 ]+ [ 63 ] +
(−1−1)(−1−4)(−1−7) (1−(−1 ) )( 1−4 )(1−7) ( 4−(−1 ))(4−1)(4−7) (7−(−1 ))(7

x 3−12 x 2+39 x−28 x 3−7 x 2−x+ 7 x3 −4 x 2−x−4

P1 ( x )= [−2 ] + [ 63 ] + [ 342 ]
−80 −45 144

Hence x = 5

53 −12 ( 5 )2 +39(5)−28 53 −7(5)2−5+7 53 −4 (5)2−5−4

P1 ( x )= [ −2 ] + [ 63 ] + [ 342 ]
−80 −45 144

P1 ( x )=−0.2+67.2+38

P1 ( x )=105

3 Find the second divided difference of f(x) = 1/x, using the points a, b, c.

x f(x) First d.d Second d.d

a 1 f (a , b) f (a , b , c)
a
b 1 f (b , c)
b
c 1
c

4 Find f(x) as a polynomial in x for the following data by Newton’s divided difference formula
x 1 3 4 5 7 10
f(x 3 31 69 13 351 1011
) 1

Hence, interpolate at x = 3.5 and x = 8.0. Also find, f ′ (3) and f ″ (1.5).

x f(x) First d.d Second d.d Third d.d Fourth d.d Fifth d.d
1 3 14 8 1 0 0
3 31 38 12 1 0
4 69 62 16 1
5 131 110 22
7 351 220
10 1011

f ( x )=f ( x 0 ) + ( x−x 0 ) f [ x 0 , x 1 ]+ ( x−x 0 )( x−x1 ) f [ x 0 , x1 , x2 ] + ( x−x 0 ) ( x−x 1 ) ( x−x 2 ) f [ x0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ]+ ( x−x 0 )( x −x1

 f ( x )=3+ ( x−1 ) (14)+ ( x−1 ) ( x −3 ) (8)+ ( x−1 ) ( x −3 )( x−4 ) (1)+ ( x−1 ) ( x−3 ) ( x−4 ) ( x−5 ) (0)+ ( x−1 )( x−3 )( x−

f ( x )=3+ 14 x−14+( x ¿¿ 2−3 x−x+ 3)( 8)+(x 3−8 x 2−5 x−12)( 1)¿

f ( x )=x 3−23 x +1

Interpolate x = 3.5 and x = 8.0

f ( 3.5 )=x 3−23 x+1

f ( 3.5 )=(3.5)3−23 (3.5)+1

f ( 3.5 )=−36.63

f ( 8.0 )=( 8.0)3 −23(8.0)+1

f ( 3.5 )=329

' 1 ∇2 f x ∇ 3 f x ∇4 f x ∇5 f x
f ( 3 )= ( ∇ f x + + + + )
h 2 3 4 5

1 22 1 0 0
f ' ( 3 )= (220+ + + + )
2 2 3 4 5

f ' ( 3 )=115.67

5 Using Newton’s backward difference interpolation, interpolate at x = 1.0 from the following data.
x 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1
f(x -1.699 -1.073 -0.375 0.443 1.429 2.631
)

x f(x) ∇f ∇2 f ∇3 f ∇4 f ∇5 f
0.1 -1.699 0.626 0.072 0.048 0 0
0.3 -1.073 0.698 0.12 0.048 0
0.5 -0.375 0.818 0.168 0.048
0.7 0.443 0.986 0.216
0.9 1.429 1.202
1.1 2.631

∇f n ∇2 f n ∇3 f n
f ( x )=f ( x n ) + ( x−x n ) + ( x−x n ) ( x−x n−1 ) + ( x−x n )( x−x n−1) ( x−x n−2 )
h 2! h 2 3 ! h3

1.202 0.216 0.048

f ( x )=2.631+ ( x−1.1 ) + ( x−1.1 ) ( x−0.9 ) + ( x −1.1 )( x−0.9 )( x−0.7 )
0.2 2 !(0.2)2
3 !(0.2)3
 f ( x )=2.631+ ( x−1.1 ) ( 6.01 ) + ( x 2−2 x+ 0.99 ) (2.7 ) +(x 3−2.7 x 2 +2.39 x−0.693)

f ( x )=x 3 +3 x−2

Interpolate x = 1.0

f ( x )=(1.0)3+ 3(1.0)−2

f ( x )=2

6 Obtain the linear spline and quadratic spline approximation for the following data.
x 0 1 2
f(x -1 3 29
)

Hence, interpolate at x = 0.5 and x = 1.5.

Linear spline

i x f(x)
0 0 -1
1 1 3
2 2 29

x 1< x< x 2

f ( x )=f ( x n−1) + m n−1 ( x− xn−1 )

f ( x )=f ( x 1) + m1 ( x− x1 )

f ( x )=f ( 1 )+ m1 (x−1)

f ( x i )−f ( x i−1)
m i−1=
xi −xi−1

f ( x 2 )−f ( x 1)
m 1=
x2 −x1

29−3
m 1=
2−1

m1=26

f ( x )=f ( 1 )+ m1 (x−1)
f ( x )=3+ 26(x−1)

f ( x )=26 x−23

f ( 1.5 )=26 ( 1.5 )−23

f ( 1.5 )=16

x 0 < x< x1

f ( x )=f ( x n−1) + mn−1 ( x− xn−1 )

f ( x )=f ( x 0 ) +m 0 (x−x 0)

f ( x )=f ( 0 ) +m1 (x−0)

f ( x i )−f ( x i−1)
m i−1=
xi −xi−1

f ( x 1 )−f ( x 0)
m 1=
x1 −x0

3−(−1)
m 1=
1−0

m 1=4

f ( x )=f ( 0 ) +m1 (x−0)

f ( x )=(−1)+ 4 ( x−0)

f ( x )=4 x−1

f ( 0.5 )=4 ( 0.5 )−1

f ( 0.5 )=1

QUADRATIC SPLINE

a 1 x 2+ b1 x +c 1 0 ≤ x <1

a 2 x 2+ b2 x +c 2 1≤ x< 2

E 1=a1 (0)2+ b1 ( 0 )+ c 1=−1

E 2=a1 (1)2 +b 1 ( 1 ) +c 1=3

E 3=a2 (1)2+b 2 ( 1 ) +c 2=3

E 4=a2 (2)2 +b 2 ( 2 ) +c 2=29

So,

E 1=c1=−1

E 2=a1+ b1 +c 1=¿ 3

E 3=a2 +b2 +c 2=3

E 4=4 a 2+2 b2 x+ c 2=29

Then,

c 1 +1=a 1+ b1 +c 1−3

a 1+b 1+ 2=0

a 2+b 2+ c 2−3=4 a 2+ 2b 2+ c2 −4 9

3 a2 +b 2−26=0