Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)
Course Science, Technology and Society
Sem/AY First Semester/2021-2022
Module No. 2
Lesson Title Historical Antecedents which Changed the Course of Science and Technology/
Science and Technology and Nation Building
Week
4
Duration
Date October 11 -15 – 2021/ October 18 -22 -2021/ October 25 -29 -2021/
November 02 -05 -2021
Description This lesson will cover the discussion about the developments of science and
of the technology in the world and Philippine history and how these developments of S&T
Lesson affect the development of the Philippines as a nation.

Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning ∙ discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history.
Outcomes ∙ discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the
environment;
∙ identify the paradigm shifts in history;
discuss the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building;
∙ evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of
their contributions to nation building; and
∙ identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise
their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.

Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Objectives ● explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and
vice versa;
● identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of
history;
● discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines.
● explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in their daily living;
● present government policies on science and technology and explain their
importance to the nation; and
● discuss the role of science and technology in nation- building.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Student Learning Strategies

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a class discussion on the Historical
Asynchronous) Antecedents which Changed the Course of Science and Technology and
Science and Technology and Nation Building. To have access to the
Online Discussion, refer to this link: ____________________.

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What do you think are the leading concerns of people that lead to the
study of science and technology throughout the history?
2. What are some examples of notable human successes and failures in
the field of S&T?
3. Enumerate some social conflicts that are attributed to science and
technology.
‘’ If I have seen further than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.’’
– Sir Isaac Newton
4. Who do you think Newton refers to as ‘giants’?
5. What you think does Newton mean by this in relation to development?
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

Offline Activities Lecture Guide

(e-Learning/Self- Science – ‘scientia’
Paced) - a systematic, organized knowledge.
- concerned with evidence and theory.
Technology – knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent
useful tools.
Society – a group of individuals involved in persistent social interactions.
Science, Technology and Society (STS) is a broad topic that encompasses the
intersections among these three fields of discipline. Science may drive
technological development by generating demand for new instruments to
address a scientific issue. In turn, technology may drive scientific investigation,

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited by creating demand for
technological improvements
that can only be produced
through scientific research and
investigation.

Science and technology indeed

play major roles in everyday life.
They make difficult and
complicated tasks easier and
aloe people to do more with so
little effort and time. The
developments in this field are not just products of people’s imagination or a
one-time thought process; they are also brought about by gradual
improvements to earlier works from different time periods. The driving force
behind this continuous progress is the desire to raise the quality of life of the
people.

Lesson 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF S&T

Ancient times
In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and
navigation, communication and record- keeping, mass production, security and
production, as well as health, aesthetic and architecture.
Transportation was significant during that time because people were trying to
go places and discover new horizons. They travelled to search for food and find
better locations for their settlements. They also travelled to trade their surplus
goods in exchange for thing that they lacked.
Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy
new places. They needed a way to communicate with the native of the areas
they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. Record-
keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places they had
been to and document the trades they made with each other.
Weapons and armors were important for there was always a risk of conflict
when people met others with different culture and orientations. Conflicts were
common especially if different groups struggled to control vital resources.
The early people survival posed a great problem. Different illness and
diseases both natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a human
being. Given this predicament, science and technology played a major role in

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

the discovery of cures and preventions of illnesses.

Level I Institutionally Accredited

In order to integrate their needs- for better transportation, establishment of

structures for protection from human attack and natural disaster- people
ventured into what is now known as the field of engineering. The
development of engineering also leads in the introduction of architecture. This
is more than the style of a building because even before, architectural designs
were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization. Today,
architecture is considered as status symbol and identity among nations.
We can see that developments in S&T, aside from affecting the society and
environment, are the results of many prior antecedents. One can conclude that
people in ancient times were able to discover and invent things that impact the
lives of the modern people.
Sumerian Civilization
Sumeria is located at the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. They are
not contented with the basic things that life can offer. This desire pushed them
to develop many things connected with science and technology.

Cuneiform
It is the first writing system that utilizes word
pictures and triangular symbols which are
carved on clay using wedge instruments and
then left to dry. Cuneiform allowed the
Sumerian to keep record of things with great
historical value.
Uruk City
It is considered to be the first true city in
the World. The Sumerians were able to
build the city using only mud or clay from
the rivers, which they mixed with reeds,
producing sun-baked bricks – a true
engine ering feat. They used the brick to
make houses.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
The ziggurat, also called the
mountain of God, was built in the
same manner that they constructed
the City of Uruk. The ziggurat served
as the sacred place of their chief God,

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

where only their priests were allowed to enter.

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Irrigation and dikes

The Sumerian created dikes and irrigation canals
to bring water to farmlands. This method was
considered as one of the most beneficial
engineering works. Through this, the Sumerians
were able to enjoy year-long farming and
harvesting, which increased their food production.

Sailboats
Boats were used to carry large quantities of
products and were able to cover large
distances. It is essential in transportation and
trading as well as in fostering culture,
information and technology.

Wheel
In the latter part, the Sumerians were able to
invent the wheel but it were not made for
transportation but for farm work and food
processes. Farmers were able to mill grains with
less effort in less time.

Roads
Sumerians developed the first road to facilitate faster and easier travel. They
make roads with the same technology they used in making sun-baked bricks.
Babylonian Civilization
The Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The
Babylonian were great builders, engineers and architects.
Located about 60 miles south of Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, the ancient city

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

of Babylon served for nearly two millennia as a center of Mesopotamian

Level I Institutionally Accredited

civilization.

The ancient scientists who lived in the city made important discoveries in
mathematics, physics and astronomy. Among their many accomplishments,
they developed trigonometry, used mathematical models to track the
planet Jupiter and developed methods of tracking time that are still used today.
Ancient Babylonian records are still used by modern-day astronomers to study
how the rotation of the Earth has changed. 

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Today people can only marvel at
the beauty of the famous Hanging
Gardens of Babylon from stories
of historians and paintings that
portray the place. It was said to
be a structure made of layers
upon layers of gardens that
contained several species of
plants, trees and vines. According
to the legends, the great
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the garden for his wife, Queen Amytis.
However, no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the
Hanging Gardens of Babylons.
Code of Hammurabi
The Law Code of
Hammurabi (now in the Louvre)
is well known for its "eye for an
eye" style of lawmaking. It also
sets out the nature of the
relationship between
Hammurabi, the gods and the
people he ruled.

In his view, the gods sent him to

rule, with some level of
compassion, over his empire. The preamble to the code says that "then Anu and
Bel (both gods) called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared
God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked
and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak ..." (Translation
by L.W. King)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

While Hammurabi claimed to be compassionate, his code was harsh, making

Level I Institutionally Accredited

liberal use of death sentences (in some cases even for stealing) and allowing
the hacking off of body parts. This is a change from an earlier law code, created
centuries ago by a ruler of Ur, which was more inclined to impose fines. 

Egyptian Civilization
Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian civilization
especially regarding their infrastructures established by the pharaohs.
Hieroglyphics
This is a way of writing, which derives
from Greek, “heiros” meaning sacred
and “glypho” which means sculpt, etc. They
were mainly pictograms, which
symbolized people, animals, plants, and
stylized objects, which were inscribed on
Papyrus, temples, and pyramids. Current
researchers have said that hieroglyphics
are the most ancient type of writing in the
world.
Papyrus
Papyrus, writing material of
ancient times and also
the plant from which it was
derived, Cyperus papyrus, also
called paper plant. The papyrus
plant was long cultivated in the Nile
delta region in Egypt and was
collected for its stalk or stem,
whose central pith was cut into
thin strips, pressed together, and
dried to form a smooth thin writing
surface.
The ancient Egyptians used the stem of the papyrus plant to make sails, cloth,
mats, cords, and, above all, paper. Paper made from papyrus was the chief
writing material in ancient Egypt, was adopted by the Greeks, and was used
extensively in the Roman Empire. It was used not only for the production of
books (in roll or scroll form) but also for correspondence and legal documents.
Having papyrus to write on would have been of no use without the invention of
ink. The ancient Egyptians mixed vegetable gum, soot and bee's wax to make a
black ink. Eventually, they replaced the soot with other materials, such as red

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited ochre, to create various colors of ink.

Water
clock/

Clepsydra
It is an ancient device for measuring time by means of the flow of water from a
container. This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water remaining
in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full. In the
process the time is measured.
Calendar
The Egyptians devised their highly accurate
solar calendar by recording the yearly
reappearance of the star Sirius (the Dog Star) in
the eastern sky. When Sirius rose, it coincided
with the yearly flooding of the Nile River.
The Egyptian calendar contained 365 days,
divided into 12 months. Each month had 30
days, and there were an additional five festival
days at the end of each year.
However, earth's solar year is actually 365.25
days long, which today we account for with Leap Year. Gradually, the Egyptian
calendar became incorrect, but this problem was solved by Ptolemy III
whose Ptolemaic Calendar added one day to the 365 days every four years.

Surgical Instruments
The Edwin Smith Papyrus, dating to
1600 BC, is the oldest known surgical
treatise. It describes 48 surgical cases
of injuries, fractures, wounds,
dislocations, and tumors, and details
the type of the injury, examination of
the patient, diagnosis, prognosis, and
treatment. Injuries were to the head,
neck, shoulders, breast, and chest.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

The papyrus includes a list of the instruments used during those surgeries,
Level I Institutionally Accredited

instructions for the suturing wounds, and descriptions of using swabs,

bandages, adhesive plasters, and cauterizing.
Written in black ink, with explanations written in red ink, the papyrus even
contains a section on gynecology and one on cosmetics, along with five
prescriptions. The Cairo Museum contains a collection of surgical instruments,
including scalpels, scissors, copper needles, forceps, spoons, lancets, hooks,
probes, and pincers.
Greek Civilization
It is known as the birthplace of philosophy, some of the major achievements of
the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. More than
coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much on the
field of science and technology.
Alarm clock
The alarm clock of Plato was the first
awakening device in human history.
Although the alarm clock during that time
did not resemble the present-day alarm
clock, the purpose was just the same- to tell
an individual when to stop and to start. It
uses water (sometimes small stones or
sand) that dropped into drums which
sounded the alarm. Plato’s version used for
water vessels lined up vertically. The upper vessel supplied the water which
dropped to the vessel below it, which was set to be filled in a given time. After it
was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which
would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise.
Afterwards, this vessel would empty towards the bottom vessel for storage and
reuse.

Water Mill
The Greek watermill is a water-powered
mill for grinding grain. It uses moving
water as its power source that uses a water
wheel turbine to drive a mechanical
process such as milling. Because of this, the
mass, production of rice, cereal, flour
became common. Watermills were
considered better than mills powered by

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

farm animal because they require less effort and time.

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Roman civilization
The Roman civilization was perceived to be the strongest political and social
entity in the west.

Roman architecture
Roman architecture is one of the most
visual contribution f the ancient Rome
to the world. It was considered as a
continuation of Greek architecture,
hence the resemblance.
It was regarded as pioneering since the
Roman was able to adopt new building
and engineering technology.

Roman numeral
The roman numerals were develop
out of a need for a common method of
counting essential to m eet their
increasing communication and trade
concerns.

Chinese Civilization
It is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia.

Silk
Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk and process it to
produce paper and clothing. Silk production resulted
in a creation of a product for trade.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Tea production
It was developed when an unknown
Chinese inventor created a machine that
was able to shred tea leaves into strips.
Because of this, the Chinese were able to
increase their production of tea and trade
it to other nations.

Great wall of China

It is said to be the largest and most
expensive infrastructure that the nation
built. It was constructed to keep out
foreigner invaders and control the
boarders of China.

Gunpowder
It is one of the most interesting inventions in
China. Originally, it was developed by
Chinese alchemists who aim to achieve
immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur and
potassium nitrate, but instead of creating
elixir of life, they accidentally generate large
amount of heat and gas in an instant. It is
widely used to propel bullets from guns and
cannons which cause countless deaths. It is also used in fireworks during
celebrations in China.

Medieval Ages
The start of the medieval ages was marred by massive invasions and migration.
Trade and commerce among nations increase. The Middle Ages, far from being
miserable and bloody, was a period of great invention and innovation.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Printing press
Level I Institutionally Accredited

The printing press is probably the most

important invention of the Middle Ages
Johann Gutenberg was able to invent
the printing press, a more reliable way
of printing using a cast tube. He
utilized wooden machines that
extracted juice from fruits, attached to
them a metal impression of the letters,
and pressed firmly the cast metal into a
piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper.

Hourglass
The hourglass is an early device for measuring interval
of time. Sailors found the sand filled hourglass a
definite improvement over the water clock which was
affected too much by the swaying of the ocean. They
would quickly replace older means of timekeeping like
sundials and were especially useful on long voyages by
sea.

Eye glasses

The concept of magnification and optics are

ancient, but it wasn’t until the medieval period
that lenses become wearable. Medieval glasses
didn’t have arm to go over the ears, they were of
the pince-nez
variety with
two lenses
riveted
together in the center. These early glasses
featured convex lenses to help the farsighted
focus on items up close.
Microscope

Another invention in the middle ages is the

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

microscope. Growing population caused massive migration and urbanization

Level I Institutionally Accredited

during the period, this resulted in more people getting sick and needing
medical attention. To develop proper medicine for illness, experts must
understand the sickness through investigation. Thus they need a device to
magnify this that were invisible to the eye. Zacharias Jansen developed the first
compound microscope. With this device, people were able to observe
organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye.

Telescope
Considering the vast and empty oceans that
separated lands, ship captains needed to see far
and wide for them to navigate or avoid dangers
to the sea.

War weapons
Since war was widespread during the
middle ages, great development in the
weaponry technology also occurred.
They develop defensive and offensive
instruments, strong bows and long
bows, combat and armors to protect
themselves.

Modern Times

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited The booming world population
during the nineteenth century
onwards demanded that more goods
should be produced. Machines that
required animals must be upgraded
and faster and easier means of
communication should be develop to
establish better connection between
different nation.
• The pace of technological
change in western society began to quicken.
• Steam Engines are introduced in the industrial revolutions.

Railroad made it possible to move

things.

Telegraph and, later the telephone carried communications across the

country side.

Electric lighting supplanted the dim glow of candles, kerosene, and gas
lights.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited 20th Century
Automobile and the Airplane changed not only travel but the nature of
our cities and towns.

Radio and then Television brought more of the outside world into
everyone’s home.

Knowledge about the causes of diseases brought new treatments and

preventive measures.

Computers appeared, and soon the transistor make them smaller, more
powerful, more accessible and cheaper.

Research and Development

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited • Today, the system by which research and development leads to new
products is fundamentally different than it was in the previous centuries

Structure Development
• Basic insights in materials science enable the development of structures
that are lighter, stronger and more durable than anything available
before.

Communication
• The computer and novel modes of communications such as optical
fibers, bring new, interactive modes of work and more capable
machinery.

Philippine Innovations

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also

Level I Institutionally Accredited

contributes to the global advancement of science and technology.

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
The Pinoy tricycle has undergone
another makeover, thanks to the
ingenuity of Filipino inventor Atoy Llave.
The trike-boat is seen as a welcome
invention especially now that the rainy
season is here and with it the inevitable
floods in this disaster-prone country.
The unique invention is the H2O
Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that
is part-boat and part-land ride which
has been created to address multiple
needs – a regular tricycle ride that can
transform into a vehicle for rescue
operations needs as well as the
transport needs for folks to return to
their normal daily work grind during
times of flooding.
Salamander is touted as the first of its
kind in the world, 100% made by Filipinos in H2o Technologies, a Filipino-run
company, out of its Metro Manila base of operations.

SALt (Sustainable Alternative Lighting)

Lamp
Filipino homes without power sources can
now light up their nights using two main
components that can be found in every
kitchen – salt and water.
Aisa Mijeno, an engineering professor at
De La Salle University – Lipa in the
Philippines who engages in social work
and Greenpeace projects, invented this
alternative lighting system that does not
use batteries and harmful chemical like
kerosene to work.
Mijeno together with her brother Raphael
co-founded SALt (Sustainable Alternative
Lighting), a social enterprise which is
developing a LED lamp that runs on just
table salt and water.
This Electrochemical LED lamp works by dissolving two tablespoons of salt in a

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

glass of water – a saline solution which functions as electrolyte. SALt can

Level I Institutionally Accredited

provide light up to 8 hours and is also capable of charging smartphones and

other low power mobile devices using a USB cable.

eJeepney
Electric jeepneys (eJeepneys) runs on pure electricity supplied by rechargeable
automotive batteries thus it does not consume either gasoline or diesel to
operate. It therefore has no noise, no fumes, no harmful emissions. It can be
charge overnight for about eight hours on an ordinary outlet.

In 2007, Jayme Navarro of
Bacolod discovered a surprising
way to convert plastic bags into
fuel. It starts by melting the
plastics and then taking out the
polymers to mix with a catalyst.
Pyrolysis will occur soon after
to produce hydrocarbon gases.
After several processes of
purification, the final output
will then be compressed and stored.

On average, 5,000 kilos of plastic bags can produce 400 liters of diesel. The
good news soon reached DOE and DOST which both attested that the resulting
fuel is lower in sulfur and environment-friendly. The invention was finally
patented in November 2008.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Lesson 2: Science and Technology and Nation Building

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Brief History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Science during the ancient times in the

Philippines is embedded in the way of
life of the people which primarily was
the effect of colonization.

The scientific knowledge of the

people on the ancient times is seen on
the way they plant their crops which
provides them food.
They used science to observe and
predict the seasons and climate
through the movement of the
heavenly bodies.

Even before the Spaniards came, the Philippines is already known on using
medicinal herbs to treat diseases. The babaylans/katalonan were known to be
the first healer during the pre-spanish era. The knowledge of the pre-Spanish
Filipino on medicinal plants was greatly influenced by the Chinese, Indians and
other immigrants through barter.

In the past, where refrigerator was not yet invented, the Filipinos were able to

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

find ways on how they will preserve the food for it to last longer. Since the
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Philippines has a tropical climate, one of the ways that they are doing is open
air-drying using the sun and the wind to preserve the food. Drying inhibits the
growth of bacteria which makes the food last longer. Some other ways are
fermentation and salting.

Technology is used by the people in

developing tools that they can use in
everyday life.
During the ancient times, our
ancestors lived in small
communities as hunters and
gatherers, using the hunting
materials that they have made from
carve stones, wood and animal
bones; they were able to hunt for
animals as source of their food.

Irrigation is the artificial

application of water to land for the
purpose of agricultural
production. The Banaue rice
terraces is an example of a system
of irrigated rice terraces in the
mountains of Cordilleras. Despite
having only basic tools, the Ifugao
have created a vast network of rice
terraces sustained by an irrigation
system.

Science and technology already exist during the ancient times without them
realizing the science behind those things. The development of the technologies
during the ancient times helps the people to survive through the raw materials
and tools that they made. Science and technology became remarkable in the
lives of the ancient people. Through that, innovations happen from time to time

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

which made a better version of what was made before. Science and technology
Level I Institutionally Accredited

play a vital role in today’s world. Through the devices and technologies made
today, like smart phones, microwave, modes of transportation and many more
made our life easier. Science has made significant contribution in health by
providing treatment on various diseases, technology on the other hand
provides devices such as x ray, operation devices, scan devices and many more
which contributed much on today’s health.

The Roles of Science and Technology

Technology is always linked with development phase. Technology occurs when

there is advancement in science. Every individual expects development in
every nation in all aspects. Thus, for development to happen, science and
technology must go together.

For successful economy, science, technology and engineering are the basic
requisites. If our nation does not implement science and technology, then the
chances of getting itself developed becomes minimal and could be even rated
as underdeveloped nation. Science and technology is associated in all means
with modernity and it is an essential tool for rapid development.

Modernization in every aspect of life is the greatest example of the

implementation of science and technology in every nation. With the
introduction of modern gadgets in every walk of life, life has become simple.
Without having modern equipment in all sectors, the advancement and benefits
that we face today would not have been possible.

We as citizens of the nation and who hold equal responsibility for the growth,
should equip the youth with all possible facilities for their research thirst and
support and motivate them, as the future of our nation is in their hands and
they could get our nation to more advanced levels than what it is today.

Contribution of Science and Technology in Society

Science affects virtually everyone- agriculture and food production, research in

medicine, global change and energy. Many of the problems now facing
humankind can be solved only if we approach science more holistically. The
impact of technological inventions on individual people, communities, and the
environment must also be carefully considered.

Good scientific communication via the mass media is especially important in

those areas directly and strongly affecting people’s lives- for example, before,
during and after natural disasters.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Science today seems caught in a cross-fire between two opposing world views.
On the one hand, science is a major tool of the ideology currently driving the
world economy, namely that of the free market system, continual growth and
the pursuit of personal wealth. On the other hand, science is increasingly being
called on to produce knowledge and technology that promote environmentally
sustainable, people-oriented development and long term management of
resources.

It can be said therefore that science is useful in the technologies that it gives us,
and in the enjoyment and inspirations that we get as we explore the mysteries
of the universe.

Contribution of Science and Technology in Environment

The availability of computer systems in homes and in work environment has

eradicated the need to have reams of paper files; in the long run, these simple
changes will have a considerable impact on the environment and help to
preserve forest. Recycling technology will also help to eliminate waste.

Government Policies in Science and Technology

Department of Science and Technology

(DOST)
- The government agency tasked to manage national technology
development and formulate policies and projects in the field of Science and
technology in support of national development..
- The Philippines basic strategy is ‘’National Science and
Technology Plan 2002-2020’’ which is a long term plan that covers nearly 20
years. The vision for 2020 is ‘’The Philippines develops world class competitive
products and services based on high technical capabilities.’’ Strategic areas are
based on the above visions are classified into 9 categories:
1. Pursuit of a niche and formation of cluster.
2. Efforts to tackle urgent national issues (poverty, inadequate medical system,
increase in population, inadequate food, water and energy, housing and
employment, low income, low productivity, devastation, cyber terrorism, and
fragile governance).
3. Cultivation of human resources in the fields of science and technology.
4. Provision of support to small-mediocre enterprise.
5. Promotion of Science and technology transfer and utilization.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

6. Building and upgrading of infrastructure in the fields of science and

Level I Institutionally Accredited

technology.
7. Enhancement of the relationship between government, industry, academic
and society, and foreign countries.
8. Improvement of administrative ability in the fields of science and technology.
9. Fostering of scientific, technological, and innovative culture.
The Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda
❖ Research and development activities.
Research and development activities of the DOST has been at the
forefront of initiatives since they are meant to give the country new sources of
income and promote sustainable development. Key areas being targeted are
health, technologies, disaster risk reduction.
❖ Philippine Space Program
Recently, the Philippines launched its own micro-satellite, the
“DIWATA 1”, and is scheduled to launch the “DIWATA 2” as a follow-up. The
department is also in partnership with other countries’ space programs and
satellites for visual imaging and weather pattern forecasting. The goal of the
space program is to bring the Philippines into the 21st century by developing
cutting-edge technologies born out of the challenges of space flight and space
observation. This will also have an astounding effect on the improvement of
PAGASA’s meteorological technology. One major reason for continuous
advancements in the field of meteorological studies is their drive for risk
reduction and damage mitigation for natural calamities.
❖ Sustainable development in the field of agriculture, aqua culture
and forestry program.
Food security had always been a looming threat, especially for third-world
countries such as the Philippines. With over 60 percent of the population living
below the poverty line, creating a self-sustaining food ecology and economy is
becoming important now more than ever. Post war, the Philippines was one of
the best-producing countries in Southeast Asia; however, the Philippines now
lags behind the countries like Thailand, Vietnam, and even Cambodia. The
DOST’s focus on agriculture, aqua-culture, and forestry programs aim to
alleviate the need to import food and increase local yield to satisfy local
demand. Sustainable development in this arena will help lower commodity
prices and stimulate the local farming economy.

❖ Investments in Science and Technology Innovation based start-ups

increased.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

The lack of awareness on the results of R&D activities and the lack of
Level I Institutionally Accredited

government’s support mechanisms to help firms become more innovative still

persist. Hence, technologies are not yet used extensively among MSMEs.
Accordingly, the government will strengthen support for spin-offs, start-ups,
and MSMEs in the regions by providing, among others, technology business
incubators, consultancy services, and financial support. It will establish more
innovation hubs and shared service facilities; and undertake efforts to improve
R&D productivity and to help bring down the costs of engaging in innovation
activities.
The Business Innovation through Science and Technology for Industry
Program will facilitate the acquisition of high-tech equipment and foreign
technologies by Filipino companies for their R&D activities. It will enhance
their technological capacity to undertake R&D through funding, technology
licensing, and acquiring patent rights. Moreover, the Inventor Assistance
Program will be bolstered to connect small businesses and inventors to patent
attorneys who provide pro bono legal assistance in securing patent protection.

❖ Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies in

the field of Science and Technology.
More funding will be provided for Science, Technology, Engineering,
Agriculture, and Mathematics (STEAM) scholarships. Science and Technology
(S&T) scholarship programs6 will be strengthened to encourage students to
pursue STEAM. Specialized STI training will also be expanded. Student
Financial Assistance Programs will be used to shepherd more
scholars/enrollees to get into STEAM areas. Improving the K to 12 Transition
Program should also lead to more study grants for scholars. Moreover, the
government should establish more science high schools and science section
institutions to help increase STI employment in the country.
Major Development Programs and personalities in Science and
Technology in the Philippines

1. Angel C. Alcala

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited Through Malacañ ang Proclamation No. 782 dated
June 6, 2014, President Benigno S. Aquino
conferred on Academician Angel C. Alcala the
Rank and Title of National Scientist in
recognition of his outstanding contributions to
society, specifically his seminal and original
research on the systematic, ecology, and
diversity of Philippine amphibians and reptiles,
and, marine biodiversity, reef fishes and
conservation (marine-protected areas).
 His studies on and advocacy of marine no-take zones led to a national policy 
and program that established no-take marine protective areas which has
resulted in more than a thousand of such marine no-take zones in the country
and has become a model of coastal resource management and conservation
adopted by many countries.  No-take marine reserves allows the build-up of
marine biodiversity including fishery species as well as export of adult fish to
areas (outside of MPAs) used as fishing areas, thereby enhancing fish yields of
fishers.

2. Ramon C. Barba
By virtue of Malacañ ang Proclamation No.
783 signed by President Benigno S. Aquino
III on June 6, 2014, Academician Ramon C.
Barba was conferred the Rank and Title of
National Scientist for his distinguished
achievements in the field of plant
physiology, focusing on induction of
flowering of mango and on
micropropagation of important crop
species that have earned him national and
international accolades.
 His pioneering work on the induction of
flowering and fruiting of mango resulted in the change from seasonal supply of
fresh fruits to all year round availability of abundant fresh mangoes.  The
regularity of mango production is the key ingredient in the development of
mango exports which gave rise to an entirely new industry of processed mango
products. He developed the plant growth enhancer, FLUSH, which accelerates
the growth cycle of the trees and advance their flowering and fruiting stages, to
assure continuous fruit bearing of mango trees. The discovery assured regular
or controlled flowering of mango trees and in many dry areas like Cebu and
Guimaras, hence, the flowering period for the whole country was not just
confined to March and April but has extended to several months, assuring a

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

supply of mangoes throughout the year.

Level I Institutionally Accredited

This mango induction technology was patented not only in the Philippines but
also in other countries, such as USA, England, Australia and New Zealand. He
did not collect any royalty from the patent so that ordinary farmers can freely
use the technology. Nowadays, many mango producing countries in Latin
America, Africa, Asia and Australia have adopted the technology for their
mango production. Furthermore, this technology has been successfully applied
on other fruit trees including cashew.

3. Ms. Tetchi Cruz-Capellan

The Philippine national flag, known as
Three Stars and a Sun, features a golden-
yellow sun with eight sun rays, each
representing a province in the
Philippines. This symbolism could not be
more powerfully felt than when talking
to solar expert Ms. Tetchi Cruz-Capellan,
CEO of Philippine renewable energy
provider SunAsia Energy Inc. and
founder of the Philippine Solar Power
Alliance (PSPA). She first became
acquainted with solar power as the country director of a rural
electrification project funded by the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID). As one of the more mature forms of renewable
energy technologies available today, solar power is in the midst of a
transition from humble rooftop systems that provide power in the single
digit kilowatt-hour scale, to industrial-sized solar farms that provide solar
power in the megawatt-hour scale.

4. Edgardo Gomez

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited Edgardo Gomez was a known researcher,
scientist, conservation advocate, and mentor
in invertebrate biology and ecology, giant
clam culture and restoration, and coral reef
assessment and conservation. He was also
recognized for his outstanding contributions
and researches on marine ecosystems which
became the bases for management of and
the conservation programs for the country's
marine resources.

Through his pioneering research, he was

able to steer the world’s first national-scale assessment of damage to coral
reefs that led to the widespread concern over the status of coral reefs. This
resulted to the worldwide conservation initiatives, such as the Global Reefs and
Risk Analysis, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, and the International
Coral Reef Action.

5. Aisa Mijeno

“To light up the rest of the Philippines

sustainably” was the vision of Filipina
scientist Aisa Mijeno when she made the
Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp.

The SALt Lamp is an environment-friendly

and sustainable alternative light source that
runs on saltwater, making it suitable to those
who live in coastal areas.

It can also function well in remote barrios.

With just two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water, this ecologically
designed lamp can run for eight hours.

“It is made of tediously experimented and improved chemical compounds,

catalysts, and metal alloys that when submerged in electrolytes will generate
electricity,” Mijeno explained in an interview with ABS-CBN.

Because of its inspiring vision and ground-breaking innovation, the SALt lamp

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
has received various awards and recognition from organizations in the
Philippines, Singapore, Japan, and South Korea.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited 6. Fabian Dayrit
Dr. Dayrit did the phytochemical
work for the development of
lagundi (Vitex negundo) as part
of the National Integrated
Research Program on Medicinal
Plants (NIRPROMP). Lagundi is
the first medicinal plant
approved in the Philippines and
is now a billion-peso industry.
He has worked on other
important natural products,
including medicinal plants,
coconut oil, and carrageenan. He
is currently focused on the development of standardization and
profiling methods for medicinal plants.
Those personalities have contributed much on the development of science and
technology in the Philippines. Their works had contributed to the growth and
development of our country. They eagerly seek and research answers to the
world’s endless questions and problems. They have cultivated the science and
technology which will really improve the lives of the Filipino people.
Science education in the Philippines
Science is important to everyone. School science education should support the
development of scientific literacy in all students as well as motivate them to
pursue careers in science, technology, and engineering. These statements were
drawn from a series of consultation meetings and focus group discussions with
different sectors of society held in 2006: industry, university, scientists,
parents, teachers, school administrators, community leaders, media, students,
and many others.
Importance of the School Science Education
Science is useful because of its links to technology and industry, which, from a
national perspective, are areas of high priority for development. Science
provides ways of making sense of the world systematically. It develops
students’ scientific inquiry skills, values and attitudes, such as objectivity,
curiosity, and honesty and habits of mind including critical thinking. All these
are useful to the individual student for his own personal development, future
career, and life in general. These skills, values, attitudes, and dispositions are
likewise useful to the community that an individual student belongs to, and are

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

further useful to the country that he lives in.

Level I Institutionally Accredited

The learning of science is also important for the nation’s cultural development
and preservation of its cultural identity. Science is most useful to a nation when
it is utilized to solve its own problems and challenges, keeping a nation's
cultural uniqueness and peculiarities intact. Thus, in many countries, science
teaching and learning is linked with culture.
Challenges in Science Education: Philippines Context
Some Filipino students have gained recognition for their high level of
accomplishments in the International Science and Engineering Fair, Robotics
Competition, and Physics Olympiad, to name a few. There are also reports of
students in far-flung rural schools scoring much higher than the international
mean in the case of the Third/Trends in International Mathematics and Science
Study (TIMSS) or have gone beyond the 75% mastery level in the case of the
National Achievement Test (NAT).
However, the accomplishments of a few students are overshadowed by the
consistently poor performance of Filipino students in international assessment
studies and national assessment studies. Studies reveal that Filipino students
have low retention of concepts, have limited reasoning and analytical skills, and
poor communication skills (they cannot express ideas or explanations of events
and phenomena in their own words) (UP NISMED, 2004). In addition, a large
percentage of Grade 6 and fourth year students in selected schools cannot
apply concepts to real-life problem solving situations nor design an
investigation to solve a problem (UP NISMED, 2005).
Many educators and graduate student researchers have identified several
factors behind the low performance in science of Filipino students. These are:
quality of teachers, the teaching-learning process, the school curriculum,
instructional materials, and administrative support (DOST-SEI, 2006).
There are many constraints facing science education in Philippine schools,
these are as follows:
Shortage of teachers
Numerous factors can be attributed to the current predicament faced by the
country. First and foremost would be the shortage of science and math teachers
in the country. In 2016, DepEd secretary Leonor Briones stressed the need to
hire more teachers with the implementation of the K to 12 program, which
created 36,641 free teaching posts. The government tried to make ends meet
for this shortage by having DepEd offer teaching posts with above entry-level
salary grades to Science and Technology graduates under the Junior Level

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Science Scholarships of the Department of Science and Technology-Science

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Education Institute.
The scholar graduates of the program would also receive a teacher training
program for them to qualify for the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET).
Qualifying graduates from the scholarship would be given the position of
special science teacher with a starting salary grade of 13. DepEd also called for
graduates of Science, Math, or Engineering courses without LET certification, as
well TESDA accredited technical-vocational graduates with expertise in specific
learning areas, to apply as part-time teachers for the K to 12 Senior High School
Program.
Shortage of classrooms
The shortage of classrooms for DepEd schools is also an issue. With the
implementation of the K-12 program, Benjie Valbuena, national chair of the
Alliance of Concerned Teachers-Philippines (ACT-Philippines) estimated the
classroom shortage in the country to be 113,995 as of 2017. By June 2017,
Education Undersecretary Jesus Mateo announced that 50,000 of the needed
113,000 classrooms had already been completed and are pending for use. The
undersecretary stressed the objective of the government to create more
classrooms “to meet lower class size, which leads to conducive learning.”
Shortage of laboratories
Aside from the obvious lack of classrooms, there is also a lack of science
laboratories to facilitate science learning and application of its concepts to
students. In 2014, DepEd reported a shortage of science laboratories in regions
III, IV-A, X, XI, and XII, with an average of only one in ten schools having its own
laboratory. In the National Capital Region, the ratio improved with three
laboratories for every 10 schools; however, the findings showed that the rest of
the regions did not have any science laboratories. This problem prompted
researchers from Diliman and Los Banos of the University of the Philippines to
develop Versatile Instrumentation System for Science Education and Research
(VISSER).
This instrumentation system includes hardware, software, sensors, and
experiment modules for various science subjects. The device’s hardware
component includes multi-channel plug and play analog and digital sensors
that run on a microcontroller. The microcontroller pools all the information
and connects such hardware to the device’s modules, which include
experiments in biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering.
Quality of learning materials

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

DepEd also faces a challenge in terms of the quality of its textbooks. Many
Level I Institutionally Accredited

teachers have reported that the books are obsolete and flooded with errors. In
Torrijos, Marinduque, the situation of “sick books” is nothing new. Teachers
from that municipality are well-acquainted with the circulation of such
textbooks. They even provided a copy of an English book for children
inundated with marks from highlighter pens showing typographical,
grammatical, factual, and conceptual errors. Antonio Calipjo Go, a critic of the
circulating DepEd textbooks, identified 1,300 “errors” in a Grade 10 English
Learning book. An anonymous teacher also pointed out numerous errors in her
draft copy of the 2014 Grade 9 Science Learner’s material. These errors were
already reported in order to improve the final version of the material.
In tertiary education, science deals with developing students understanding
and appreciation of science ideas and scientific works. Science education
focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientist, engineers, and other
professionals in various science related field such as engineering, agriculture ,
medicine and health sciences.

Government support to Science Education

In recent years, several programs have been initiated by DOST and
councils/agencies, aimed at improving S&T education. It is overwhelming to
note that its programs and projects and collaborative efforts with both public
and private sector partners have borne fruit that not only indicate the
effectiveness of the interventions. But more importantly, provide much needed
encouragement to continue on regardless of the many obstacles faced.
1. Undergraduate scholarships
Republic Act 7687. This program provides scholarships in priority
baccalaureate degree programs and post secondary courses to high school
graduates inclined towards S&T, yet are hampered financially. Strong
budgetary support allows the program to serve on a massive scale, on the
average 10,000 or more students from various congressional districts and
municipalities all over the country. Currently there are a total of 6,442 scholars
being supported under this program.
2. Teacher scholarship programs
The DOST also supports various scholarship programs aimed to fill in the gaps
in the number of competent science and math teacher.
3. Graduate Scholarships

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

DOST Human Resource Development Program offers scholarship grant for

Level I Institutionally Accredited

graduate studies in the fields of natural sciences, physical sciences, engineering

and social science courses.
It is indeed alarming that the quality of Science education in the Philippines is
of low quality because of several factors, but the Philippine government is
making their way in doing programs that will contribute for the betterment of
the transfer of learning.

Learning Resources
Online Supplementary Reading Materials
1. Clepsydra ;
https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tech/terms/clepsydra
2. Greek inventions; https://sites.google.com/site/delgreekinventions/alarm-clocks
3. Ancient Greek Watermill; https://spark.adobe.com/page/zMO2fgqh0S32K/
4. Roman Numerals: Conversion, Meaning and Origin;
www.google.com/amp/s/www.livescience.com/amp/32052-roman-numerals.html
5. 18 Inventions of the Middle Ages That Changed The World;
https://interestingengineering.com/18-inventions-of-the-middle-ages-that-changed-
the-world
6. Medieval Eyeglasses: Wearable Technology of the Thirteenth Century;
https://www.medievalist.net/2016/03/medieval-eyeglasses-wearable-technology-
of-the-thirteenth-century/
7. The Hourglass; http://dailymedieval.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-hourglass.html?
m=1
8. Modern times; https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Flouis-
pasteur-in-the-1800s.weebly.com
9. Telephone; https://www.britannica.com/technology/telephone
10. Brief History of Computer; http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20computer
%20history.html

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Online Supplementary Video Materials

Level I Institutionally Accredited

1. Ancient Greece 101;National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=6bDrYTXQLu8&list=PLG7C8rX8d45ZQWLWJGgVlBcelAms8ZFHT&index=1
2. Ancient Mesopotamia 101; National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=xVf5kZA0HtQ&list=PLG7C8rX8d45ZQWLWJGgVlBcelAms8ZFHT&index=2
3. Ancient Rome 101; National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=GXoEpNjgKzg&list=PLG7C8rX8d45ZQWLWJGgVlBcelAms8ZFHT&index=4
4. Ancient Egypt;National Geographic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hO1tzmi1V5g&list=PLG7C8rX8d45ZQWLWJGgVlBcelAms8ZFHT&index=5
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.livescience.com/28701-ancient-babylon-center-of-mesopotamian-
civilization.html
https://www.ancientpages.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/hammurabilaws16.jpg
https://www.britannica.com/topic/papyrus-writing-material
https://www.egypttoday.com/siteimages/larg/9479.jpg
https://interestingengineering.com/ancient-egyptian-technology-and-inventions
https://www.ancient-origins.net/sites/default/files/field/image/Egyptian-Papyrus-Ink.jpg
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/74/1e/9c/741e9c95394556cbc7b2c8885aae672a.jpg
filipinoachievers.wordpress.com
Contreras, A. P., Erasga, D. S., & Jr., R. E. (2018). Science, Technology and Society A Critical
Approach. Intramuros, Manila: MINDSHAPERS CO., INC.
Dr. Mariano M. Ariola, L., Ed.D., & L.P.T. (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Intramuros
Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services and Publishing Inc.
Science and technology in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines
McNamara, D. J., et al. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society, C & E Publishing, Inc.

Intellectual Property
This module is for educational purpose only. Under section Sec. 185 of RA 8293,
which states, “The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting,
teaching including multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar
purposes is not an infringement of copyright.”
The unauthorized reproduction, use, and dissemination of this module without joint
consent of the authors is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the
law, including appropriate administrative sanctions, civil, and criminal.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY