دليل معالجة وتخطيط الفراغات في المدن
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                   hard spaces     
                            
                     
                          
             
      
                                                                                      Soft Space
                                                                                         
                                                                                     
               
                            
                                                                       
    
                                                                                             
                     
                                                                                               
                                                                                       
                                         
                                                                                        
     
    
                                                                                        
      
                                                                                       
       
                                                                                         
                                                                                                                    
      
                    
    
                                                         
                                           
                         
                                        
                                                                                           
                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                              
                                         
                         
                                                         
                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                
    
    
    
                                                                      
      
                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                         
     
      
               
                                                                                                                                     
         
     
                                                     
                                       
                                                                     
                                                                                                          
                                 
                             
              
                                            
                                                                                              
                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                   
                             
                                                                      
                                                                                   
                                           
            
            
    
            
     
    
                               
                                  
                    
     
                                                  
       
                                           
    
                                                 
          
     
     
                                
                                                                                                                                                           
                                                              
                                                                                                                  
    
                                                                                            
                                                                                                                          
                                       
                                                                                                                                                           
      
             
                                                               
           
             
     
                                                                                        
                                                                                                                 
                                                            
    
                        
    
                                                                                                                                              
                  
                                                                                     
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                           
                                                                        
                           
                                                                                                 
                                                                                            
                                                                  
                            
                         
                                                                          DetailsProportionSize
                                                       
         
       Monumentality 
                                                
                                                                            
         
                                                                          
                                                                          
                                      
                                                                                                                     
        
        
 
                                                 
                
        
    
     
                       
           
               
                  
                                          
                                                                                                                                                         
                      
                                                               
                     
                                                                             
                          
                                                                             
                                      
                                                                             
            
                                                                             
      
                                                                             
                 
                                                                             
      
                                                                        
                                                                                                           
       
        
       
                                                                                                    
        
                                                                                                  
         
       
     
                                                                       
                                                                                   
                   
       
        
                                                                                
                                                                                                 
       
       
                                                                                                                 
                                     
                                                                                            
             
                                           
            Landmark
                                                         
                                                      
                                        
    Skyline                                                                           
                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                      
                                                            
                                           
                                                                                                           
                                                
                         
                                                                                                
                  
                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                          
                                                                
                                                 
                                                      
     Vista                                                                   
                                                                                         
     gateways                    
                                      
     Screen 
                           Vista
      
                      Framing
     Ramp
                                                          
     
                                                            
                           
                        
                                                   
     
     Formal
                                                      Informal
     
      
                                                              
       
                                                           
                                       
     
     
                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                          
                                                                                 
                                                           
         
           
                                      
             
 
                                                            
 
                                                                                                                           
                                   
                                                                          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     CourtyardsCuldesacs –
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SimondsJohan – “ landscape Architecture”Second Edition                                                             – –
  Mc Graw HillNew York U.S.A –1983.                                                
Kevin Lynch – “ Site Planning ” &"The Image of the City"                                –
  Cambridge The M.I.T 1971.
                                                                                      –– –
YoshinobuAshihara – “Exterior Design In Architecture” 
  V. N. R New York 1970 .                                                                                                                        
Cooper MarcusClare and Carolyn Fancies“People Places                         
  Design Guide Lines For Urban Open Spaces “Van Nostrand                                                        
  ReinholdNew York1990.                                                           –
AshiharaYoshinbou –“ Exterior Design In Architecture ”
                                                                                      –
  Van Nostrand ReinholdNew York 1981.
                                                                                                                                                                        
     Booth Norman Basic Elements Of Landscape Architecture
       New York 1983
     GehlJan –“ Life Between Buildings Using Public Spaces”
       Van Nostrand ReinholdNew York
     BentleyAlcockMurrainMcGlynnSmith – “Responsive
       Environments “Butterworth ArchitectureBritain. 1995.
     Noberg Schulz . C“Intentions In Architecture” 
       Universities Forloget Oslo1966.
     Spreiregn Poul . D.“The Architecture Of Towns and Cities” 
       Mc. Graw HillNew York1965.
     Gl. C. study ” An Introduction To Housing Layout” The
       Architectural Press London 1983 .
     Mc . CluskeyJim – “Road Form And townscape “ The
       Architectural Press – London 1978.
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