Analysis of Structures
3.0 credits, 3hrs/wk
By
MOHAMMAD ALIMUZZAMAN BAPPY
bappy.ce.buet@gmail.com
Contents
Introduction
Allowable stresses
Different types of trusses
Wind and static load analysis of trusses
Design of truss sections
Design of Steel beams and columns
Timber structures
Introduction
For the equilibrium of
structures made of
several connected
parts, the internal
forces as well the
external forces are
considered.
Introduction
In the interaction
between connected
parts, Newton’s 3rd Law
states that the forces of
action and reaction
between bodies in
contact have the same
magnitude, same line
of action, and opposite
sense.
• Three categories of engineering
structures are considered:
a) Frames: contain at least one
multi-force member, i.e.,
member acted upon by 3 or
more forces.
b) Trusses: formed from two-force
members, i.e., straight members
with end point connections
c) Machines: structures containing
moving parts designed to
transmit and modify forces.
Definition of Truss
A truss consists of straight members connected at joints. No member is
continuous through a joint
Most structures are made of several trusses joined together to form a
space framework. Each truss carries those loads which act in its plane
and may be treated as a two-dimensional structure.
Bolted or welded connections are assumed to be pinned together.
Forces acting at the member ends reduce to a single force and no
couple. Only two-force members are considered.
When forces tend to pull the member apart, it is in tension. When the
forces tend to compress the member, it is in compression
Members of a truss are slender
and not capable of supporting
large lateral loads. Loads must
be applied at the joints.
Different types of trusses
Forces
Compression
A body being squeezed
Tension
A body being stretched
Simple Truss
A simple truss is composed of triangles, which will retain their shape even when
removed from supports.
Pinned and Roller Supports
A pinned support can support a structure in two
dimensions.
A rollersupport can support a structure in
only one dimension.
Solving Truss Forces
Assumptions:
All members are perfectly straight.
All loads are applied at the joints.
All joints are pinned and frictionless.
Each member has no weight.
Members can only experience tension or
compression forces.
Static Determinacy
A statically determinate structure is one that can
be mathematically solved
2J = M + R
J = Number of Joints
M = Number of Members
R = Number of Reactions
A statically determinate truss will always work with
this formula, but is possible for a statically
indeterminate truss to work with this formula.
Further, when solving for a statically determinate
truss, the two sides of the formula will always be
equal. The two sides of the formula for statically
indeterminate trusses will not be equal
Statically Indeterminate
Did you notice the two
pinned connections?
A truss is considered statically indeterminate when
the static equilibrium equations are not sufficient to
find the reactions on that structure. There are simply
too many unknowns
Statically Determinate
Is the truss statically
determinate now?
A truss is considered statically determinate when the
static equilibrium equations can be used to find the
reactions on that structure.
Static Determinacy Example
Each side of the main street bridge in Brockport, NY
has 19 joints, 35 members, and three reaction forces
(pin and roller), making it a statically determinate
truss.
2J M R
2 19 35 3
38 38
Equilibrium Equations
M 0
The sum of the moments about a
given point is zero
Equilibrium Equations
Fx 0
The sum of the forces in the x-direction is zero.
Do you remember the Cartesian coordinate system? A vector that
acts to the right is positive, and a vector that acts to the left is
negative.
Equilibrium Equations
Fy 0
The sum of the forces in the y-
direction is zero.
A vector that acts up is positive, and a vector
that acts down is negative.
Using Moments to Find RCY
Stress that the only forces used when summing the moments are
the external forces. Member forces are not used.
Note: Choose the point that we will use as our "pivot" when
summing the moments.
In this example, point was chosen as the pivot because it
eliminates two unknown forces. Forces that are pointing directly
toward or away from the pivot do not cause a moment because
the distance is zero.
Note: If the answer came up negative, the direction of the
reaction force would be opposite to what is originally chosen.
Sum the y Forces to Find RAy
Stress that the only forces used when summing
the moments are the external forces. Member
forces are not used.
Note: Positive answer means the chosen
direction is correct. If the answer is negative, the
direction of the reaction force would be
opposite to what is originally chosen.
Sum the x Forces to Find Ax
Problem?
SOLUTION:
Take the entire truss as a free body. Apply the conditions for static
equilib-rium to solve for the reactions at A and L
M A 0 5 m 6 kN 10 m 6 kN 15 m 6 kN
20 m 1 kN 25 m 1 kN 25 m L
L 7.5 kN
Fy 0 20 kN L A
A 12.5 kN
• Pass a section through members FH,
GH, and GI and take the right-hand
section as a free body.
• Apply the conditions for static equilibrium to determine the
desired member forces.
M H 0
7.50 kN 10 m 1 kN 5 m FGI 5.33 m 0
FGI 13.13 kN
FGI 13.13 kN T
FG 8 m
tan 0.5333 28.07
GL 15 m
MG 0
7.5 kN 15 m 1 kN 10 m 1 kN 5 m
FFH cos 8 m 0
FFH 13.82 kN
FFH 13.82 kN C
GI 5m
tan 0.9375 43.15
HI 2 8 m
3
ML 0
1 kN 10 m 1 kN 5 m FGH cos 10 m 0
FGH 1.371 kN
