2 :( 1-11131010648 ORGANISATION
2. 1 Cell structure and function
cells are basic units of all living things
components of animal and plant cells and their function
Mitochondria n
Characteristic :
It 's rod shaped or spherical
consists of 2 layers of membranes
↳ smooth outer membrane
9 folded membrane animal cell
inner
contains enzymes ( for respiration )
function :
generates energy , through the glucose oxidation process
during cellular respiration
energy released 9 in ATP molecules ( adenosine triphosphate )
mitochondrion
centriole
characteristic :
small cylindrical components , exist in pairs , in animal cell
made up of complex arrangement of microtubules
animal cells only
function :
forms spindle fibre during cell DIVISION ( animal cells] Centriole
Golgi Apparatus
Characteristic :
conslts of a stack of parallel flattened sacs that are coated
by a single membrane
new membrane is added at one end of golgi apparatus and
vesicles budd off the other end
from 90191 apparatus
→ protein
function : 9 carbohydrate
9 glycoprotein ( combination of protein 8 carbohydrate )
processes , modifies , packs and transports chemical
Plasma membrane
characteristic :
outer membrane that surrounds the entire content of cell
made of proteins and phospho lids
thin and elastic film
partially permeable
function :
plasma membrane
separates content of cell from external environment
control movement of substances into and out of the cell
,^Y÷!tsm
allow excnanote
}
of '
s respiratory gases between cells and
, , , , , , ,,, their surrounding
lysosomes
characteristic :
small spherical sac enclosed In a single membrane
contains hydrolytic enzymes
function :
> nucleic acid
hydrolyses complex organic molecules 9 Protein
lysosomes
g lipid
breaks down bacteria and components of damaged cells
Nucleus
characteristic :
largest component in cell
spherical compressed , and enclosed
/ in a nuclear membrane with many pores
contains 9 Chromosomes
> nucleolus
s nucleoplasm
function :
nucleus
controls all cell activities
has chromosomes that contain DNA ( deoxy ribonucleic acid )
>
determines the cell characteristics
and metabolic function
Ribosome
characteristic :
small / compact 8 spherical granules
consist of protein and RNA ( ribonucleic acid)
present on the surface of R - E. R or exist
freely in the cytoplasm
ribosome
function :
site for protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
characteristic :
consist of a system of interconnected folded flattened sacs
E. R membrane is continuous with nuclear membrane
2 types of E. R
s rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes
y
,
attached to the surface .
> smooth endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum
function :
the transport system within the cell
provides a wide surface for enzyme attachment and biochemical reactions
the R E. R-
transports proteins synthesised by ribosomes
the S -
E. R synthesis es 8 transports glycerol and lipids , and carries out
the detoxification of drugs and metabolic by-products .
CO2
Vacuole metabolic
g oxygen
> water
products
by
y→ organic acids
-
characteristic : → sugars
contains 9 AMINO ACIDS
y > enzymes
liquid -
filled sac C cell Sap ) > mineral salts
surrounded by the tonoplast membrane
young plant cells have many small vacuoles
mature plant cells have a large vacuole Plant cell
vacuole in animal cells is small
function :
water is absorbed into the valuate plant cell
and the cell becomes turgid
in unicellular animals . the vacuole contracts during
Osmctequlatlcn , osmosis and excretion vacuole
Chloroplast
characteristic :
Oval shaped
consists of 2 layers of membrane
contains chlorophyll pigments in the grand that give
plants a green colour
function : chloroplast
chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and converts it to chemical
energy during photosynthesis
cytoplasm
characteristic :
consists of a jelly -
like medium that contains components of
the suspended cells
contains organic compounds and inorganic compounds
s protein s potassium ions
s lipid cytoplasm
s carbohydrate
function :
act as a medium for biochemical reactions in the cells
cell wall
characteristic :
a strong and rigid outer layer
made from cellulose fibre
fully permeable
function : cell wall
maintains the shape of plant cells
provides mechanical support to plant cells
compare 8 contrast the components of animal cells and plant cells
plant cells animal cells
similarities
has a fixed shape no fixed shape
has a cell wall nucleus no cell wall
has chloroplast cytoplasm no chloroplasts
has a large plasma membrane no vacuole Cif present,
vacuole 90191 apparatus it is small )
endoplasmic carbohydrate
store carbohydrate reticulum
stores in
in the form of mitochondrion the form of glycogen
starch ribosomes has centrioles
no centriole
