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Probabilty Random Variable and PDF

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Probabilty Random Variable and PDF

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Mahendra Chouhan
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| 474 INTRODUCTION Corresponding to every outcome of a random experiment, we can associate a real correspondence between the elements of the sample space associated to a random exy and the set of real numbers is defined as a random variable. If a random variable countable number of values, it is called a discrete random variable. Otherwise, itis kx continuous random variable. In this chapter, we will study di variabl c Sepalty stsbution ly discrete random le and 972 DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE DEFINITION Let S be the sample space associated with a given random experiment. Then, a real valued function X which assigns to each eventw & Sto.a unique real number X (w) is called a random variable. Inother words, a random variable is a real valued function having domain as the sample space associated with a random experiment. Thus, a random variable associated with a given random experiment associates every event toa unique real number as discussed below Consider a random experiment of tossing three coins. The sample space of eight possible ‘outcomes of this experiment is given by $= {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TIT} Let X be a real valued function on S, defined by X (w) = Number of heads in w € S. Then, X is a random variable such that: X (HHH) = 3, X (HHT) = 2, X(HTH)=2, X (THH) =2 X(HTT) = 1,X (THT) = 1,X(TTH) = 1,andX(TTT) = 0 Also, ifw denotes the event “getting two heads”, then w = (HTH, THH, HHT) and, X (w) =2. Similarly, X associates every other compound event to a unique real number, 4 i e that X is a random For the random variable X, we have range (X) = (0,1, 2, 3} and we say : variable such that it assumes valucs 0, 1, 2, 3. This random variable can also be described number of heads in a single throw of three coins. ‘ ‘ Now, consider the random experiment of throwing an unbiased die, Let be Hisction defined on the sample space S=(i, 2/9,4,D,6), associated experiment, defined by ba 1, if the outcome is an even number pac) = { i, irtncoueome an edd mmbe 11, 2, 3 e — experiment of throwing a six faced die, Let X denote t 7 the die. Then, ee xo = 2,X(3) = 3,X(4) = 4, X(5) = Sand X (6) = 6 , X is a random variable which assumes values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ie. range |, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. MLLUSTRATIONS Let there bea bag containing 5 white, 4 red and 3 green balls, Three balls are drawn, IfX denotes the number of green balls in the draw. Then, X can assume values 0, 1, 2, 3. Clearly, X isa random variable with its range = (0,1, 2, 3}. TLUSTRATION 4 A pair of dice is thrown. If X denotes the sum of the numbers on two dice, then X assumes values 2, 3, 4,..., 12. Clearly, X is a random variable ith its range {2, 3, 4, -.. , 12} 17.3 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION In the previous section, we have defined random variable. Now, consider a random experiment in which three coins are tossed simultaneously (or a coin is tossed three times). Let X be a random variable defined on the sample space S=({HHH, HTH, THH, HHT, THT, TTH,HTT, TTT} such that X(w) = Number of heads in w « S. Clearly, X assumes value 0, 1, 2, 3. i Now, P(X = 0) = Probability of getting no head = P(TTT) = 5 P(X = 1) = Probability of getting one head =(HTT or THT ot TTH) = : P(X = 2) = Probability of getting two heads = P (HHT or THH or HTH) = 3 and, P(X = 3) = Probability of getting 3heads = P (HHH) = i These values of X and the corresponding probabilities can be exhibited as under: i 0 1 2 3 at 3 3 1 Beg 8 8 8 ar representation of the values of a rando: co is knownas its probability distribution, a aa P(XS4%) = P(X = x) + P(X = He. P(X x) = P(X=%,1)+P(X=3;,5)4, P02 +P = 3) = p+ 9) +e “+PK =m) = Ah tm thy + POam)= Hit ieee ‘Also, P(X2>%) ~P(X x) = 1-P(X x) and, P(X x) Play SX k+2k+ 3k =1 => 6k =1=> ee ae P(X <2) = P(X 1) = b+ 2k ei3k «2 eb Oped) Gi) Git)“ P(X $2) = PK = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) = k + 2k + 3k = OK =1 Gi) Meet P(X22) =1-P(X<2) = 1-5 = — 22) (X<2) 5 aii 4 LetX denote the number of hours you study during a randomly selected that X cam take the value x has the following form, where kis some sneaaom +P 03a (Xs2) = P(X = 4 PKK =1)+PQ = O1+k+2k = 014 3k = 0143x015 = Les A random variable X has the following probability distribution: Hi 0. 1 2S ne 7 POYE OS ok BE ae Be pee 7 +k Find each ofthe following: ek (ii) P(X <6) (ii) P(X > 6) (iv) P(6) = 1-P(X<6) = 0 ‘Thus, the probability distribution of X is x: 0 1 2 2 a eS 1 i eo: 36 18 36 42 Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. probability distribution ofthe number of kings. ta Let X denote the number of kings. Then, X can take values 0, 1 or 2. 109 AMPLE 13 A coin is tossed until a head appears or the tail appears 4 times in succession. Find the prosbility distribution of the number of tosses. “SOLUTION Let S be the sample space associated with S$ = {H,TH,TTH, TTTH, TTTT} [etX denote the number of tosses. Then, the given random experiment. Then, X can take values 1,2, 3 and 4 2 P(K=1) = PH) = >, P(X=2) = PTH) = PCT) PU = it P(X=3) = P(TTH) = P(r) P(t) P(H) = 1x 1,11 2 oe 8 P(X=4) = P(TTTH or TITT) = P (TIT 'H) + P (TTTT) = P(T) P(T) P(T) P(H) + P(T) P(T) P(T) P(T) = i Thus, the probability distribution of X is given by x 1 2 3 ; 1 1 1 Bo) 2 4 8 PANPLE 14 An urn contains 4 white and 3 red balls Find the probability distribution ofthe number of red balls na random draco of three balls. SOLUTION When three balls are drawn, there may beall red, 2 red, 1 red or no red ball at all. if X denotes the number of red balls in a random draw of three balls. Then, X can take Yalues 0,1, 2, 3, ow, P(X=0) = P (Getting no red ball) = P (Getting three white balls) 4, ie 4x3x2_ 4 Gs, ok ia 76s a 0 P(X =1) = P (Getting one red and two white balls) = P(X=2) = P (Getting two red and one white ball) = ws Pri of getting no face card >(X=0) = P(A A) P(X=0) = P(F) P(B/F) Ee Pao - x _ 1% 52 51 221 Probability of getting one face card and one other card 0 > = P(A,NR) v (Oh) = = P(A.AR)+P (ANA) [By addition _ 16, 36, 36 16 96 > = P(R) P(B/A) + P(E) P(B/A) = x a tox = oe P(X = 2) = Probability of getting both face cards > P(X = 2) = P(A 1 A) 16 15 _ 20 => PIX = 2) = P(R) P(h/A)= x= = 5 Hence, the required probability distribution is x 0 1 2 : 105 96 20 P(X) 2 Di D1 EXAMPLE 16 Find the probability distribution of the number of green balls drawn when 3 balls are ‘razon, one by one, without replacement from a bag containing 3 green and 5 white balls. SOLUTION Let X denote the total number of green balls drawn in three draws without replacement. Clearly, there may be all green, 2 green, 1 green or no green at all. Thus, X can assume values 0, 1, 2, and 3. Let G; denote the event of getting a green ball inf” draw. Now, P(X =0) = Probability of getting no green ball in three draws > POK=0) = PG OG OG) = PG) P GIG) PG3/G 0G) = FF P(X=1) = Probability of getting one green ball in three draws 8) = P(G. 9G 069) v Ging adv Gag 6, NG NG) + PG NGO sete F 17 From a lot of 10 items containing 3 defectives, a sample of 4 items is drawn at random. Let the random variable X denote the number of defective items in the sample. If the sample is drawn randomly find (i) the probability distribution of X (i) P(X <1) (ii) P(X <1) (iv) P(O p= 1 eS ae P(H) = Fand P(T) = 7 LetX denote the number of tails in two tosses of a coin. Then, X can take values 0, 1, 2. Now, P(X =0) = Probability of getting no tail = Probability of getting both heads (HH) (H) x P (H) Two trials a Bs » t Is are independent] Ba 4” 16 P(X =1) = Probability of getting one tail and one head. 7 =P (HT) + P(TH) =P(H) P(T) + P(T) P(H) Hence, the probability distribution of X is ms 0 1 2 9 3 1 P(X): = 3 = 1) 16 8 16 20. A die is loaded in such a way that an even number is twice likely to occur as an er ae te is tossed twice, find the probability distribution of the random variable X re payin! Two biased dice are thrown together. For the first die P(6) = i, other scores being equally italy while for the second die, P(1) -2 and other scores are equally likely, Find the probability distribution of ‘the number of ones seen’ SOLUTION For the first die, it is given that P(6) = Sand other scores are equally likely. lie PC) = P(2) = P(3) = P(4) = P(S) =p (say). (1) + P(2) + P(3) + PCA) + +PG@)+P(6)=1 = 5p +5 =1= py= + {forthe first die, we have P(t) = P(2) = P(3) = PCa) =P() = and (6) =2 Forthe second die, it is given that P(1) = 2 and other scores are equally likely. He P(2) = P(3) = P(4) = P(6) = P(6) =o (say). P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5) + P(6) =1 => 5 toP2 al iP -2 8 forthe second die, we have Pa) ~2and P(2) = P(3) = P(A) =P) =P() == When two dice are thrown, there may not be one on both the dice or one of the dice may show “or both of them show one. This, if X denotes ‘the number of ones seen’. Then, X can take ¥650, land 2 such that P(X =0) = Probability of not getting one on both dice : = (Probability of not getting one on first die) x Cbs of not distributions of probabilities of a random variable X are the o - Gi) x: 0) oo PQ: 03 02 04 0.1 0.05 P(X): 06 04 02 Git) eo. 1 2 94 (v), X2 3g 2 P(X): 01 05 02 01 01 P(X): 03 02 O04 O14 2, Arandom variable X has the following probability distribution: Values of X : =2 -1 0 1 2 3 P(X) 01 k 0.2 2k 0.3 Find the value of k. 3. Arandom variable X has the following probability distribution: Values of X: 0 1 2 3 4 5. 6 7 8 P(X) a@ 3a 5a 7a 9a lla 13a 15a 17a Determine: i) The value of a Gi) P(X <3), P(X P(0 0 Find: (i) ¢ (ii) P(X <2) (iii) P(1 0)=P (X <0); P(X =~ 3) = P(X =-2) = P(X =-1); P O21) FX =2)- P X= 3) Obtain the probability distribution of X are drawn from a well shuffled h a a Pack of 52 cards. Find the p iable X? “Five defective als sive accidently mixed with twenty good ones. If four bolts are drawn at Bie on "nis lot, find the probability distibution ofthe pariber Ore aE 15, Two cards are drawn successively with teplacement from well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of aces, 1p, Twocards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of kings ge fo als are drawn successively without replacement fom a Wellin ied pack of 52 cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of aces 18, Find the probability distribution of the number of white balls drawn in a random draw of 3 balls without replacement, from a bag containing 4 white and 6 red balls, } Find the probability distribution of Y in two throws of two dice, where Y represents the number of times a total of 9 appears. } From a lot containing 25 items, 5 of which are defective, 4 are chosen at random. Let X be the number of defectives found. Obtain the probability distribution of X if the items are chosen without replacement. | Three cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52 ards. A random variable X denotes the number of hearts in the three cards drawn, Determine the probability distribution of X. » Anum contains 4 red and 3 blue balls. Find the probability distribution of the number of blue balls in a random draw of 3 balls with replacement. * Two cards are drawn simultaneously from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the Probability distribution of the number of successes, when getting a spade is considered a success. | A fair die is tossed twice. If the number appearing on the top is less than 3, it is a success, Find the probability distribution of number of successes. » Anum contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are randomly selected. Let X represent the number of black balls. What are the possible values of X. Is X a random variable? . Let X represent the difference between the number of heads and the number of tails when a Coin is tossed 6 times. What are possible values of X? : 7. Froma ot of 10 bulbs, which includes 3 detectives, a sample of 2 bulbs is drawn at Find the probability distribution of the number of defective bulbs. E probability : 75 Four balls are to be drawn without replacement from a box containing 8 red and. Pals IFX denotes the number of red balls drawn, find the probability dis 4 (ii) and (iv) 4% ws | ex: x, 15 cee at fy PR): 5 2k = 01 (ii) 2 10, 61 x3 30 él 0 ,ifx>4 ‘where k isa positive constant. Find the value of k. Al ‘admission in (i) exactly one college (ii) at most 2 coll @a M4 61 so find the probability that you will get lleges (iii) at least 2 colleges. ANSWERS (i) win elo 81 = es 11 = 0,1,2,3,4 9 -2,0,2,4,6 i) ee 2. 3. 1 32 168 224 495 495 495 495 5.” ac Hiatal ea 30. k= 3 Og wy Gi) § P(X =0) =P(X>0) =P(K<0) > POX >0)=kand P(X <0) =F: Now, P(X=0)+P(X<0)+P(X>0) =1= 3k=1 > k= 3 2 P(X<0) =k BP = -1)+ P(X = -2)+ P(X = -3) =k => 3P(X =-1) =k S PX = -1) = P(X=-2) =P(X=-3)= 5 Similarly, P(X > 0) =k=> P(X =1)=P(X=2)=PK=3)=2 13. We observe that X takes values 14, ne 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21. P(X=14) = FP =15) = 7 - 2, PK X= 17) ae 3 P(X=18) = 4, P(x =19) = 2 px =20 ==, P(K=21) = = ¢ ) = 35°F bee 2U ) Sie ) Hence, the probability distribution of X is Mi 15 16 17 18 19 2% 2 z Tepes 2. 3. 1 PO! is 15 15 15 15 15 15 27, LetX —_ the number of defective bulbs in a sample of 2 bulbs drawn from a lot of 10. bulbs containing 3 defective and 7 non-defective bulbs. Then, X can take values 0, 1 and 2. eC, 3, ee = P(X 1) = = —o2 ae P(X=0) ey 5 P&=D Te 73 Hence, the probability distribution of X is as follows: Eamon et. 2 Tesi i. FO is 6 Incase of a frequency distribution x;/f,; 1 PL + fe 22 tome + fn) Pee nen NUtNW nN OX = PX t Pak, +. + Py my, where p; = fi Thus, if we replace + by p; in the definition of mean, we obtain the mean of a discrete random variable. Consequently, the term ‘mean’ is appropriate for the sum ©. p; x; Nore The mean of a random variable means the mean ofits probability distribution. ILLUSTRATION 1 Ina single throw of a die, if X denotes the number on its upper face. Find the mean or expected onlue of X. SOLUTION Clearly, X can take the values 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6 with probabilities Leach $9, the probability distribution of X is as given below x 1 1 GEL c 1 1 1 E(X) ==x1+—x2+ 2x 3+ (%) + Ende Zn 3+ 5 1 6(6+1)_7 x Fo)=2x a #2434445+6) = 2x5 = 5 TustRation 2 Ifa pair of dice is thrown and X denotes the sum of the numbers on them. Find the Probability distribution of X. Also, find the expectation of X. SOLUTION Ina single throw of a pair of dice the sum of the numbers on them can be 2,3, 4, 12.50, X can assume values 2, 3, 4, -», 12. The probability distribution of X is as given below: 6 1 aie 2a 36) SGuacn 7 oe 36 7 4 «74+ 2 xb44 367° tae 3 1 + grat gent + xe expected value of the number of refrigerators sold in a day. ™" J Let X denotes the number of refrigerators sold in a day. Then, the distribution of X is 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 oa Be 0.03 0.20 0.23 025 0.12 0.10 0.07 E(X) = 0.03 x 0+ 0.20 1+0.23x 2 +0.25x 3 +0124 +0105 +007 x6 SAX) = 020+ 0.46 + 075 + 0.48 + 050 + 042 = 281 ILLUSTRATION 4 A salesman wants fo know the average number of units he sells per sales call. He checks his past sales records and comes up with the following probabilities: Sales (in units): 0 1 2 3 4 5 Probability: 0.15 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.30 0.20 What is the expected value of the number of units he sells per sale call ? SOLUTION Let X denote the number of units. Then, X is a random variable with the following probability distribution X; 0 1 i 3 4 5 Pe 015° 020 «010 «0050.30 0.20 2 E(X) = 015x 0+ 0.20% 1+ 010% 2+ 0.05 x 3+ 0.30x 44+0.20%5 = EX) = 0.20 + 0.20 + 015 + 1.20 + 1.00 = 275 Thus, the expected value of the number of units he would sell per sale call is 2.75. 7.5 VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE DEFINITION If X is a discrete random variable which assumes values x1, Xp, 3, au, %q with the respective probabilities p, p>, .-r Py, then variance of X is defined as Var (X) = E (X -E(X))? Var (X) =E(X-X)? ets tel i=l =aE(X)+b (i Var (aX +b) = (0x +0)-B(ax +4) ) > =F (oxen ~aE@0-0) =e (ocx -E@] =E{ a? @-E@)’ } J PE (X-E (x)? [e B(aX) = aE] [> Var Q) = E(X-E x)" %, with respective probabilities =a? Var (X). If X is a random variable which assumes values x1, x9, Pu P2y-+-Pn: Then, Var(X) = © p(x -X)* a1 (c+1) (10c-1) =0 1c-1=0 [. P&=1)=c70 Ka1xc 42x 2c + 3x 2c+4x 3c+5x C7 +6x 2 66 366 X=66c7 + 30c= +3 = 100" 100 EXAMPLE 2 The probability distribution of a random variable X is given below: 0 1 = 5 4 Bey 01 025 03 02 015 Find (i) Var(X) (ii) Var () ) SOLUTION (i) Computation of mean and variance Calculation of mean and variance TE —e % 01 O01 0.2 02 0.3 0.6 03 Epa =08 Thus, we have ¥ p; x; =0.8 and ¥ p, Mean =p, x; =0.8 and, Variance = 5p; x, Py x)? =28 -(0.8)? =2.8 - 0.64 =216 EXAMPLE The probability distribution of a random variable X is given as under: ke? forx=1,2,3 P(X =2) =} 2kx for x=4,5,6 ; where k isa constant, 0 otherwise Find () P(X>4) (ii) E(X) (iii) (3x?) SOLWTION The probability dlstribution of is as given below: 4 2 3 4 5 eerie ke Ak Ok Sk eID 448k + 243K + 984K + 750K + 1296K The probability distribution of the discrete random n 4 3 a 3 Yoaa u ee 2 4 1 py: of 5 5 5 5 AOS 10 Prove that: E (Y?) =2 E(x), SOLUTION We have, F(R) =0x2+1x242%143x1 27 A 5 5 5 5 25%) =— as The probability distribution of Y? is as given below. eo 49 wee 10 5 10 there is EQ) =0xd41x244x249x1 84 Find: (i) | 5 10 5 Clearly, E(Y?) = 2 E(X). EXAMPLE 6 The random variable X can take only the values 0, 1, 2.Given that P(X =0) = P(X =)=p and that E(X) =E(X), find the value of p. SOLUTION Clearly, P(X =0) + P(X =1) + P(X = 2) =1 => p+ p+ PIX =2) = 1 P(X =2)=1-2p. So, the probability distribution of X is as given below: ie % e icestae a pho) > 2p. a E(X) =0x p+1xp+2(1-2p) =2-3p and, F(X?) =0?xp+1?xp+2(1-2p) =4-7p It is given that : E(X2) =E(X) > 4-7p =2-3p > ps >The probability distribution ofa discrete random variable X is given as xX: rf 2 4 2A 3A A ji) The variance V(X) of random variable X is given by Var (X) = E(X") ~(E(X))? ae BX?) = 237 P(X =x) Peo ed 3 Dat aid cote HOA Alenka aye =. a Ane lel +s - 50 254 50 Var (X) = E(X*) — ~ (2.94)? =19.06 8.6436 = 10.4164, FXAMPLES Let X bea discrete random variable whose probability distribution is defined as follows: pea) !) forx=1,2, 3,4 Pee 2kx for 6,7 0 otherwise where k isa constant. Find: (i) k (ii) EX) (iii) Standard deviation of X. SOLUTION (i) The probability distribution of Xis as given below. 1 - 3 4 5 6 2k 3k 4k 5k 10k 12k % he The sum of the probabilities in a probability distribution is 1. P(X =1) + P(X =2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) + PIX = 5) PO 6) see a S 2k+ 3k + 4k +5k 410k +12k +14k =1 > 50K =1> k (ii) E(X) =1 P(X =1) + 2P (X =2) +3 P(X =3)+4 P(X =4)45 P(X =5) +6 P(X =6)47 P(X =7) i Bala 2k + 2x 3k-+ 9x dk 45k +5 5 10k Ge aS =52 > FX) =2k-+ 6k +12k + 20k +50k +72k + 98k =260k =< (ii) We have, Var (X) =E (X?) ~ (F(X)? and 6 (X) = /Var (%) So let us first compute E (X?). F(X?) =1? p(x =1) +22P (X =2) + 3°P(X=3)+ PPK =4)45°PK Band Ep; 2,7 =28 Thus, we have E p; 3; 3 Mean = 08 and, Variance =p, x,” ~(¥ p; x;)? =28 (0.8)? =2.8 - 0.64 =216 EXAMPLE 10 The random variable X can take values 0,1, 2,3. Given that P (X =0) = P(X =1) =p and ind the value of p. P(X =2) = P(X = 3) such that E(X?) =2 F(X), SOLUTION Let P(X =2)=P(X=3)=1. It is given that X is a random variable taking values 0, 1, 2, and 3. P(X =0)+P (X=1)+P (X=2)+P(X=3)=1 = ptpthtaal 1 > hah Thus, the probability distribution of X is ae 0 1 2 3) : p 1 1 Pe Bi rat nal It is given that —-E(X?) =2(E(X) Computation of mean and variance — ‘Thus, we have 2px =1 and Ep, ir i y 2 el X = Mean = Ep; x = 1 and, Var(X) = Ep x? (ep x)? = 1 Hence, Mean = 1 and Variance = B HXAMPLE 12 Find the mean, variance and standard deviation ofthe number of heads in a simultaneous ‘088 of three coins. SOLUTION Let X denote the number of heads ina simultaneous toss. of three coins. Then, X can fake values 01,2,3. Now, P(x =0) = P(TTT) = g/ PX =1) = P(HIT ot TTH or THT) = A 3 5 ica P(X=2) = P(HHT ot THH or HTH) = & and, P(X=3) = P(HHH) 4s the probability distribution of X is given by t ml cole colo ole wlan ole” Ts Standard deviation = Var (X) = Ae ar Hence, Mean = 3, Variance = ; and, Standard deviation = 0.87 TRAMPLE 15 Two dice are thrown simultaneously. IF X denotes the number of sixes, find the expectation and variance of X. SOLUTION Clearly, X can take values 0, 1 and 2 We have, P(X =0) = (Probability of not getting six on any dice) P(X=1) = (Probability of getting one six) = y P(X =2) = (Probability of getting two sixes "Thus, the probability distribution of X is given by : x: 0 1 } sli 25 10 BOD: 996 36 36 Computation of mean and variance Pix 14 Two numbers are selected at random (without gers Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find E(X) and Var ( “SOLUTION We observe that X can take values 2,3,4,5,6such that P (X=2) = Probability that the larger of :wo numbers is 2 3 Probability of getting 1 in first selection and 2 in second selection or Betting 2 in fist selection and 1 in second selection " 1 A 2 ‘ 15 Probability that the larger of two numbers is 3 Probability of getting a number less than 3 in first selection and 3 in second selection or getting 3 in first selection and a number less than 3 in second selection. 84 ee 30 71g ant PK=6)= eee 6.5 x P(X) 1 2 EQ)=75x2+ex3+ EXAMPLES Ina meeting 70% of the members favour a certain proposal, 30% being opposed. A member, isselected at random and let X = Oif he opposed, and X =1 if he isin favour. Find E (X)and Var (X). SOLUTION Its given that 30 P(X =0) = Probability that a member opposed a certain proposal ==) , 70 P(X =1) =Probability that a member favoured a certain proposal == 5 The probability distribution of X is , 15 probability distribution of X is as given below: Mees 16 «(1721819 eee 8 2 os 6 6b bb 6 15 Computation of mean and variance ‘values 14,15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20 ar a =16) =~ , P(X =17) PK=16) =75 PC 3 i =20) = P(X =21)==— P(X=20) <7 P (X= 21) =75 1200 =P(X=x) Pi % B 28 Be 5 15 15 z 2 15 15 6 - 32 15 15 7 a 51 | 15 15 i. as a 5 B 19 & 38 5 15 20 a 560) 15 15 21 hs a 5 eon PO PO e Pe 2 PQ and, PO Ths, the pr , success in i toss ang, ae . BSD. promi of getting a number peste te eR Ee : e P(S) = P(A) = [ Now, P(X=0) = Probability of getting no success i two tosses of a di Oe re-0 re s in two tosses of a die a P(X =0) = iB De P(B) [By multiplication theorem] P(X=0) = 2x24 > Brees Oo = Probability of getting one success in two tosses of adie. = PUSS NR) U (5) = PCS OB) +P (FA S))=P (5) P(B) + P(F) P(S)=dx242x Le. nea 1.9 S)=P(S)) P(F) + P(R) P(S) 3° 3030 Se ed, = Probability of getting two successes in two tosses of a die 5 1 ee = PSS) =P (5) P(S) =e 1 Sy 1) P (Sp) 373 ao Thus, the probability distribution of X is given by eee) 1 2 4 a P(X) 5 9 9 Computation of mean and variance J % p; =P (X =x) PX Fi 5 4 0 = = PGS) =0) = P(S) PS) P (Ss) 125 6 6 216 P(X=1) = P(oHoHUGos.08) Gi 0% 959) P(S, 05) 055) +P (50S 083) + PS OV52 OS) (Si) P &) P (Ss) + P (S) P (Sp) P (Ss) + P (Sy) PS) P (Ss) foe, PC Le ae a 6666 216 adi PEK a2) = P((5,05. 05) G98) OHS) ie, PC => P(X=2) = P(S, 5053) + PS, 1S) + P(S, A $3) P( > P(X =2) = P(S,) P(S)) P (53) + P (5) P (Sy) P (Sg) + P (Sy) P (S) P (Sa) =P cme 1S 5. 1 15 > P(X=2) = a 666 66 6 216 me Pl af a) PS 5) oie Siem = 9) = PCS 0S) OSs) = P(S) P(S)P (Ss) = Ex EXE = ore BP Thus, the probability distribution of X is given by me. ..P: X: 0 1 2 & Thus, the Bap: . 22 wg lb ul y : ‘ 216 216 216 216 Computation of mean and variance a=n | a 01,2. Let § and F; denote the success and failure respectively in i'" toss. Then, 1 P(§) = Probability of getting an odd number ini" toss = 2 7 Da P(F) = Probability of not getting an odd number in i** toss = ( -3) =p = Probability of getting no success in two tosses of a die = P(A) = P(A) P(A) [By Multiplication Theorem] eer Beet) = 2x2 P(E) = P | P=0) =4xb a1 [+ Pq = PD P(X=1) = Probability of getting one success in two tosses of a die P(X=1) = P(r) 4 (FO %) P(X=1) = P(S, VF) + P(A, OS) =P (S) P(R) + PR)P&)=5 P(X=2) = Probability of getting two successes in two tosses ofa die 1 1 P(X S) = P(S) P(S) Thus, the probability distribution of X ie. the number of successes in two tosses ofa die, is given 0 2 a 4 Computation of variance p=P =x) denote the number of aces in two draws. Then, X can take values 0,1, P(X=0) = Probability of getting no ace in two draws aS = pr be P(X=0) = P(A, Ay) = P (Az) = 2s (K=0) = P(A, 9 Ay) = PCA) PAD = 35% 55 = 6p P(X =1) = Probability of getting an ace in either of the two draws S P(X=1) (ae) uA, ao 4) = = P(A, 9 Ap) +P (AO Ad) 5 eS 4 > = P(A,) P(A) + P(A,) P(A) = =x a (Ay) P (Ag) + P (Ay) P (Ag) 1B’ B 13 21 and, = Probability of getting ace in each draw - A 1 => = P(A Ag) = P (Ay) P(A2) = =* — (Ay 9 AQ) (Ap P (Ag) 7313 * 169 Thus, the probability distribution of X is given by X: 0 1 A i a BOD): 169 169 169 ee eit 2. 1. 6 169 169 169 169 Zz 144 24 1 28 z= = Ox——+1x 4x fe me 169°“ 169 °° 169 ~ 169 a. 26 2 Hence, X = Mean = 2y)% = 2 == 2 2 pi 28 ( 2 J 24 S3y%2-(2 B82 eee Rims) = 27% EPA) ~ 365 -\45) ~ 69 S.D. = [Var (X) = Hence, Mean = EXAMPLE2 Two cards are drawn successively without replacement from a well-shuffled : Compute the variance of the number of aces. et A; denote the event of getting an ace in ith draw, where i=1, umber of aces in two draws. Then, X can take values 0,1,2, Fa) Pa eae s the probability distribution of X is given by ae x: 0 1 o ee P(X): oe 96 3 ae (663)? 663 x 663 2873, EXAMPLE 22 From. lot of 10 items containing 3 defectives, a sample of 4 items is drawn at random. Let therandom variable X denote the number of defective items in the sample. Ifthe items in the sample are drawn one by one without replacement, find (@) The probability distribution of X (ji) Mean of X (iii) Variance of X SOLUTION (i) Clearly, X can assume values 0,1, 2,3 such that er 108 x 663 ~(102)" __ 61200 __400 % PK=0-74 -1, P(X =1) = eo (reas) ag 2 oar 3 304 x % PR = 2 --2* 3 nary = 3) = SX Ge Cy 10 ai 30 $0 the probability distribution of X is as given below. x 0 1 2 1 1 3 P(X) ‘ : oe Computation of mean and variance % P(X=%)=7 PX " 1 we al T | 0 6 | ao 1 a 1 | 2 2 ic 3 2 i0 5 x 1 gis r 5 ci | 30 10 fo which denotes the longer string of heads which occurs. Find the probability d variance of X. ION The random variable X is defined on the sample space S given by $ = (TTT, HIT, THT, TTH, THH, HTH, HHT, HHH} ‘Note that the string of heads means the sequence of consecutive heads. Since X denotes the longest string of heads. Therefore, X(TTT) = 0,X (THT) =1, X (HTT) =1,X(TTH) =1,X (HTH) X (HHT) = 2,X (THH) =2 and X (HHH) = 3 P(x Tam Now, P(X = 0) = POTD) = PIT) PI) PD) = «XG = Bix P(X =1)=P (THT UHIT UTTH U HTH) SP (X21) =P THT) + P(HTT) + PITH) + P (HTH) P(x = SP Ka1) =P) Pe) PT) + PH) PT) P(T) + P (1) P(T) PCH) + PC) PE) PB) Weed) 313 18 e355) pata a P(X =2)=P (THH U HHT) = P(X=2)=P (THH) + P (HHT) 2 P(X=5)= Beran) =P Pc Pe) + PH PCH) PT) = 2( 4x 3x3) = 8 33. 3 a $9 the probabil and, P(X =3) =P (HHH) =P(H) PH) P(H) = 3 a So, the probability distribution is as follows % 0 1 2 3 te 18 18 a Bi ot 64 64 a Calculation of mean and variance The sample space related to the given random experiment is given by § = (H, TH, TTH, TTTH, TTTTH, TITTY) X assumes values 1, 2,3, 4, 5 such that Por=1 = poy = 2 = 2) = P(TH) = P(T) P(H) = = P(ITH) = P (1) P(T) P(H) = and, P( P(TTTTH © TITTT) = P(X=5)=P(TTTTH) + P (TTT) = PU=5)=P (1) PCT) P(T) PCT) PCH) + PCE) PCT) PC) PCT)= at $9 the probability distribution of X is given by 4 1 3 4 1 1 1 Be 2 8 16 Mean =p, x;-2x1+1<2413s4 capt 2 al 3 4 8 16 16 16 PMMILE 25 ‘There are 5 cards numbered 1 t0 5, one number on one card. Two cards are demon at Texdom without replacement. Let X denote the sum of the numbers on two cards drawn, Fit the ‘mean ‘nd variance, SOLUTION Clearly, X can take values from 3 to 9 such that P(X = 3) = Probability of getting 3 as thesum > P(X = 3) = P ((Getting 1 in first draw and 2 in second draw) or (Getting 2 in first draw and 1 in second draw)] died ial 4°54 10 P ((Getting 1 in first draw and 3 in second draw Bee and P(X 5 4°5"4~ 0 ty distribution of Xis as given below: x: Pee as ee A, 10 5 Computation of mean and variance aime ais Bl- © gle © a Bore | as | a es oI 10 10 10 4 Be = gle | 10 i 10 5 g 5 B 5 5 5 is z a oa 5 5 5 | 1 7. 49 a. 5 5 3 1 8 64 : | 10 10 10 9 | eh 9 81 cis 310 10 10 io rae Total | Ep = Baa i Thus, we have, E p; x = 6 and Zp, x, = X = Mean = 5p; x; = 6 and, Var(X) = Ep, x,7-(Ep, x)? = 39-62 = EXAMPLE26 Ina game, a person is paid ® 5 if he gets all heads or all tails when three coins are tossed, and ‘he will pay ® 3 if either one or two heads show. What can he expect to win on the average per game? _ SOLUTION Let X be the amount received by the person. Then, X can take values 5 and—3 P(X=1)=P (Selecting a word containing one vowel) 7 POX=1)= P (Selecting a word from the words The’, ‘Find, ‘and’, of The’) = P(X=2)=P (Selecting a word containing two vowels) 2 = P (Selecting a word from the words ‘standard’, sande) P(X=3) =P (Selecting a word containing three vowels) ~ P (Selecting a word from the word ‘expected, ‘value’) = 2 P(X=4) =P (Selecting a word containing four vowels) 1 = P (Selecting the word ‘variable’) = 1 electing the word ‘variable’) = % P(X =5) = P (Selecting a word containing five vowels) 1 =P (Selecting the word ‘deviation’) =! P (Selecting the wo: ion’) = So, the probability distribution of X is as given below er 0 3 5 1 ss 12 1 R O+54+4464445 P(X) 1 Bees 2 PRO -Ox 5541 x 5 +2x5 2) 0? x 4412x5492, 2 ete “i *) *32*? “iy 2) _0+5+8+18+16+25_72 Bo oe Var (X) =E (X2) -[E (x) =6 - 2 =2. © Standard deviation of X = Var (X) = v2 Hence, £(X) =2 and Standard deviation = V2. j PXAMPLE 25 Ina game a man wins a rupee fora sand looses a rupee fr any other number thrown. The man decided to throw a die thrice but to quit as and when he gets a six. Find: Me of the amount he wins/looses. the probability distribution of X is as given below: x: 1 0 -1 -3 a es a eo? 6 36 216 216 es 2 125 _36+0-25-375__ 364 elec 6 16 9 * 216 216 216 EXAMPLE29 Ina group of 30scientists working on an experiment, 20 never commit error in thelr work and are reporting results elaborately. To scientists are selected at random from the group. Find the probability distribution of the number of selected scientists who never commit error in the work and reporting. Also, find the mean ofthe distribution. What valuesare described in the question? SOLUTION Let X denote the number of selected scientists who never commit error in the work and reporting, Clearly, X can take values 0,1, 2 Now, P(X=0) = Probability that two scientists selected commit error either in the work or in reporting Be. 3 30¢, ~ 29 Probability that one out of two scientists selected does not commit error in the work and reporting while the other is not so 23°C, 40 Te 87 P(x=1) P(X=2) = Probability that two scientists selected do not commit error in the work and reporting Be TRAN PO) Roatan 1> p=g 5 PO)=PE)=P(3) =P) =7(6) «3 When die s tossed twice, there may 'y be no four or one of the two throws may result in a four or ott the throws produce 4. So, X can take values 0, 1and 2 Now, 1 and Pca) = PX=0) = Probability of not getting a four in both the throws ee |e eee one ce 10 10) 10°10 100 P(X=1) = Probability of getting a four in one of the two throws ei 2 0 10 10 10 10 100 i ie =2) = Probability of getting a four in b rows =x t= 1 P(X =2) = Probability of getting a four in both the throw. 70 aoe Thus, the probability distribution of X is X: 0 c 2 81 18 1 *O): 100 100 100 as given below. Calculation of variance Py PX 81 18 u (1 Var (X) = pj x)? ~(2p; 4)? -2-( Find the probability distribution of the termine alo the mea ofthe distribution. a 2) =P (1,2)(2,1,(2,2) = PK =3) =P (1, 3)(3,0,2, 31. (3,2)(8, 9) = iy P(X =4) =P ((1, 4) (4, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2),(3, 4), (4, 3),(4, 9) = 36 9 P(X =5) =P ((1,5) 6, 0), (2,5), 6, 2),(3,5),, 3),(4,5), 6, 4),6,5)) =a P(X =6) =P ((1, 6) (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (5, 6), (6, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6,5) = So, the probability distribution of X is as given below: Semen? 3°45 6 Mee es te 36 36 36 «636 (36 (36 Kate 2x 54 3x5 44x 2 5x2 46x Bamecs = 3606 iG EXAMPLE 52 There are 5 cards numbered 1 to 5, one number on one card. Two cards are drawn at random without replacement. Let X denote the sum of the numbers on two cards drawn. Find the mem and variance of X. SOLUTION The sum X of the numbers on two cards drawn without replacement can take values 3, 4,5, 6,7,8,9. ‘The sum can be three if one of the cards drawn bears number 1 and other bears number 2. P(K= P(A, 2),2,0) =Ex tt ixt az : Similarly, ly, e. Besleliael ely 2 eee 2).(3)) 5x74 5x7 => P (1,4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)) = [> Ble Biro Bir ls 8 ‘Thus, we have Eppx=6 and Xp; x,? =39 |ES|B Bie Ble 8 Mean =5 p; 4; =6 and, Variance =¥ p; x, -(E p; x)? =39-36=3 mm: 2 8 4 Fii02 05 03 (iil) xj: -5 -4 1 ci 1/8 pb 1 -l 0.2 Gv) 9 Pe (i) a: 1 es 04 O41 Liga 03 1 05, -1 4 02 3 0.2 3 02 0 -0.20 EXERCISE 17.2 1. Find the mean and standard deviation of each of the following probability distributions: (ii) a: Pe 5 03, 4 ‘mean and variance of the number of tails in three tosses of a coin coi ‘Two bad eggs are accidently mixed up with ten good ones. Three eggs are drawn atra with replacement from this lot. Compute the mean for the number of bad eggs drawn, ‘A pair of fair dice is thrown. Let X be the random variable which denotes the minimum of ‘the twonumbers which appear. Find the probability distribution, mean and variance ofX, A fair coin is tossed four times. Let X denote the number of heads occurring, Find the probability distribution, mean and variance of X. A fair die is tossed. Let X denote twice the number appearing. Find the probability distribution, mean and variance of X. A fair die is tossed. Let X denote 1 or 3 according as an odd or an even number appears, Find the probability distribution, mean and variance of X A fair coin is tossed four times. Let X denote the longest string of heads occurring, Find the probability distribution, mean and variance of X. | Two cards are selected at random from a box which contains five cards numbered 1, 1,2,2, and 3. Let X denote the sum and Y the maximum of the two numbers drawn. Find the probability distribution, mean and variance of X and Y A dieis tossed twice. A ‘success’ is getting an odd number ona toss. Find the variance ofthe number of successes. . Abox contains 13 bulbs, out of which 5 are defective. 3 bulbs are randomly drawn, one by one without replacement, from the box. Find the probability distribution of the number of defective bulbs. In roulette, Fig. 17.2, the wheel has 13 numbers 0, 1, 2, .... 12 marked on equally spaced slots. A player sets € 10 on a given number. He receives? 100 from the organiser of the game if the ball comes to rest in this slot; otherwise he gets nothing. If X denotes the player's net gain/loss, find E (X). e s are drawn at random (without replacement) from a well shuffled s. Find the probability distribution of number of red cards. Hence Var = pq(a-b)? 6 = |a—-¥ pq 5, Var =3/4 1 2 3 11/36 9/36 7136 5/36 3/36 1/36 0 1 2 4 1/16 4/16 6/16 1/16 pa 4 6 8 12 16 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 0 1/16 in ench ofthe following: om variable X has the following probability distribution: fein | 2 | 3. | a a 3a, 5a er ; then the value of ais e 5 2 Oa OF OF 2, Arandom variable X has the following probability dis X: fe 2 3 4 Gi (oma | Pa 0.07 | 0.05 _| PO: | 015 | 023 | 012 | 10 | 020 | 008 For the events E = (X : X is a prime number}, F = {X :X <4}, the probability P (EU F)is (@) 050 (b) 07 (© 0.35 (4) 087 3. Arandom variable X takes the values 0,1, 2, 3 and its mean is 1.3, If P(X = 3) =2 P (X=1) and P (X = 2) = 0.3, then P (X =0) is 1 (a) 01 (&) 02 (a) 04 ‘ 4, Arandom variable has the following probability 2 Meet 2 as 4S 6 nie eee 2p 2p 3p pr apt zp? 2p 1 The value of p is (a) 1/10 () -1 (© -1/10 (@) 1/5 5. IfXisarandom-variable with probability distribution as given below: me Bian: 0 i 2 3 Bk Sak (b) 1/8, 23/27 (©) 1/8, 24/27 (d) 1/8,3/4 tion of a discrete random variable X is given below: i a 3/10 The value of E(X2) is @3 () 5 7 (@ 10 », LetX be a discrete random variable. Then the variance of X is @) 2) (©) FO?) +(B)?(@ FOR) EEK)? (@) EO) (ECO 1), LetX be a discrete random variable. The probability distribution of X is given below: x 30 10 -10 1 3 1 P(X) - oe E 10D Then E(X) is equal to @6 ) 4 03 ANSWERS: 1@ 2.0) ) © 5. @) 9% (c) 10. (b) E FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS (FBQs) + IfXis a random variable with the following probability distribution: X: 4 % Xn P(X): 1 Pa 5 Pn Then, Mean (X) = # InQ No. 1, Var (X) _ » Adiscrete random variable X has the following probability distribution: 3 2 oD Scheie te random variable X has the following probability di A 2 ei dne-(Zn) Ft VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS, _ Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the question: 2 |. Write the values of ‘a’ for which the following distribution of probabilities becomes a probability distribution: X=x: -2 -1 0 i Pe lea 1420 1-2a lta 4 4 4 4 2, For what value of k the following distribution is a probability distribution? 0 1 2 3 P(X ake KS 2k - 3k 3k=1 3, IfX denotes the number on the upper face of a cubical die when it is thrown, find the mean of X. 4, If the probability distribution of a random variable X is given by x : 1 2 3 4 P(X=x) 2k 4k 3k k Write the value of k. 5. Find the mean of the following probability distribution: X=x 1 2 3 1 1 5 (K=x): gs a 2 Bae) 4 8 8 «6, Ifthe probability distribution of a random variable X is as given below: Xan: 1 2 3 4 P(X=x): c 2c 3c 4c value of P (X <2). variable has the following probability distribution: 1 2 3 2k

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