Ustig Meten Bids ¢SEE ——— ay Expt. No. 4 (A) 3 of known frequen fh of wire vibrating in unison with each Sonometer cies. Keeping the You are given five tuning fork: tension constant, determine the lengt verify the law of lengt n= constant ) th and show that ( tuning fork Hence Jo verty the law oflenath of vibrating string le: TP show nb = constant aM ted weights , five tuning forks of different APPARATUS : Sonometer, slot frequencies, paper rider , ete T=Mo OBSERVATION TABLE : ‘Fension in the wire, = 3000 x 980 dyne. er [rocangeroe|_OTEa | MR etn ae 1 612 16 \o 1G |8\934 2 Yao VF (7 17 |st4ag 3 384 “21 2 21 ($063 |81562 4 34) a4 | 24 | 24 laisse 5 256 S28 32 | 32 /8I5! ty nb= 52x16 By NL= BB4AA CALCULATIONS: (By using log - table) Loge dog sio4teglé 27093 + 1-204 = 103384410571 = 9158434 [-3222 a nbs 5 E3134 =AE3-9065 e a gga cmsee Beep nice @ mL= a NL=4BoXr!7 4 : NL= Bui A24 @ nus Log go +Aog)7 = 109341-+ og 24 © fl 5 ae 12304 a 83284 [3800 Trae he Cae ae Be, a2: qmean NL = 81934 8149 +8063 an 56x32 m he __ #818548 191 5 = 8156-2 emfs 10g 256 44og32- = 2-4082 + |+505) =AL3-9433 Bi9iem|sol (12) Expt. No.A (C) Sonometer You are given five tuning forks of known frequencies . Keeping the tension constant, determine the length of wire vibrating in unison with each tuning fork . Plot @ graph of reciprocal of vibrating length against frequency Draw your conclusion from the graph. AIM: To verity law of length by graph APPARATUS : Sonometer, slotted weights , a set of five tuning forks , meter scale , paper rider, etc. DIAGRAM ; leary me 7D) T=Mg OBSERVATION TABLE : Tension kept constant in wire T = 3000 x 980 dyne. Vibrating length ia (oar ok ter Meso | cat 1 2 1 Siz + 16 16 16 0/0.6250 2 48e 7 17 17 | 005882 3 B84 a 2 2) OO 4TER 4 34) 2h 24 24 O04167 5 256 BL S32. 32 003125 GRAPH = Plot a graph of reciprocal of vibrating length against frequency. Draw your conclusion from graph. ve t 1 x (0,0) %(3) CONCLUSION OF GRAPH : As graph of 1/L against n is straight line passing thro origin we can conclude that, fundamental frequency of string is inversely proportional to its length if tension & linear density are constant. PRECAUTIONS : 4) Start with tuning fork of highest frequency. 2) Place the paper rider mid-way between knief edges. 3) Paper rider should be light & dry. 4) Strike tuning fork gently on rubber pad. 5) Place stem of vibrating fork gently on sonometer box 6) Measure the distances between knief edges accurately with a scale.por as) 2251018SSS (25) oe Expt. No.4 Potentiometer - + fark F ‘Compare the €.m,1.s of two given cells using a potentiometer by connecting them separately. Take five sets of observations. Hence determine the e.m.f. of celle, Given - EMF. of cell E, 4. 00 volt AIM, To compare the EMF's of two given cells using potentiometer by connecting them seperately and datermine the EMF of cell, (Given :E,= 1 volt) APPARATUS : Lecianches Call (E,) , Daniel Cell (E,), Key, resistance box, potentiometer , galvanometer. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : Te Vien OBSERVATION TABLE : For the seperate method 2) EMF of cell (E,) ‘Obs. Resistance Balancing length for i ay eigen g ] No. from R-box E, cei | ct |e, a tem | tem 5 De tas | 135 1444 5 fi 205 | 146 | 1482) wed 5 F 22} 169 | 1396 7 g Fas | 164 lal HIVE TATTLE VAT(26) i ¢ CALCULATION : 4) nt au . Mean EL eS as en (= ae {x 1 ee volt RESULT : EL 5 = 41423 volt thee 2) The EMF of cell (E,).,=....1.* 42.3... volt PRECAUTION : 4)Al the connections should be tight 2) EMF. E'of driving cell should be greater than E, and € 3) The balancing length should be measured from common terminal A. 4) Do not slide the jockey on the potentiometer wire. Oe Wt; fale be =105()39s)—429(135) | = 2-2500—2- T46~ “ae (seg) —129 (146) aod | = 23201 —2-1644 ales Co1s97) | A lag (01557) = Wau | = 2328 *(@) = 44h 2 car Sale. Ce say e Si es re ee)" ae ee r ic a 209 (164 ae” | Zi, 526 Als = Ale9 ©1450) te = |g | a 42) (Gd = 1936 | (ED = htOoze (2) o.4f Potentiometer - H Paral Ve Expt. using a potentiometer by sum and ems of two given cells ems. ‘Compare the 1d. Take five sets of observations. Hence determine the difference metho: of cell, Given: EMF. of cell E, = 1.5 volt ‘AIM: Compare the EMF's of two given cells using potentiometer by sum and differ- ence method . Hence’datermine the EMF of cell E, APPARATUS :-Leclanches Cell (E,) , Daniel Cell (E,) Key, resistance box, potentiometer , galvanometer, etc. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : a aoe a ae iL | CN. | rormuia: 1) & = Oth ey) Saks 2) 5 ae volt (E/E) mean OBSERVATION TABLE : (sum & difference method) Ops] Resistance | Balancingtengthfor |, L.+l, E, wo |b tonbex | Cgectee = |e L-,| & trem | Lem 1 i 10 272 26 |t-212 2 08 261 24 \-202. 97s 3 06 246 | 20 fee 4 o4 218 \3 |a (28) @ CALCULATION : 298— log246 = 2°4742 -2°3909 00833 => Ambilog( 0:0833)= 19285, log 28S lay 237 4548 - 2° 3747 = 0-08 OL Uprtiled Cop gel)) = | om: PHATE Jr 256 - 195216 AGN, a Gogo ~ or 334s 0:° Ne7 2a7__ = Pyvilen(o- 0787) = 1489 135 =149237_ \oyo37 — leosidd ee 28747 — 2'2939 ay2 ry. O'oTs8 Prtley (oo7s#)= 491 A212. chJ202 + [IPS + ISI PIg7S BNIZ SS RESULT : OE ole 2) The EMF of cell E, volt. PRECAUTION : 4) All the connections should be tight 2) EMF. 'E’ of driving cell should be greater than E, and E, * 3) The balancing length should be measured from common terminal A 4) Do not slide the jockey on the potentiometer wire. 5) Do not interchange the zinc rods in the two cells.2 O38 Gb) Expt. No. Resistance of Galvanometer by Kelyin’s Method Determine the resistance of the galvanometer by Kelvin’s method. Take three independent readings. Repeat the experiment by interchaning the Positions of the galvanometer and the resistance box. AIM 'o determine a resistance of gaivanometer using meter bridge. APPARATUS : Wheatstone’s meter bridge , Jockey, plug-key, resistance box, cell galvanometer, rheostat, connecting wires Circuit DIAGRAM : L Rh FORMULA : The resistance of galvanometer, fay cer Se éR Where, €G is balancing length of wire segmet opposite to galvanometer € Ris balancing length of wire segment opposite to resistance R. R is resistance from resistance box. OBSERVATION TABLE : Balancing length t Position of | Obs.| Resistai G=R& bs) Rae cc | enenn cae tone eo cm Left fe ee 0 S| Sh 44 Dine gap 2 220 So so 220 Le 230 18) S| 22) 1 20 iS | 49 218-6 Right Ble gap 20) 22 0. S50 SO 220 e en & a oy ) tg 30 15 \ Mean Pla Sn ng(32) CALCULATIONS ; For Left gap, year ie 2) im ete? 3)G=. PNB Groin a For Right gap, noone 26-220 62.22.02 Bo PABA RESULT : ‘The resistance of galvanometer, Ge. ROC Bnei PRECAUTIONS : 1) All the connections and keys in the resistance box should be right 2) The balancing lenght should be between 30 em and 70 cm 3) Do not slide the jockey on meter bridge wire. [for Right Gap fot Le} Gap Narre = Borage 3 G-e | = legate + toy sy - 12949 ek a5 = 2-32094 1-7076 -1@90 2 F t = 4 0298 -1-6902 = legaio + leg st 12949 " bo 3396) = 2.3222 +1. 7076-16902 ee = 298 —)-65o2 i 4.0238 aG-rR =a 2396) i G@ = 2186 Gq = leg230 +104 49 — logs) =2.26)7 + \-6902-):7076 4-0514 — 17076 ! I Joq 4g -) = AA(2- 443) = logaa0 +09 49 -)ogs) 2.46)7] +1 6902 -1: 7076 G@ <~2Z\or AKC2. 3443) _ BG 4220422) G = 221.0 Weten: Gr irae or > NG:o4 (3) Expt. No. @ Spring mass oscillator Suspend @ light pan from the lower end of the spring suspended vertically from a rigit suppord. Set the system consisting of suitable mass the pan and determine the time taken to complete a sultable number of oscillations inthe pan and find time of oscillations for five different values of suming whole mass (ms + M) of s of spring is mg ) . Plot the Vary the mi mass M. Find periodic time for each mass the system concentrated at a single point, (rm ‘graph of T? against M. Find the mass of the spring (™s) [AIM : To find effective mass of spring by plotting T? against M graph using method of oscillation Apparatus ; Lignt spiral spring with clamping arrangement & attached pointer, meter scale , slotted weights , stop watch et Diagram : OBSERVATION TABLE : Time fer Obs. | Mass in pan Mean Period | 7? No. Mgm aa |e: ‘tsec [T= Fs sec| Sec? 1 sO 1o \o 10 O-s [0.25] 2 (70 12s 12 ie fe 08 0-36) é 150 14 et 14 | o7 | 0:49] +— 4 220 16 16 \6 o§ [064 Vs 70 | Id 19 19) o95 0904 ae |(4) GRAPH : Graph of T? against M Scale X-axis : 1m 2-2..9m Y-axis: 1 oms.e.01.0S, 886 es oMye DAG gm. ——-x Ms=54 4m Negative intercept on x-axis is (=~ x mass of spring) Result : Effective mass of the spring Sh. om Precaution: 4) Spring should vibrate in vertical plane 2) Take proper displacement of spring 3) Amplitude should be small. 4) The spring & scale pan should not touch the scale.LG (4) Date: Expt. No. 5 Sonometer {A tuning fork of known frequeney is given to you. Using sonometer determine the length (L) of the wire vibrating in unison with given tuning fork for four different known tensions (T) and one unknown tension. Plot a graph L? against T. Hence determine unknown tension . Also draw the conclusion from the graph AIM: To determine unknown tension by using sonometer from graph. APPARATUS: Sonometer, slotted weights , forks , unknown tension, paper rider , etc. DIAGRAM: jl Mg, OBSERVATION TABLE: frequency of tunning fork, n=... 2. B.C mn Hz eas Vibrating length No. | 72tiggyne [tan —_| Mint) on 1 3500 x 980 25 25 25) 625 2 | 3000 x 980 VS 2S 525 3 | 2500 x 980 2\ 2\ ECE 4 | 2000 x 980 \9 (VS) 36\ 5 | Unknown x 16-6 | 6-6 (cy = 225-54 GRAPH : Graph of L? against T. YY Scale : X-axis tom = 250X980. dyne Y-axisitiom = 0)Expt INO) Come ® (15) RESULT : Unknown tension from graph X = 1:50.0.4989 dyne Conclusion : As graph of L? against Tis a straight line passing through origin, we conclude that L? o T PRECAUTIONS : 1) Do not increase the load beyond the elastic limit of wire 2) Place the paper rider mid-way between knief edges. 3) Paper rider should be light & dry. 4) Strike the tuning fork gently on rubber pad 5) Place stem of vibrating fork gently on sonometer box. 6) Measure the distances between knief edges accurately with a scale.r Sonomete, IL Expt no. @ x Groph of L& against T n> Scale ty axis: om = died Sa i SHU Dis ee i ta 0 Tay ne.ee = @ (29) Date: Expt. No. @6 Internal Resistance of Cell Datermine the internal resistance of the given cell by using potentiome | Take four sets of observation, AIM : To determine the internal resistance of a cell by using potentiometer. APPARATUS : Potentiometer , two plug keys, a cell, resistance boxes, Galvnometer, Jockey, etc. : RK CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : i i ee ee whete , r= Internal resistance of cell. (E) , Balancing length when the cell is in open circul Balancing length when the cell'is in closed circuit and = Resistance from R - Box OBSERVATIONS : 4 Balancing lengtll wilén the’ Gal i in open circuit i.e. when itis shunted eth ipfintetesitance , 2. when Kay (K}is open, = cm, ae : i OBSERVATION TABLE : | Obs. Resistance | Balancing length] - internal resistance mean No.| from box | when cell is RQ |-shunted cm} r=R [2] i rQ 2 CES ee ee 2 Ga wpe 64 \5°87 Nacener 5 besos etat 88 Ha 1-49 40 | aston [ee dee 19:23(30) CALCULATIONS: 1) rer 4] tenn ae Q 3)— 2 ee 5 wears 95 18-07 AT TIES | RESULT: = PSH. \9- 635-2 { ‘The internal resistance of given cell T= -rqyz gms ON PRECAUTIONS : 4)All the connections should be tight. 2) The balancing length should be measured from common point A. 3) Do not slide the jockey on the potentiometer wire. 4) E.M.F. 'E! of the driving cell should be greater than emf of the given cell whose internal resistance js to be ingare Caculations : iy v =~ RUE s ye RA ) ere hn (276-47) ‘op ae seen =73) LEK Bet ; deg e = ogi og 229 )—heg 47 - 8% ae gy =@ Goal +2-3598 )-1-672) die (ange +09 197.) “hog7d i gt =. MG SRS 1472) Ange H[0 903] + 2° 2545 )- 18976): v= Pr log G-2898) { ingr = SIRE 1 BITE LY = Pilog (113000 ) 2X 2 An95 Mh Lt 6x AE : ts odeg E(hoqe¥4oq ai) — oq 6H): dages (404° eg 259 - — hog 2 & degy elo 7782423.263) 89731" “4150ma) pate: Expt. Nof(A) Wheatstone’s Meter Bridge Verify the law of resistances in series compination using wheatstone’s Independent readings. Also Interchange the posiions of bridge, Take three resistances in the gaps. Given: a) Resistance of first wire b) Resistance of second wire a ‘AIM «To verify the law of resistances in series combination using wheatstone’s meter bridge, tances: [APPARATUS : Meter bridge, R-box, cell, rheostat.two resis CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: ; | B | ra (hs | | Resistances in Series %) hy + et be ; He : foe tb. FORMULA C 4 east xe (> Where , L, and 1, are balancing lengths “OBSERVATIONS ie aren = aa 1) Resistance (X,) = eo 2) Resistance (X,) = Bat ie OBSERVATION TABLE : oe ‘ Unknown | ops. | Resistance - Net from resistance ix be : box (2) (em) | (om) 4 ° Series in i : Bena en BO. | 50 | 50 3 40 48.) 52 fed: d Series in. | > sy Ss) Me Blitaraay if ade 80 50. | 50+n Expt. No 7h) @ (23) VERIFICATION OF LAWS : 4) Experimental value of Xp = = Bly ee uh Ck 2) Theoretical value of X_ =X; + X= £3. Bod RESULT : 4) Resistance of the series combination Xq FBO Q (Experimentally) Xq 5 (Theoretically) PRECAUTIONS : 4) All the connections and plugs in the resistance box should be tight. 2) Null point is obtained close to the middle portion of the meter bridge wire- 3) Do not slide the jockey on the wire, 4) Remove plug key after completion of experiment. 7¢B) Expt. No.8¢8) Wheatstone’s Bridge ‘Verify the law of resistances in parallel combination using wheatstone's bridge. Take three independent readings. Also interchange the positions of resistances in the gaps. Given :. ) Resistance of first wire =... + b) Resistance of second wire = AIM: To verify the law of resistances in parallel combination using wheatstone’s bridge. APPARATUS : Meter bridge, R-box, cell, Rheostat, two resistances. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : For parallel combination (X) eS %it. a eee y (24) ~ : i FORMULA ; | meen) Where , Land L, are balancing lengths corresponding to X and R. OBSERVATIONS : 1) Resistance (X,) = 2) Resistante (X,) = Observation Table : Unk Resistar b Pcs Or coresearee | O | te eae position box (02) fem): | team (2) Paralielin |__! \7 erie Bee leftgap 2 20 BO | SO ao 3 2a 47 153 18-62. 1 i Paralielin |— a ef Hi 188 right gap 58 Here 2| 7h |e 18:62 Fhe. 2 CALCULATION! Wahgente oa 2) Xp= ake = Js mean Xp = VERIFICATION OF LAWS : 1) Experimental value of Xp 2) Theoretical value of X, = RESULT : : 1) Resistance of the parallel combination . Q (Experimentally) Q (Theoretically) PRECAUTIONS : 41) All the connections and plugs in the resistance box should be tight. 2) Null point is obtained close to the middle portion of the meter bridge. 3) Do not slide the jockey on the wire. 4) Remove plug key after completion of experiment. a PTGoma) one es Op = For aight ger - te ER) ay dpe R iba) i - RP ae SN ro 4 ; -=17x( 34) __ ; = Clog 174-0954) —Inghe — Ley ip = (logit tng Bt) lepht Be = (1 2504 1) 7a24)- boca aif) +2304 +1 7324)-V-6628 = 29678 = 16628 219628 - C626 b = A) 1+3000 US Pe. PX pe 19.95 ee ap = 19:95 2 rs 2) eee a ae LR > Xp = Ree = 20x 5° 20 x So | % So E 50 Xp = 20 se Stes S pe RPA) = ax 47 By Xp = R(X) = 29x 47 ee ee Oe Bay p= Cag 21+ eg Dag Bag Xe =u 21 +lng 42d 109 3 aftr3222 +1 b67a)= 17243. = (1-92.22 +6721) = 17243 = 919943 - 1/7243 = 2-44 43 —-7243 Aiea 2 700 Ba AL 270i cea Xp= 18:62 Ap = 18+ 62 2 ra 1995 2m 4 M2 19-95 +20 + 18-62 6 a I9O 2 ceExpr- SLA) (16) E xpt. No§{a) — Resonance Tube Asetof five tuning forks of known frequencies is given to you . Find correct length of air Re air column vibrating in Unison with each tuning fork. letermine the velocity of sound in air at room temperature: Date: AIM: To det letermine the velocity of sound in air at room temp. ining APPA! - RATUS : jar filled with water, rubber pad, resonance tube, set of five Ti forks, retort stand, meter scale, vernier calliper. DIAGRAM; Stand—> FORMULA: ir column , ve4nt Where, L = (¢+ €) = corrected length of resonating ait n= frequency of sound & e = end correction. 4) Smallest division on main scale, X = 0.1 em. =10 OBSERVATIONS = 2) Total number of divisions on vernier scale, N calliper, L.C.= X/ N= 0.01 om 3) Least Count of vernier OBSERVATION TABLE FOR INNER DIAMETER OF TUBE Obs. ‘Main scale Vernier Scale | VSRXL.C. | TotalReading No. Reading Reading zYem |! d=X+y¥) om VSR div eee i ST 4 ook 374 2 3-7 a cree 3-74 4 3'7 4 em cm S7 Mean inner diameter , d= -. ‘:. End correction ,¢ = 0.3.4q7) OBSERVATON TABLE FOR RESONATING LENGTH : Obs. No. | Frequency of | Reasonating | wigan | “irracied Ke fork ‘n’ Hz length € em on 0 a om / 966 4 : L= (+e) om Size 16 16 16 | 17-122 | 8766 | 480 WW | 18 | 18 | 19-122 | ar75 384 Q2 | 22/22 |23-122 |@¢7¢ i 320 26 26 | 26 | 27-122) $678 5 256 33 33 | 33 | 34°122,| 8736 mean nL = SS467.4.......cmn Ieee CALCULATIONS : oo on page vo oe 4)nL= 2a ay. 5). Se MOAN NL = setae . Velocity of sound in air at room temp. is V4 (nl) mean= 4.7% B BAG +6 RESULT : Velocity of sound iri air at room tetrip. is V= SB386 cms. PRECAUTIONS: = - |. ¢ — 41) Hold the tube vertical in the glass jar. 2) Strike the tuning fork gently on rubber pad. 3) Vibrating tuning fork should be held properly at the open end of tube 4) For exact resonance , heard the maximum sound. Expt. No8 (B) Resonance Tube , i) Yoli are given Four tunning forks of known fréquencies and one of unknown frequency . Determine correct length (L) of air column vibrating in ~unigon, with each tuning fork, Plot a graph of reciprocal of correct length of aircolumn (1) against frequency. Hence find the unknown frequency of the tuning fork. AIM: To find the frequency of unknown tuning fork from the graph of (n) tA against (+E) § APPARATUS : A jar filled with water, rubber pad, resonance tube, set of tuning ‘forks, retort stand, meter scale, vernier calliper.DIAGRAM: OBSERVATIONS : 4) Smallest division on main scale, X = 0.1 om. <2) Total number of divisions on vernier scale, N'= 10 3) Least Count of vernier callipes, L.C.= X/ N = 0.01 cm. OBSERVATION TABLE FOR INNER DIAMETER OF TUBE : Obs. Main scale Vernier Scale | VSRXL.C. Total Reading No. Reading Reading =Yom d=(X+Y) X cm VSR div. com i 37 4 oo 3-74 2 3:7 4 oo4 3:74 3 Bate 4 004 3.74 Mean inner diameter , d= " OH O.Bd A icc dQ 4 VPermenses GM . End correction OBSERVATION TABLE FOR RESONATING LENGTH: Obs. | equohey of Reasonating length] Mean Cue : fork 'n' Hz EET Glace | eeu 1 Z cm 4 - 1 512, 16 1G 165) '7- 122 Seren 2 280 (8 1g 1g 19°122 |6-05229 3 3BS4 90) ao | go | 23712 2- h.o4aas 4 320 [oc | 26 | ae | 27°122 |po3e97 = 5 | UnknownX | 33 | S3°}e=34 v= 3A244 oha30pg i = =e — —-_— PAE = SOS aoe ee 1712 z= = De To94 41-9435 tise = 3766 cme 2 ox ear f gird) = teq fago + Log 19+122_ = 2+ GRI2 + 12514 = AL 39626 = 39175 ols » mL = 384% BN 2 i too mu = $84 ¢4yg 23122 ce ties oe +1-3640 rs Las a4es bi = 8879 cms Ly NL = 320 % 27-122. dog nL = = 14 320+ boy Dye 2a8 = 2/505) + 4333 = AL 3:9384 = 8678 ems Sy TAL = 256 x 3422 mL 256 + Jog 34122 vat 2+ 4082 + oe Wyn qe AL 3:94 13 S736 omfs Mean (nL) = 8766 +5175+8878 + 867848736 Ss = 8846-6 ons(9) @) GRAPH: — Graph of (1/L) against n. Scale : Y X-axis stom = 440. Hz Y-axis om = Qx61.cm cl {0.0} noe RESULTS : Unknown frequency of tunning fork X =... PRECAUTION : 41) Hold the tube vertical in the glass jar. 2) Strike the tuning fork gently on rubber pad. 3) Vibrating tuning fork should be held properly at the open end of tube 4) For exact resonance, heard the maximum sound.AcHvity nod f Seconds Pendulum 4 Aim i- To detesmine the length of the seconds Pendulym \ Apparatus i= : st Goatees Cel ey Period of Seconds Pendulum Ts = ser — er length of Pendulum] Time for 20 ove Maton, | \t- Le Qt ew fe | Mean, : $2 foe Tse . = B53 oS a 2 38 BGR loz Ge | go | 99. 2.0 [asso blod’d jab ere S.. Eksteady current 1 APPARATUS : Potentiometer, battery (or diving eal pIUW key, ammeter, volimeter, heosta, jockey, connecting Wires, adneler wire of on ferero meryinACTIVITY NO.-3 HOUSEHOLD CIRCUIT Result- Household circuit is verified.Alero s—Comaponents.— es at aes at Pppesmales = MutieaslesanaislonC “Coen -an_fhf).- — ee _W a \ E \ Yo \ Nv ) Forward Bias : When positive of DMM is connected to p-tetminal and negative of DMM is 1 in DMM will be between 0.3 V and 0.8 V, indicating forward bias 5) Reverse Bias : When positive of DMM is eottneeted to n ind negative of DMM ig nected minal of a component with selection of diode-check range of DMM, there Il be no reading shown in DMM. it will indicate open circuit by vertical line (J) which is 1) npn transistor : When positive iprobe of DMM Is connected to base terminal and negative probe of DMM | connected to elther collector terminal or emitter terminal, it will show forward bias then itis npn transistor. component, with seleetion of diode-check range of DMM, the msG _Bedivity - a ale the @fiect nf inte ensiby ight = —___slependen} “resistance T CLD RB) ____— Tala meter scale -Peuied Sia a ra ba etA graph ¢f BR oat Mil - et a eee eC r ee Jol Coees*y , con Jusion = = the tatens ay of Wat is poe 7 propottional “be the squave of distan the Inlensity of ight decreases the ance of IDR Incteases Whe graph of R net 1) d> sours the 2xpon mia) dec