DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Mechanical and Industrial

Engineering
Final Year Project On
Design and Analysis of Cobblestone Paving Machine

By:
NAME ID No.

1. Surafel Mekonen R/6010/07

2. Eyob Solomon R/2488/07
3. Yonaf Wakuma R/3731/07

Adviser: Nikodmose Moges

Submission date: March XX, 2019

Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we express our greatest gratitude to the almighty GOD for his help on
every stage of our life and this project. Secondly to our lecturer B.Sc. advisors, Mr.
Nikodimos M. (M.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering) who give us unlimited advice,
instructions, and encouragement at every step of our project.

Sincerely we thank all the Staff members of Dire Dawa University, DDIT and SMIE
manufacturing stream staffs, and our big thanks to one and all those who stood beside us to
finish this project properly.
 Abstract

Cobblestone road is one of the infrastructure developments implemented in many cities of

Ethiopia and since 2008 in all of the Sub-Cities of Dire Dawa administration. Many internal roads are
construct jointly by the community and government participation. In our country, there is a lot of
Cobblestone roads construction but they are not comfortable for both pedestrians and vehicles in
general because of the uneven paving operations done by labors.

This project is conduct to design a manually driven rolling mechanism for paving of a
Cobblestone. The operation requires two labors force for positioning the stones at the opening of a
material, which is use to feed stones to the roller for performing the paving operation. The deep
procedure required for the project is done by first gathering of important data that are useful for this
project and creating conceptual design and implementing this design by selecting the appropriate
material, and using the appropriate design formulas specified for that material for each parts. The
new system tends to pave the Cobblestones uniformly by a minimum number of labors within a
short period and hence high quality of paving is achieve.

Keywords: Cobblestone, Paving, Rolling mechanism, and mechanical systems

 List of Tables
Table 1 Design category of physical effect................................................................................... 13
Table 2 Concept combination...................................................................................................... 13
Table 3 Concept combination...................................................................................................... 14
Table 4 Concept Selection of weighted objectives method.......................................................16
Table 5 Input parameters............................................................................................................. 18
Table 6 Bell of Material Drawing of XXXXX............................................................................... 19
Table 7 Mane partes price and Life span of Plastering Machin.................................................21
 List of Figures
Figure 1 Conservation of energy, material and signal.................................................................10
Figure 2 Function structure for XXXXXXX with auxiliary functions.........................................11
Figure 3 Expected outcome of the project................................................................................... 12
Figure 4 Assembly Drawing with a detail part representation and bell of material.................19
Figure 5 Motor Coupling Assembly............................................................................................. 19
 Abbreviation and Symbols
F Force
σ Stress
Strain
Contents Page

Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................1
Abstract.............................................................................................................................2
Abbreviation and Symbols...............................................................................................5
Chapter 1............................................................................................................................8
Introduction.....................................................................................................................8
1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................8
1.2 Background of the Project..................................................................................................8
1.3 Motivation.............................................................................................................................8
1.4 Statement of Problem..........................................................................................................8
1.5 Objective of the Project.......................................................................................................8
1.6 Scope of the Project.............................................................................................................8
1.7 Significant of the Project.....................................................................................................8
1.8 Limitation of the Project.....................................................................................................8
1.9 Organization of this Paper..................................................................................................8
Chapter 2...........................................................................................................................9
Literature Review.............................................................................................................9
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................9
2.2 Literature Review Summary.............................................................................................9
Chapter 3..........................................................................................................................10
Product Planning and Conceptual Design.....................................................................10
3.1 Product Planning..............................................................................................................10
3.1.1 Task and procedure............................................................................................................10
3.1.2 Market Analysis..................................................................................................................10
3.1.3 Product Selection...............................................................................................................10
3.1.4 Product Definition or Working Principle....................................................................10
3.1.5 Clarification of the Task...................................................................................................10
3.2 Conceptual Design..........................................................................................................12
3.2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................12
3.2.2 Concept Design.................................................................................................................12
3.2.3 Concept Generation...........................................................................................................13
 3.3 Material Selection..............................................................................................................19
Chapter 4.........................................................................................................................26
Design and Analysis........................................................................................................26
4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................26
4.2 Analysis...............................................................................................................................26
4.2.1 Selection of Motor..............................................................................................................26
4.2.2 Design of Key.......................................................................................................................26
4.2.3 X.............................................................................................................................................26
4.2.4 X.............................................................................................................................................26
4.2.5 X.......................................................................................................................................... X26
4.2.6 X.............................................................................................................................................26
4.2.7 X.............................................................................................................................................26
4.2.8 X.............................................................................................................................................26
4.2.9 X.............................................................................................................................................26
Chapter 5..........................................................................................................................27
Method of Manufacturing and Assembly Process.........................................................27
5.1 Method of Manufacturing Process.....................................................................................27
5.2 Assembly Procedure Process...............................................................................................27
Chapter 6.........................................................................................................................28
Result and Discussion....................................................................................................28
6.1 Result........................................................................................................................................28
6.2 Discussion...............................................................................................................................28
Chapter 7.........................................................................................................................29
Conclusion and Recommendation................................................................................29
7.1 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................29
7.2 Recommendation..................................................................................................................29
APPENDIX........................................................................................................................31
REFERENCE.....................................................................................................................32
 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Project
It is obvious that Cobblestone road construction is playing a great role in bringing
about social, economic and environmental benefits at the local and national level. Many jobs
could be created for people. It is cost-effective compared to concrete or asphalt roads, it
makes towns and cities more beautiful, benefits residents and encourages service sector. It is
easy to maintain and has a much longer lifespan than asphalt roads. It is labor-intensive,
creates jobs and opportunities for construction entrepreneurs; uses natural and local
materials and does not require imported machinery. Cobblestone does not contribute
anything (temperature) to global warming, etc. [1].

The Urban Local Government Development Project (ULGDP) is one of the flagship
projects undertaken by the Ministry of Urban Development and Construction and being
implemented in 19 cities across Ethiopia. The objective of ULGDP is to support improved
performance in the planning, delivery and sustained provision of priority municipal services
and infrastructure by urban local governments. One of the priority services selected by
ULGs for improvement is improved road access through the construction of Cobblestone
roads. All participating ULGs have included Cobblestone road construction as part of the
prioritized Capital Investment Plans (CIP). Cobblestone road construction is
comprehensively labor intensive and requires skilled labor. In this regard, a huge skilled
labor pool is being developed in the country [1].

The modern machine has been subjecting of study in mechanical engineering for the
past years, thereby generating great interest in the construction community. Theoretical
benefits based on prototypical performances have the potential to provide competitive
advantages for road construction firms, given the productivity, safety and quality
improvements offered by machines when performing both simple and complex road
construction tasks. Cobblestone paving road construction is suited for the machine in that
the complete construction process is made up of many single tasks that can be semi-
automated and integrated into one single machine. A semi-automated machine will have
the ability to consistently paving high-quality stones and can precisely perform tasks. It is
envisioned that with the aid of a semi-automated machine, construction projects will be
able to be completed better and faster, which will lead to greater productivity and reduce
costs [6].

Cobblestone paving Operations [3]

The actual Cobblestone paving operation is a combined process of a large number of

specially-designed machines, each with a specific function in the road construction process.
Once paving operations have begun, the various steps in the road construction process are
arranged in the form of a continuing series of separate operations that are planned and
coordinated so that the road construction proceeds with minimum loss of time and effort.
Each of the separate steps must be done carefully and precisely so that the completed
pavement will meet the applicable standards for strength and smoothness.

Other important aspects of the paving process include the control of the paving
equipment trajectory and the control of the pavement surface profile, or screening.
Currently, most of the methods used to control equipment trajectory are based on
conventional surveying techniques, such as hubs, grade stakes, and string lines. These types
of controls limit productivity because their installation is slow and are subject to human
errors. In addition, manual-type trajectory controls require skilled operators to accurately
steer the equipment, using rudimentary techniques.

Conventional Cobblestone paving operations require a lot of resources and are labor
intensive, even with state-of-the-art pavement equipment. There are many competitive
advantages to integrating paving machine technology with Cobblestone pavement road
construction. Although the concept of using a machine for asphalt paving has been shown
to be valid with the development and demonstration of the Road Robot, no attempts have
been made to expand that research to Cobblestone paving. Integrating the paving and post-
paving operations into one semi-automated.
1.3 Motivation
However cobblestones are the main implemented road constructions paving method
for the Sub-Cities of the country, there is not a single machine for paving of a cobblestone.
This motivates us to design a simple paving machine that comply the countries standard.

1.4 Statement of Problem

Despite all the social, economic and environmental benefits that the Cobblestone
road construction is bringing about, it is facing challenges. In current situation of our
country there are a lot of Cobblestone roads construction but they are not comfortable for
both pedestrians and vehicles, in general, because of the uneven paving operations done by
labors, the shape of the stones is not cut precisely and are not managed and treated well
hence they start deteriorating due to the above reason.

1.5 Objective of the Project

1.5.1 General Objectives
The main objectives of this project is to design a simple Cobblestone paving machine
that provides a better and professionally excellent quality of paving by looking at different
types of methods and machines used for road brick and Cobblestone paving operations.

1.5.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives are:

 To overcome the major problems and challenges experienced during and after the
construction of the roads.
 To design a movable manual road Cobblestone paving machine at a low cost.
 Design a machine capable of paving xx x xx m2area in just xx min.
 Simplifies Cobblestone paving operation and attain better work finish with minimal
cost and time efficiency.
 To demonstrate the working principle of the machine by preparing part and assembly
drawings with simulation.
1.6 Scope of the Project
The scope of the project includes the demonstration of the working principle of the
machine by preparing part and assembly drawings with simulation using modeling and
simulation software like SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS.

1.7 Significant of the Project

The salient beneficiary of this project is the Urban Local Government Development
Project (ULGDP). This is because ULGs are the ones in control of road construction firm in
Ethiopia. So the completion of the project will unquestionably provide some contribution
for the country. This system allows to reduce the manpower needed for the job and the time
taken to do the specified work and hence reduce the total cost. Other countries with similar
difficulties can also implement this simple mechanism accordingly. The benefits includes
the following:
 It is time saving

 Uniform paving operation

 Reduce total cost

 Reducing human fatigues

 Efficient, effective and reliable

1.8 Limitation of the Project

The following areas are the limitations of this project:

 Electric power to operate.

 Not used for the paving stones of inclined roads because of weight of the stones.
 The machine does not work with an irregular shaped stone.

1.9 Organization of this Paper

 Chapter 2
Literature Survey
2.1 Literature Review
Cobblestones “Cobblestone” itself is a messy term. Strictly defined, it refers to a
rounded water-worn stone used for paving streets. However, the term often refers to any
number of stone paving types. While the concept of a ‘Cobblestone’ is central to this paper,
the wider definition of paving stones is used and analyzed here. This paper attempts to refer
to ‘Cobblestones’ when referencing the larger family of paving stones or the mental
construct of what they mean; the terms ‘stone blocks’ or ‘paving stones’ are used when
discussing the actual stone type in question. [1].

Cobblestone Development

According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (cited in Tiwari, 2011:73), Cobblestones are

stones that are frequently used in the pavement of early streets. ‘Cobblestone’ is derived
from a very old English word ‘cob’, which had a wide range of meanings, one of which was
‘rounded lump’ with overtones of large size. ‘Cobble’, which appeared in the 15 th century,
simply added the diminutive suffix ‘le’ to ‘cob’, and meant a small stone rounded by the flow
of water; essentially, a large pebble. It was these smooth ‘cobbles’, gathered from stream
beds that paved the first ‘Cobblestone’ streets. “Cobblestone” itself, (Treskon, 2006:3), is a
messy term. Strictly defined, it refers to the rounded water-worn stone used for paving
streets. However, the term often refers to any number of stone paving types [4].

Nature of the Cobblestones Road Development

The nature of the Cobblestone roads normally depends on the size of each
Cobblestone, the status, and position of paving the stones on the already prepared sub base.
If a single Cobblestone is displaced (scattered) from the normal position it is put, there is a
possibility for the whole Cobblestones to displace. Its nature enables it to simply deteriorate
or destruct if it is not constructed in quality as the stability of one Cobblestone in its place
depends on the stability of the other. The edge or the end of the roads, which has a
connection or a join with asphalt or earthen road, can simply be destroyed unless strongly
fixed with a cement or concrete. The curve stones should also be properly erected, stuck or
fixed by cement and other materials in order for it to hold the Cobbles [6].

Cobblestone Paving

Paving roads with Cobblestones begun in Egypt more than 3.500 years ago. From
then on, Cobblestone pavements were used worldwide in cities such as Berlin, New York,
and Paris. In Ethiopia, the Germany International Cobblestone project was introduced in
2006 as part of the university capacity building programs. Adama was the first city to train
workers in the different processes of producing and paving with Cobblestones. In one year,
the German Cobblestone experts have trained more than 5000 people with whom they have
paved 20,000 square meters indaba city (UCBP, 2008). the initiative falls under the
construction sector of micro and small enterprise [1].

According to UN-Habitat (2013) report on Cobblestone initiative in Ethiopian

experience, Cobblestone paving is a labor-intensive initiative that creates substantial job
opportunities in different activities such as quarrying, chiseling, transporting and paving.
Employment in the cobblestone sector is open to all including the disabled, and focuses
largely on unemployed young people and women; it has given a chance to establish many
micro and small enterprises on manufacturing and other construction sectors. In the last
few years in the capital city of Dire Dawa alone about 2,240 Micro and Small Enterprises
were established and engaged in the Cobblestone road construction. Among them, 254
Enterprises were engaged under the cobblestone paving sector. The project covers all sub-
cities of Dire Dawa and includes pedestrian and vehicle roads, condominium Villages,
recreation areas and parks, organizations and residential areas [3].

In terms of roads constructed or paved (as per the World Bank standard of 7-meter
width) between 2008-2012/13, more than 2,202 km of Cobblestone roads, taxi terminal,
feeder roads, and public squares have been built. This provides a safe walkway, reduction of
dust and mud; reduce traffic jams, and improved marketing linkage of related and unrelated
business along the value chain. In the employment creation process, the initiative helps
beneficiaries by generating income for daily consumption and savings. This sector also
Improved Saving Capacity and Promote the Operators to Medium Level Enterprise. The aim
of the initiative was not to retain the operators in this sector forever. It aims to improve the
culture of saving of the operators and enables them to transfer to the other productive
sectors of the economy such as manufacturing, construction, textile, and others. As
indicated in the MSE development strategy document the operators are expected to save
10% -20% of their income [7].

Roads
Pavers offer great skid resistance even in wet weather [2]. Also different color pavers
can be used to create awareness among drivers and helps to guide them properly.
Maintenance required for these types of roads is very less.
Road Cleaner
‘Design of road cleaning machine’, the study focusses on the design and
implementation of an adaptive cleaning mechanism in the concrete industry and its
importance in achieving efficient cleaning, which is tested to verify its performance in the
Paver production plant. The paper is to provide practical evidence about the importance of
adaptive cleaning mechanisms for industrial applications [5].

2.1 Literature Review Summary

For this paper, the design and working of the paver machine use a push bar
mechanism [5], which can be implemented in a hydraulic press production process.
 Chapter 3
Product Planning and Conceptual Design
3.1 Product Planning
3.1.1 Task and procedure

The general consideration in designing this machine is producing a machine that can
be easily assembled or disassembled, a machine in which cobblestones will be paved
effectively with minimum power. In order to make this project effective without any
difficulties and ambiguity, it is important to note the techniques and methods to follow
which includes, visual observation, document analysis, and practical procedures. These
methods will help us to gather the required data, analyze and execute our project.

 Literature review and research

 Conceptual design
 Selection of appropriate material
 Design and analysis stage
 Fabrication
 Testing and result

3.1.2 Market Analysis

To manufacture and deliver the machine with the least possible price to the
customers in our country (mostly governmental affairs). To fulfill customer expectation and
improve its efficiency by keeping of the quality of operation to the standards. Finally, supply
appropriate services of quality products on definite time to the customer as per its
requirements based on the effective systems.
3.1.3 Product Definition or Working Principle
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

A. XXX
B. XXX
C. XXX
D. XXX

3.1.4 Clarification of the Task

The Specification (requirement list)
This phase involves the collection of information about the requirements to be
embodied in the solution and also about the constraints:

1. Selection of electrical motor.

2. Design of gear A and B [Calculate the module, stress, force and factor of safety of the
gear]
3. Design of pump [Determine the diameter of shaft of pump, and so on]
4. Design of tank [Calculate the thickness of the tank]
5. XXXX
6. XXXX
7. XXXX
8. Finally, after finishing the design by using three dimensional model we analyze the
failure by apply three software’s (CATIA V5®, SOLIDWORK2013®, ANSYS V14 and).
3.2 Conceptual Design
3.2.1 Introduction
After completing the task clarification phase, the conceptual design phase determines
the principle solution. This is achieved by conceptualizing the essential problems,
establishing function structures, searching for suitable working principles and then
combining those principles into a working structure. Concept selection is a process of
evaluating concepts with respect to quality of output and other criteria, comparing the
relative strengths and weaknesses of the concepts and selection of one or more for further
investigation, testing or development.

3.2.2 Concept Design

3.2.2.1 Conversion of Energy, Material and Signal
In this machine we have energy conversions at two places, one at the roller and one
at the compactor. At the compactor a mechanical pulley system is implemented to drop – kg
of load for the purpose of compacting the stones with ground.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.

Energy in

Material (Stone) Cobblestone Paver Quality Pave

Signal

Figure 1 Conservation of energy, material and signal

3.2.2.2 Establishing Functional Structure

3.2.2.2 Establishing Functional Structure
Definitely the main concern of this paper is to find a simple way of paving operation,
with easy manufacturability and low-cost method to meet a specific requirement. Hence the
following are some of the competitive mechanisms anticipated to meet the quality and
feature needed. To do this let’s make a functional structure.

Start the DC
motor to rotate the
pump
 Manually or by
mixture

Move the The duct

Material Mixing of The pump
Check the mix starts to Plastered
water, cement Mortar to PM pressures the
is proper plaster the wall
and sand tank mortar
wall

Remove if the
mix is not proper Send signal to start
the duct to move
horizontally

Manually Plastered

Positioning Check if the Plastered Plastered Plastered

the stones openings are wall wall wall
fully
occupied

Plastered
Insert if not
occupied

Figure 2 Function structure for XXXXXXX with auxiliary functions

Where Main Function

Auxiliary Function

Signal Flow

Material Flow

System Boundary

3.2.3 Concept Generation

A product concept is a general description of the working principal and form of the
product. It is usually expressed as a sketch or as a rough three dimensional model with some
brief description The concept generation process begins with a set of customer needs and
target specifications and results in a set of product concepts from which the final concept is
chosen. The structured approach to concept generation by consists of the following five
steps:

1. Clarify the problem

2. Search externally
3. Search internally
4. Explore systematically
5. Reflect upon the results and the process

This section deals with concept generation for Sim-Automatic Control Plastering
Machine Design with reference to some of the steps mentioned above. Here, many
alternatives and different features are discussed, compared and specified based on
geometrical consideration and expected mechanical, ergonomic and aesthetic requirements.

Expected outcome of project are:

Operable easily
Dimension

Safety No sharp corners

Pleasing to eye Appearance

Paintable surface Operation safety

stickers
Proper ventilation

Ergonomic
Sim-Automatic Control
Environment
Plastering Machine

Low maintenance cost

Performance cost

Cost Parts easy to acquire

Ease of operation
Size Low cost of replacement parts

Light Weight Easy to clean

Portable Easy to assemble and dissemble

Easy to maintain
 Figure 3 Expected outcome of the project

Table 1 Design category of physical effect

Function Input Output Physical Effect

Mixer Manually/electrical
power Mortar mix ---- ---- ---- ----
Sand, cement and water

Tank Mortar mix Mortar mix shape of tank ---- ---- ----
Electrical Electrical energy Rotational motion Electrical ---- ---- ----
motor (torque) power
---- ----

---- ---- ----

Table 2 Concept combination

Mixer Tank Electric Coupling Pump Duct design

al system
motor
verticalHorizontal and

Cylindric
Classification

XXKW and XX Rpm

al Super Screw Ball Weldi Rectangul

Electric Rectangu ng ar
Sunk

al lar
Helic Centrifu Journ Castin Circular
al gal al g
 Table 3 Concept combination
Mixe Tan Electrical motor Coupling Pump Duct design
r k system
Classification

B
A C D E F H J L N O

G I K M P

From the above it is that there are around (1*2*1*1*2*2*2*2*1*2=64) 64 concepts and let’s
use eight concepts

Concept 1: A-B-D-E-F-H-J-L-N-O

Concept 2: A-B-D-E-F-H-J-L-N-P

Concept 3: A-C-D-E-F-H-J-L-N-O

Concept 4: A-C-D-E-F-H-J-L-N-P

Concept 5: A-B-D-E-G-I-K-M-N-O

Concept 6: A-B-D-E-G-I-K-M-N-P

Concept 7: A-C-D-E-G-I-K-M-N-O

Concept 8: A-C-D-E-G-I-K-M-N-P

3.2.3.1 Concept Selection Criteria

3.2.3.2 Definition of Concept Selection
Concept selection is a process of evaluating concepts with respect to customer needs
and other criteria, comparing the relative strengths and weaknesses of the concepts and
selection of one or more for further investigation, testing or development. The concept
selection method in this section is built around the use of decision matrix for evaluating
each concept for XXXXX with respect to a set of selection criteria.

Evaluating and selecting alternatives in order to make any kind of decisions, it is

necessary to have a set of criteria and these must be based on the design objectives that are
needed to be achieved. The objectives may include technical and economic factors, user
requirements and so on. The procedure is, therefore, first setting criteria for each sub
functions, then comparing the given possible solutions for each sub functions with a
reference based on the sated criteria finally selecting the best alternative from the given
based on their result. The following are the steps to be used in the selection process.
 Step 1: Prepare the selection matrix
Step 2: Rate the concepts
Step 3: Rank the concepts
Step 4: Combine and improve the concepts
Step 5: Select one or more concepts
Step 6: Reflect on results and process

Generating alternatives design to select one of the superlative choices given for each
component, there are steps to be followed. The type and number of criteria are determined
by individual judgment. There are no proper set of rules for setting design criteria, since it
depends on the type and application of design and its complication. Concept selection for
XXXX Concept Scoring Matrix The generic steps involved in concept selection using concept
scoring matrix are:

1. Develop evaluation criteria

2. Assign importance rate to each criterion
3. Rate each concept with respect to each evaluation criterion
4. Rank the concepts
5. Combine and improve the concepts
6. Select one or more concepts
7. Reflect on the results and process

3.2.3.3 Concept Selection

The following selection criteria for XXXXX was taking into consideration the
customer needs:

1. Performance
2. Inexpensive
3. Easy to operate
4. Durability
5. Ergonomic
6. Simple Design
7. Easy of Manufacture
8. Simple Assembly
9. Ease of Maintenance

The next task was assigning weights to each selection criteria in the scoring matrix.
Several
different schemes can be used to weight the criteria such as assigning the importance value
from 1 to 15 or allocating 100% points among them.
3.2.3.3.1 The Weighted Objective Method
The weighted objectives method is an evaluation method for comparing design
concepts based on an overall value predesign concept and it involves assigning weights to
the different criteria. The weighted objectives method is best used when a decision has to be
between a select number of design alternatives, design concepts or principle solution.

The weighted objective method for Sim-automatic Control Plastering Machin shown
in Table 4. The method uses a weighted sum of the ratings to determine concept ranking.
The
reference points for each criteria are signified by bold rating values.

3.3 Material Selection

These mechanical and physical properties are very important for the selection of
the martial by using different kind standard such as ASMS.

1. strength
2. corrosion resistance
3. fabricability
4. cost
1) STRANGTH
The strength of the martial are based on the mechanical propriety of the material
that used for the most easy ,fast ,strong and low cost of production .some of the
mechanical properties are(yield strength ,ultimate tensile strength ,creep strength and
rupture strength).
 Yield strength: Yield strength is the region which a material changes from plastic to
elastic deformation. Some of the material I select for my presser vessel are shown
below and there yield strength .The stress level at which the plastic deformation
begins.
Metal alloys Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast Stain less
iron steel18Cr/8N
i(304)
Yield 35 69 138 197 205
strength(MPa

Table2. Yield strength of alloys

 Ultimate tensile strength(UTS): The ultimate tensile strength (tensile stress) is

a measure of the basic strength of the material .it is the maximum stress that
the material will stand and measure by a standard tensile test.
Material Aluminum stainless steel Cast Copper Nickel
18Cr/8Ni(304) iron
UTS(MPa 90 510 414 200 520
)

Table2. Ultimate tensile strength [5]

 Creep strength: Material are often pleased in a service at elevated temperature

and exposed to static mechanical stress the deformation under such
circumstance is termed creep .The time dependent and permanent deformation
of material when subjected to a constant lode and stress.
 Rupture strength : Is the martial resistance to the fracture caused by the
internal pressure Of the fluid that was present inside the tank. And it is proportional
to tensile strength(UTS) which means the martial have high UTS and it have
good Rupture strength.
2) Corrosion resistance

Corrosion: is partial or complete wearing away, dissolving, or softening of any

substance by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. The term corrosion
specifically applies to the gradual action of natural agents, such as air or salt water, on
metals.

The most familiar example of corrosion is the rusting of iron, a complex chemical
reaction in which the iron combines with both oxygen and water to form hydrated iron
oxide. The oxide is a solid that retains the same general form as the metal from which it is
formed but, porous and somewhat bulkier, is relatively weak and brittle.

Chemical Cast Aluminum Nickel Copper Steen less

iron steel18Cr/8Ni(304)
oil G G C C G

Table 3.corrstion property R [3]

NB: G-good and c-caution-depending on the martial

3) Resistance to hydraulic attack

The tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing
temperature. The temperature that give for my presser vessel is 400 0C (752F) above 600F,
hydrogen attack cause irreparable damage through the component thickness & can
damaged carbon and low alloy steel.

Material Cast Aluminu Nickel copper Steen less

iron m steel
18Cr/8Ni(304)
Tensile 414 90 520 200 510
strength(ULT)MP
a
Design stress at -- -- 220 -- 107.6
temperature
(4000C)MPa

Table.4 temperature effect on UTS

4) Fracture toughness
 The ability of the material that absorb energy up to fracture .brittle fracture
without applicable deformation and by rapid crank propagation .The direction the
crack motion is very nearly perpendicular to the direction the applied tinsel stress and
yield stress related with fracture surface. Brittle fracture is depended on the stress
consternation (K). And stress consternation facer is shown blow.

Material Steel less Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast iron

steal18Ni/8Cr
Fracture 76 44 Low Low Low
toughness(K),MP
a

Table.5 fracture toughness

F) Fabric ability

Based on how it made and cost of production. A guide to the fabrication properties of
common metals and alloys are shown blow.

S -satisfactory
D -Difficult, special techniques needed.
U - Unsatisfactory.

Martial Mashing Cold Hot Castin Welding Annealing

work wor g temperate(o
k C)
Cast iron S U U S U/D _
Stainless S S S D S 1050
steel(18Cr,8Ni)30
4
Nickel S S S S S 1150
Aluminum S S D S S 550
Copper(dioxides) D S S S D 700

Table.6 fabric ability R [1]

CONCLUSION ABOUT THE MATERIAL
SELECTION
I select Stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni(304) because it
has good yield strength(205MPa), tensile(UTS)
strength(510MPa), good fracture toughness, good resistance
of temperature, good corrosion resistance and it can
fabricate in different mated except casting.
Material Tensile( UTS) Modulus Hardnes Specific
strength, MPa of s Brinell gravity
elasticity
, GPa
510 210 160 8.0
Stainless
steel
18Cr/8N
I (304)
Table 7 .Revision of property of stainless steel R [1]
 CHAPTER 4

Design and Analysis

4.1 Introduction
Embodiment design is the part of the design process in which, starting from the
principle solution or concept of a technical product, the design is developed in accordance
with technical and
economic criteria and in the light of further information, to the point where subsequent
detail
design can lead directly to production.

4.2 Analysis
4.2.1 Selection of Motor
For the plastering machine electrical motor used to rotate the screw pump. Based on the
work area of constriction the motor gates the electrical power through:

 Direct electric
 DC Generator
Table 4 Input parameters

Parameters Value Parameters Value

Pump Type Screw Delivery Rate 25 L/min = 0.001m3/min
Pump
Electrical Motor XXKW Delivery Pressure 1bar = 0.1MPa
Revolution of Motor XXRPM
4.2.2 Design of Key
4.2.3 X
4.2.4 X
4.2.5 X
4.2.6 X
4.2.7 X
4.2.8 X
4.2.9 X

CHAPTER 5

Method of Manufacturing and Assembly Process

5.1 Method of Manufacturing Process
5.2Assembly Procedure Process
3D Assembly Drawing of XXXXX is shown below:

Figure 4 Assembly Drawing with a detail part representation and bell of material

Table 5 Bell of Material Drawing of XXXXX

The assembly drawing of XXXX for each element is shown below:

Motor Coupling Assembly Procedure
 Figure 5 Motor Coupling Assembly

1. Insert the super gear on the motor shaft.

2. By using plaster hammer insert the Sunk key in the key hole.
3. Finally add lubricate to the super gear.
 CHAPTER 6

Result and Discussion

6.1Result
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6.2 Discussion
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 CHAPTER 7

Conclusion and Recommendation

7.1 Conclusion
Implementing the kind of technology in Ethiopia that can reduce the major
problems seen on the construction area by reducing the time of manufacturing, cost of
construction and increase the safety of the workers. The technology is tried in many
countries and brings significant change.

Table 6 Mane partes price and Life span of Plastering Machin .

N Mane Unit Quantit Life span Unit price in Total Remark

o Material y (month) birr price
1 HP 1 24 5000 8000 8500

2 HP 3 12 1500 4500 5000

2 HP 1 24 8000 8000 10,000

3 m3 -- 48 300 500 500

4 -- -- 24 3000 3000 3500

5 -- -- 36 1500 1500 2000

6 .m -- 12 1000 1000 1500

7 .m -- 6 1000 1000 1500

8 -- -- 18 3000 3000 3500

9 .m 7 12 450 3150 3500

Total 24,750 33,650 37,000

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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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7.2Recommendation
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 APPENDIX
Appendix A: Detail Drawing

Appendix B:
 REFERENCE
[1] Peter R.N.Childs, 2nd edition, Mechanical Design.
[2] XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.