Article 450 - Transformers

Thomas A. Domitrovich, P.E. Tim McBride, P.E.

National Application Engineer Application Engineer
LEED® Accredited Professional
Eaton Corporation Electrical Group
1000 Cherrington Parkway
Moon Township, PA 15108
Cell: 412-716-1475
email: thomasadomitrovich@eaton.com

©  2008 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.

 The Transformer

An electrical device that

transfers energy by magnetic
induction from one circuit to
another.

Usually the voltage and current

are transformed from one level
to another.

2 2
 The Transformer – Basic Components
Dry-Type Transformer Example

•  Primary & Secondary

Windings
•  Core
•  Frame
•  Enclosure
•  Ventilation

3 3
Transformer Types – Sampling

•  Step – Up
•  Step – Down
•  Autotransformer
•  Isolation Transformer
•  Single – Phase
•  Polyphase
•  Harmonic Transformers
•  Instrument Transformers

4 4
Transformer Locations / Applications

•  Utility Supply To Facilities

•  Commercial, Industrial, Residential and More
•  Power Distribution Equipment
•  Switchgear, Switchboards
•  Utilization Equipment Control Power
•  Motor Control Centers, Industrial Control Panels
•  Instrumentation Applications
•  Metering and Relaying

5 5
 Utility
G

OC
PD
OC
PD

OC
PD

OC OC OC VT
PD PD PD

CT OC OC
PD PD

M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD

M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD

6 6
 Utility
G

OC
PD
OC

•  Main Incoming Utility

PD

OC
PD

OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
VT Transformer
CT OC OC
PD PD

M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD

M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD

7 7
 Utility
G

OC
PD
OC

Instrumentation
PD

OC
PD

OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
VT Transformers
CT OC OC
PD PD

M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD

M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD

8 8
 Utility
G

OC
PD
OC

Power Distribution
PD

OC
PD

OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
VT Transformers
CT OC OC
PD PD

M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD

M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD

9 9
 Utility
G

OC
PD
OC

Control Power
PD

OC
PD

OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
VT Transformers
CT OC OC
PD PD

M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD

M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD

10 10
 Utility
G

OC
PD
OC
PD

Transformers Are A Very Important Part of OC

PD

The Power Distribution System

OC
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VT

CT OC OC
PD PD

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OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD

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Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD

11 11
Transformer Basics

©  2008 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.

•  3-Phase Transformers
•  Incorporate three sets of windings
•  Can be wired Delta or Y on primary or secondary
•  Can be grounded or ungrounded

•  1-Phase Transformers

13 13
Three Phase Delta-Wye

Vll = VΦ VΦ
Vll - √ 3*VΦ

14 14
14
Basic Transformer Principle
●  A voltage and current in the primary coil magnetize the iron core.

●  The magnetic field in the core induces a voltage and current in the secondary coil.

CORE
Enclosure

Primary Secondary
windings windings

15 15
Transformer Example
Primary Core Secondary V1 N1
=
V1 = 480 volts V2 = 120 volts V2 N2

A2 N1
=
N1 = 400 N2 = 100 A1 N2

V1 A2
=
V2 A1
A1 = 52 amps A2 = 208 amps

N1 - # turns (primary) V1-primary voltage A1-primary current

N2 - # turns (secondary) V2-secondary voltage A2-secondary current

16 16
KVA

KVA is the transformer’s capacity or load

that it can handle.

Single Phase Three Phase

KVA = Volts * Amps KVA = 3*VoltsØ * AmpsØ

1000 1000
-or-
KVA = VoltsL * AmpsL * 1.732
1000

17 17
17
KVA Example

Customer’s load - three phase, 480 volts, 60 Hz, 100 amps

KVA = Volts * Amps * 1.732
1000

KVA = 480 X 100 X 1.732

1000

KVA = 83.14

18 18
18
FLA & Isc Example

Full Load Amps - three phase, 480 volts, 60 Hz, 300 kVA
Amps = 1000* kVA
1.732 *Volts

Amps = 300 X 1000

480 X 1.732

Amps = 361 A

Isc = FLA = 361 = 6278 A

%Z .0575
19 19
19
Taps

•  Correct for high or low input voltage conditions

so the transformer will still provide its rated
output voltage
•  Connection off of the primary winding

•  Usually in 2.5% or 5.0% increments

•  FCAN - Full Capacity Above Nominal

•  FCBN - Full Capacity Below Nominal

20 20
20
Taps

Correct for high or low input voltage conditions

so that transformer will still provide its rated
output voltage.
Connection off the primary winding,
usually in 2.5% or 5.0% increments.

FCAN - Full Capacity Above Nominal

FCBN - Full Capacity Below Nominal

21 21
21
Taps Example

+ 2 @ 2-1/2% FCAN - 4 @ 2-1/2% FCBN

480V

120V

22 22
22
 Tap Example – Low Primary V

Change The Turns Ratio

480 4
120 1

432 4
Primary Secondary
108 1
480V 120V
432 3.6
120 1

23 23
23
Insulation Systems and
Temperature Rise

Temperature Rise 55 80 115 150

Hot Spot 10 30 30 30
Ambient 40 40 40 40
Insulation Class/ 105 150 185 220
Limiting Temperature
Former Designation A B F H

Temperatures in degrees centigrade

24 24
24
 Auxiliary Cooling

•  Liquid filled transformers

Fan cooling - 15% 750 kVA to 2000 kVA

Fan cooling - 25% 2500 kVA and above

•  Dry type transformers

Fan cooling - 33% All ratings

25 25
25
 Ratings - Liquid Filled

`Fluid Filled

65°C Rise 55/65°C Rise

OA FA OA OA 65°C FA 55°C FA 65°C

(Base (OA x 1.15 55°C OA x 1.12 (OA x 1.15 OA 65C x 1.15
Rating) <2500 kVA, (Base <2500 kVA, <2500 kVA,
OA x 1.25 Rating) OA x 1.25 OA 65C x 1.25
2500kVA & >) 2500kVA & >) 2500kVA & >

300 --- 300 336 --- ---

500 --- 500 560 --- ---
750 862 750 840 862 966
1000 1150 1000 1120 1150 1288
1500 1725 1500 1580 1725 1932
2000 2300 2000 2240 2300 2576
2500 3125 2500 2800 3125 3500

26 26
26
 Ratings - Cast Coil

100°C Rise 80/100°C Rise

AA 100 FA AA 80 AA 100 FA 100

(Base) (AA100 x (Base) (AA80 x (AA100 X
1.33) 1.125) 1.33)

300 --- 300 338 ---

500 667 500 563 750
750 1000 750 844 1125
1000 1333 1000 1125 1500
1500 2000 1500 1688 2250
2000 2667 2000 2250 3000
2500 3333 2500 2813 3750

27 27
27
 Ratings - Dry Type
150°C Rise 115/150°C Rise

AA FA AA AA 150°C FA 150°C
150C (AA150 x 115°C (AA115 x (AA150 x 1.33)
(Base) 1.33) (Base) 1.15)

300 400 300 345 460

500 667 500 575 767
750 1000 750 863 1151
1000 1333 1000 1150 1533
1500 2000 1500 1725 2300
2000 2667 2000 2300 3067
2500 3333 2500 2875 3833

80/115°C Rise 80/150°C Rise

AA AA FA AA AA FA
80° 115° 115° 80°C 150°C 150°C
(Base) (AA80 x 1.18) (AA115 x (Base) (AA80 x (AA150
1.33) 1.35) x 1.33)

300 354 472 300 405 540

500 590 787 500 675 900
750 885 1180 750 1013 1351
1000 1180 1573 1000 1350 1800
1500 1770 2360 1500 2025 2700
2000 2360 3147 2000 2700 3600
2500 2950 3933 2500 3375 4500

28 28
28
 Insulation Levels

Kv BIL
High Liquid Liquid Vent. Dry Vent. Dry Cast Coil Cast Coil
Voltage Filled Filled Transf. Transf. Transf. Transf.
Rating Transf. Transf. HV LV HV LV
HV LV (600 Max.) (600 Max.)
(600 Max).

2400 45 30 30 10 45 10
4160 60 30 30 10 60 10
4800 60 30 30 10 60 10
6900 75 30 40 10 75 10
7200 75 30 40 10 75 10
12000 95 30 60 10 95 10
12470 95 30 60 10 95 10
13200 95 30 60 10 95 10
13800 95 30 60 10 95 10
22,900 125 30 110 10 110 10
34,400 150 30 150 10 150 10

29 29
29
 Sound Levels

Table 6 - NEMA TR-1 Maximum Sound Level Comparison USTs

Liquid-Types Dry-Types
kVA (All Fluids) VPI,VPE,CAST
OA OA/FA AA AA/FA
301 to 500 56 67 60 67
501 to 700 57 67 62 67
701 to 1000 58 67 64 67
1001 to 1500 60 67 65 68
1501 to 2000 61 67 66 69
2001 to 2500 62 67 68 71
2501 to 3000 63 67 68 71
30 30
30
Transformer Standards

©  2008 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.

Transformer Standards

UL 506 “Specialty Transformers”

UL 1561 “Dry-Type General Purpose and Power Transformers”
UL 1562 ‘‘Transformers, Distribution, Dry-Type – Over 600 Volts,’’
UL 2161 “Neon Transformers and Power Supplies”

32 32
Transformer Standards

UL 506 “Specialty Transformers”

1.1 These requirements cover ignition transformers for use with gas
burners and oil burners and specialty step-up transformers used in
applications such as insect electrocuting. Transformers incorporating
overcurrent or over-temperature protective devices, transient voltage surge
protectors, or power factor correction capacitors are also covered by these
requirements. These transformers are intended to be used in accordance
with the National Electrical Code, NFPA 70.

33 33
Transformer Standards

UL 1561 “Dry-Type General Purpose and Power Transformers”

These requirements cover:
a) General purpose and power transformers of the air-cooled, dry,
ventilated, and non-ventilated types to be used in accordance with the
National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 70. Constructions include step up,
step down, insulating, and autotransformer type transformers as well as air-
cooled and dry-type reactors or
b) General purpose and power transformers of the exposed core, air-
cooled, dry, and compound-filled types rated more than 10 kVA to be used
in accordance with the National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 70.
Constructions include step up, step down, insulating, and autotransformer
type transformers as well as air-cooled, dry, and compound-filled type
reactors.

34 34
Transformer Standards

UL 1562 ‘‘Transformers, Distribution, Dry-Type – Over 600 Volts,’’

1.1 These requirements cover single-phase or three-phase, dry-type,
distribution transformers, including solid cast and resin encapsulated
transformers. The transformers are provided with either ventilated or non-
ventilated enclosures and are rated for a primary or secondary voltage from
601 to 35000 V.

35 35
Transformer Standards

UL 2161 “Neon Transformers and Power Supplies”

1.1 This standard applies to transformers and power supplies, including those intended to be
connected to a Class 2 source of supply, that provide the voltage and ballasting for neon and
cold-cathode tubing (electric-discharge tubing) consisting of electrodes and gas such as neon,
mercury, helium, argon, and similar gases, enclosed in glass. Neon transformers and power
supplies for use in signs and outline lighting are intended to be used in accordance with Article
600 of the National Electrical Code, NFPA 70. Cold-cathode supplies identified for use only in
cold-cathode lighting systems are intended to be used in accordance with Article 410 of the
National Electrical Code.

1.2 Neon transformers and power supplies covered by this standard are designated by their
construction and intended use as specified in Table 1.1.

36 36
Transformer Standards

UL 2161 “Neon Transformers and Power Supplies”

37 37
Transformers and The NEC

©  2008 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.

Transformers and The NEC

•  Article 450 “Transformers and

Transformer Vaults (Including
Secondary Ties)”
•  450.1 Scope. This article covers
the installation of all transformers.

The NEC Has An Entire Article, Article 450, Dedicated To Transformers

39 39
 Transformers and The NEC
Exceptions
1.  Current transformers.
450.1 Scope. This article 2.  Dry-type transformers that constitute a component part
of other apparatus and comply with the requirements for
covers the installation of all such apparatus.
3.  Transformers that are an integral part of an X-ray, high-
transformers. frequency, or electrostatic-coating apparatus.
4.  Transformers used with Class 2 and Class 3 circuits that
comply with Article 725.
5.  Transformers for sign and outline lighting that comply
with Article 600.
Exceptions Illustrate Other Articles 6.  Transformers for electric-discharge lighting that comply
with Article 410.
Important to Proper Application of 7.  Transformers used for power-limited fire alarm circuits
Transformers that comply with Part III of Article 760.
8.  Transformers used for research, development, or
testing, where effective arrangements are provided to
safeguard persons from contacting energized parts.

Don’t Stop At Article 450

Understand The Application

40 40
 Transformers and The NEC
Article 725: Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 Exceptions
1.  Current transformers.
Remote – Control, Signaling, and Power-Limited
450.1 Scope. This article
Circuits
2.  Dry-type transformers that constitute a component part
of other apparatus and comply with the requirements for
covers the installation of all
Article 600: Electric Signs and Outline Lighting
such apparatus.
3.  Transformers that are an integral part of an X-ray, high-
transformers.
Article 410: Luminaires, Lampholders, and
frequency, or electrostatic-coating apparatus.
4.  Transformers used with Class 2 and Class 3 circuits that
Lamps comply with Article 725.
5.  Transformers for sign and outline lighting that comply
with Article 600.
Article 760: Fire Alarm Systems
Exceptions Illustrate Other Articles 6.  Transformers for electric-discharge lighting that comply
with Article 410.
Important to Proper Application of 7.  Transformers used for power-limited fire alarm circuits
Transformers that comply with Part III of Article 760.
8.  Transformers used for research, development, or
testing, where effective arrangements are provided to
safeguard persons from contacting energized parts.

Don’t Stop At Article 450

Understand The Application

41 41
Protection – Table 450.3(A)

PRIMARY OVER 1000 VOLTS

Any Location
IMPEDANCE Not More Than 6%
PRIMARY PROTECTION
600% - Circuit Breaker 300% - Fuse
Seconday > 1000Volts
300% - Circuit Breaker 250% - Fuse

Seconday 1000Volts or Less

125% - Circuit Breaker 125% - Fuse

42 42
42
Protection – Table 450.3(A)

PRIMARY OVER 1000 VOLTS

Any Location
IMPEDANCE More Than 6% & Not More Than10%

PRIMARY PROTECTION
400% - Circuit Breaker 300% - Fuse
Seconday > 1000Volts
250% - Circuit Breaker 225% - Fuse

Seconday 1000Volts or Less

125% - Circuit Breaker 125% - Fuse

43 43
43
Protection – Table 450.3(A)

PRIMARY OVER 1000 VOLTS

Supervised Location
IMPEDANCE Not More Than 6%
PRIMARY PROTECTION
600% - Circuit Breaker 300% - Fuse
Seconday > 1000Volts
300% - Circuit Breaker 250% - Fuse

Seconday 1000Volts or Less

250% - Circuit Breaker 250% - Fuse

44 44
44
Protection – Table 450.3(A)

PRIMARY OVER 1000 VOLTS

Supervised Location
IMPEDANCE More Than 6% & Not More Than10%

PRIMARY PROTECTION
400% - Circuit Breaker 300% - Fuse
Seconday > 1000Volts
250% - Circuit Breaker 225% - Fuse

Seconday 1000Volts or Less

250% - Circuit Breaker 250% - Fuse

45 45
45
Protection – Table 450.3(A)

PRIMARY OVER 1000 VOLTS

Supervised Location
IMPEDANCE Any

PRIMARY PROTECTION
300% - Circuit Breaker 250% - Fuse
Seconday > 1000Volts
N/A - Circuit Breaker N/A - Fuse

Seconday 1000Volts or Less

N/A - Circuit Breaker N/A - Fuse

46 46
46
Protection – Table 450.3(A)

Next Standard Rating

6 Disconnect Rule – Single Location

Total Rating Not to Exceed Allowed
Value of Single Over Current Device

47 47
47
Protection – Table 450.3(B)

PRIMARY 1000 VOLTS & LESS

PRIMARY PROTECTION ONLY

Currents of 9 Amps or More 125%

Currents Less Than 9 Amps 167%

Currents Less Than 2 Amps 300%

48 48
48
 Protection – Table 450.3(B)

PRIMARY 1000 VOLTS & LESS

PRIMARY SECONDARY
PROTECTION PROTECTION

Currents of 9 Amps or More 250% 125%

Currents Less Than 9 Amps 250% 167%

Currents Less Than 2 Amps 250% --

49 49
49
Protection – Table 450.3(B)

Next Standard Rating

6 Disconnect Rule – Single Location

Total Rating Not to Exceed Allowed

50 50
50
Protection – Table 450.10 (A) & (B)

450.10 Grounding
(A) Dry-Type Transformer Enclosures. Where separate equipment grounding
conductors and supply-side bonding jumpers are installed, a terminal bar
for all grounding and bonding conductor connections shall be secured
inside the transformer enclosure. The terminal bar shall be bonded to the
enclosure in accordance with 250.12 and shall not be installed on or over
any vented portion of the enclosure.
Exception: Where a dry-type transformer is equipped with wire-type
connections (leads), the grounding and bonding connections shall be
permitted to be connected together using any of the methods in 250.8 and
shall be bonded to the enclosure if of metal.

(B) Other Metal Parts

51 51
51
Protection – Table 450.10 (A) & (B)

450.11 Markings
(A) General
(1) Name of Manufacturer
(2) Rated Kilovolt-Amperes
(3) Frequency
(4) Primary and Secondary Voltage
(5) Impedance of Transformers 25 kVA and Larger
(6) Required Clearance for Transformers with Ventilated Openings
(7) Amount and Kind of Insulating Liquid Where Used
(8) For Dry-Type Transformers, Temperature Class for the
Insulation System

52 52
52
Transformer Standards

Using Listed Products Provides A Level of Assurance That

The Product Will Perform As Expected
53 53
Transformers and The NEC
•  Other NEC Articles Important To Transformer
Applications
•  Article 312 “Cabinets, Cutout Boxes, and Meter Socket Enclosures”
•  Article 426 “Fixed Outdoor Electric Deicing and Snow-Melting
Equipment”
•  Article 427 “Fixed Electric Heating Equipment for Pipelines and
Vessels”
•  Article 430 “Motors, Motor Circuits, and Controllers”
•  Article 501 “Class I Locations”
•  Article 502 “Class II Locations”
•  Article 503 “Class III Locations”
•  Article 680 “Swimming Pools, Fountains, and Similar Installations”

54 54
 Questions And Comments

©  2008 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved.

56 56
The Transformer – Basic Components

57 57
•  General Provisions
•  Overcurrent Protection
•  Transformers over 1000 Volts
•  Transformers 1000 Volts Nominal or Less
•  Autotransformers
•  Standard
•  Grounding Transformers
•  Grounding
•  Markings

58 58
 Three- Core Construction

Wound Cores

Stacked Cores

59 59
 Coil Construction
LV Sheet Winding with Cold Welded Lead

60 60
 Coil Construction
LV Sheet Winding with Cold Welded Lead HV Winding with Diamond Epoxy Insulation

Finished Coil Complete Core & Coil Assembly

61 61
 Coil Construction
LV Sheet Winding with Cold Welded Lead HV Winding with Diamond Epoxy Insulation

Finished Coil Complete Core & Coil Assembly

62 62
 Coil Construction
LV Sheet Winding with Cold Welded Lead HV Winding with Diamond Epoxy Insulation

Finished Coil Complete Core & Coil Assembly

63 63
Serving Many Locations

64 64 64
Open Type Transformer

•  Open Type Transformer for

Utility Applications:
•  Investor Owned
•  Public Power
•  Municipal
•  REA
•  CO-OP

65 65
Unit Substation Transformer
•  Unit Substation Transformer for
Industrial/Commercial
Applications:
•  Petro/Chem
•  Pulp & Paper
•  Government/Military
•  Institutional
•  Food & Drug
•  Mining & Minerals
•  Manufacturing
•  Data Centers
66 66
67 67
 The Transformer – Codes and Standards

PJXS – Metering Transformer Cabinets

PWIK – Neon Transformers and Power Supplies
WDGV – Swimming Pool and Spa Transformers
XNWX – Transformers
XOBA, XOKV, XOYT,
XPFS, XPLH, XPTQ,
XPZZ, XQNX, XRBV
XPAF – Transformers in Hazardous Locations
XPJF, XPLP
68 68
 The Transformer – Codes and Standards

PJXS – Metering Transformer Cabinets

Article 312 Cabinets, Cutout Boxes, and Meter Socket Enclosures

Sections 312.1 & 312.5

PWIK – Neon Transformers and Power Supplies

Article 600 “Electric Signs and Outline Lighting”
WDGV – Swimming Pool and Spa Transformers
XNWX – Transformers
XOBA, XOKV, XOYT,
XPFS, XPLH, XPTQ,
XPZZ, XQNX, XRBV 69 69
The Transformer – Codes and Standards

70 70
•  Specific Provisions Applicable to Different Types of
Transformers
•  Dry types
•  indoors
•  Outdoors
•  Liquid-insulated
•  Indoors
•  Outdoors
•  Other types of insulated transformers

71 71
•  Transformer Vaults
•  Location
•  Construction
•  Ventilation
•  Drainage
•  Storage

72 72