COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Prof. A.B. Gavali,

SBPCOE, Indapur. 1
 Course Objective

 Remembering: To acquaint the learner with the basic

concepts of Computer Graphics

 Understanding: To learn the various algorithms for

generating and rendering graphical figures.

 Applying: To get familiar with mathematics behind the

graphical transformations

 Understanding: To understand and apply various methods

and techniques regarding projections, animation, shading,
illumination and lighting

 Creating: To generate Interactive graphics using OpenGL

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 2
Course Outcomes: PO1,PO2,PO3
On completion of the course, learner will be able to–

 CO1: Define basic terminologies of Computer Graphics, interpret the

mathematical foundation of the concepts of computer graphics and apply
mathematics to develop Computer programs for elementary graphic
operations.

 CO2: Define the concept of windowing and clipping and apply various
algorithms to fill and clip polygons.

 CO3: Explain the core concepts of computer graphics, including

transformation in two and three dimensions, viewing and projection.

 CO4: Explain the concepts of color models, lighting, shading models and
hidden surface elimination.

 CO5: Describe the fundamentals of curves, fractals, animation and

gaming.
Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 3
 PO1 , PO2, PO3
 PO1 Engineering knowledge
Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, Engineering
fundamentals, and an Engineering specialization to the solution of
complex Engineering problems .

 PO2 Problem analysis

Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
first principles of mathematics natural sciences, and Engineering
sciences.

 PO3 Design / Development of Solutions

Design solutions for complex Engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and Environmental considerations .

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 4

 210244: Computer Graphics
 Teaching Scheme: TH - 03 Hours/ Week
PR- 02 Hours/Week
 Credit : 03

 Examination Scheme:

 Theory Exam – 100 Marks as follows

Mid_Semester (TH): 30 Marks
End_Semester (TH): 70 Marks

 Practical Exam :
Practical Exam : 50 Marks
Term Work : 25 Marks

 PR is CG+OOPL

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 5

 Unit – I

Graphics Primitives and

Scan Conversion

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 6

 Unit I : Syllabus
Part I

 Introduction
 Pixel
 Frame buffer
 Resolution
 Aspect ratio
 Applications of computer graphics

Prof. Gavali A.B., SBPCOE,Indapur. 7

Unit I : Syllabus
Part II : Display devices

Part III :
 Scan Conversion:
◦ Line and line segments,
◦ Qualities of good line drawing algorithms,

 Line drawing algorithms:

◦ Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA),
◦ Bresenham and parallel line algorithms,

 Line styles: thick, dotted and dashed.

 Circle drawing algorithm:

◦ DDA, Bresenham, Midpoint

Prof. Gavali A.B., SBPCOE,Indapur. 8

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 9
Introduction to Computer Graphics

➢ Computer Graphics –

Computer Graphics refers creation and

manipulation of pictures and images using
digital computer.

➢ “A picture is worth than a thousand words”

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Introduction to Computer Graphics

➢ The term CG has been used in broad sense to

describe
“almost everything on computers that is not
TEXT or SOUND”
➢ Typically CG refers several different things –
The representation and manipulation of image data by
computer.
✓The various technologies used to create and
manipulate images.
✓The images so produced.

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Major subfields in computer graphics

➢ Geometry: studies ways to represent and

process surfaces

➢ Animation: studies with ways to

represent and manipulate motion

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 12

Major subfields in computer graphics

➢ Rendering: studies algorithms to

reproduce light transport

➢ Imaging: studies image acquisition

or image editing

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 Computer Graphics Applications

➢ Graphs and charts

➢ Computer Aided Design (CAD)
➢ Virtual Reality Environments (Game industries)
➢ Data visualizations (business, share market)
➢ Education & Training (simulation)
➢ Computer Art (cartoon, logo, painting)
➢ Entertainment (movies)
➢ Image processing
➢ Graphical User Interfaces
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Data Visualization(Charts & Graphs)

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Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur.

16
Entertainment (Making of AVATAR)

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Virtual Reality Environments

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 Computer Art
Cartoon drawing, paintings, product advertisements, logo design

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Computer Art

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➢ Image Processing

✓Inverse of Graphics
✓Start with a picture
✓Process picture
information

➢ Graphical User Interfaces

(GUIs)

✓WIMP interface
✓HCI
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Modeling and simulation
https://earth.nullschool.net/

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Science and Engineering
http://sh-meet.bigpixel.cn/?from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=0

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INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

Input, Output and Secondary Storage

Devices are collectively known as
peripherals

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 24

 Input Devices

➢ Input devices are all those hardware equipment

that are used to enter data into the computer.

➢ Keyboard : This is the most common and

widely used input device. There are different
types of keyboards. keyboard has:

✓A Numeric Keypad
✓Navigation Keys
✓Function Keys
Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 25
Mouse or Trackball

The mouse helps the user to point and access items

on the computer.

Its main function is to control the cursor or pointer

on the computer’s screen.

The mouse can have 2 or 3 buttons, used according

to the software application being
used.

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Light Pen

It is a pen shaped device used

to select objects on a display screen.

It is quite like the mouse (in its functionality) but

uses a light pen to move the pointer and select
any object on the screen by pointing to the object
or draw picture on screen.

Users of Computer Aided Design

(CAD) applications commonly use the light pens
to directly draw on screen.
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Trackball

The trackball has the same basic functions of the

mouse.

The only difference is that the trackball is

stationary and one doesn’t need to move it on a
mouse pad.

In order to navigate with the pointer, the user must

move a ball situated at the top of
the device. Similar to the mouse,
the trackball has 2 or 3 buttons
used to select items from the screen.
Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 28
Touchpad

This is a small sensitive pad used on portable

computers(laptops).

The touch pad is used as a pointing device.

The pointer is moved on screen by touching the touch

pad with the finger.

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 29

Joystick

This device is mainly used for playing computer games.

As the name implies, it is like a stick connected to a

platform, which can be moved in all directions.

These movements in turn will move something on screen

depending on the game.

Usually joysticks have buttons

also called triggers.

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 30

Output Devices

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 31

Visual Display Unit-monitor

Features :

1.Resolution
2.Refresh Rate
3.Screen Size

Video monitors are based on different technologies

like CRT, LCD , Plasma panel .

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 32

Pixel

Picture element.

Smallest addressable unit of screen.

It has intensity information.

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 33

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 34
Pixel
➢ Thecomputer stores and displays pixels, or picture
elements.

➢ A pixel
is the smallest addressable part of the
computer screen.

➢ A pixel is stored as a binary code representing a

colour.

➢ The code for a pixel can have

between 1 and 32 bits of binary code.

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 35

Pixels Example

➢ Here is the Photoshop logo at normal size.

➢ Here it is enlarged 400% so that you can see

the individual pixels.

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 36

Pixel Depth

➢ PixelDepth describes the number of bits used to

store each pixel.

➢ Thegreater the pixel depth, the more colours a

pixel can have.

➢ Colour graphics vary in realism depending on

resolution and pixel depth.

➢ The greater the pixel depth, the bigger the file.

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 37
Examples of Pixel Depth Monochrome

➢ Monochrome graphics have one-bit pixel

depth. (pure black or pure white)

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Examples of Pixel Depth Gray-Scale
➢ Gray-Scalegraphics have more bit-depth
(No colours besides black, white and grey)

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Examples of Pixel Depth 8 Bit Colour

➢8 bits per pixel provides 256 colour choices

(Typical of the web - that’s why web graphics
need some skilful preparation)

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 40

 8 Bit Colour
 8 bit color format is one of the most
famous image format. It has 256
different shades of colors in it. It is
commonly known as Grayscale
image.
 The range of the colors in 8 bit vary
from 0-255.
 Where 0 stands for black, and
 255 stands for white, and
 127 stands for gray color.
 This format was used initially by early
models of the operating systems
UNIX and the early color
Macintoshes.
 A grayscale image of Einstein is
shown here.
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16 bit color format

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24 bit color format

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Examples of Pixel Depth
➢ 24or 32 bits per pixel provides thousands or
millions of colour choices. (Typical of graphics
and games software)

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How do we store this?

We would like to allocate memory to hold the

results of the computation stage.
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Frame buffer

➢ Frame buffer - A block of memory, dedicated

to graphics output, that holds the contents of
what will be displayed.

➢Pixel - one element of the frame buffer

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 46

Frame buffer
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Questions:
➢How much memory do we need to allocate for the framebuffer?
➢How many pixels are there?
➢How big is the framebuffer?
➢What is the largest image you can display?
Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 47
Frame buffer in Memory
➢ Ifwe want a frame buffer of 640 pixels by 480
pixels, we should allocate:
Frame buffer = 640*480 bits
➢ How many bit should we allocate?
➢ Q: What do more bits get you?

➢A: More values to be stored at each pixel.

➢Why would you want to store something other
than a 1 or 0?

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 48

Framebuffer bit depth
➢ How many colors does 1 bit get you?

➢ How many colors do 8 bits get you?

Monochrome systems use this (green/gray
scale)

➢ What bit depth would you want for your frame

buffer?
bit depth - number of bits allocated per pixel in a buffer

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 49

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 50
Framebuffer bit depths
➢ Remember, we are asking
“how much memory do we
allocate to store the color at
each pixel?”
➢ Common answers:
16 and 32 bits

➢ Megapixel : a unit of graphic

resolution equivalent to one
million or (strictly) 10,48,576
(220) pixels.

➢ A megapixel is one million pixels.

➢ 7.2 megapixel camera is

capable of capturing roughly
72,00,000 pixels.
Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 51
Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 52
Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 53
Resolution
This term refers to the clarity or sharpness of a
printout or display screen.

The more pixels there are per square inch, the

better and greater the resolution.

example: 640X480,1024X768.

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 54

Resolution
➢ Resolution refers to the density of dots on the
screen or printed image and directly affects
quality
➢ The higher the resolution, the less jagged the
image.
➢ Resolution is measured in DPI (Dots per Inch)
➢ The printing industry still uses inches because
printing measures such as the Point (172nd of
an inch) do not easily convert to metric units.
➢ The higher the resolution, the better the
potential output.
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Typical Resolutions
➢ Screens generally operate at around 72-100 dpi

➢ Printed images range from 300 to 2400 dpi

➢ Resolution affects the file size of an image.

➢ The higher the resolution, the bigger the file.

➢ The visible resolution is limited to the maximum

possible on the output device (screen or printer).

➢ No matter how high the resolution of a photograph, it

will show at the resolution of your screen or printer.
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Refresh Rate
➢ Refresh Rate indicates how often a displayed image is
updated or redrawn on the monitor.
➢ Most monitors operate at a rate of 75 hertz which means that
the monitor is redrawn 75 times each second.
➢ Images displayed on monitors with refresh rates lower than
75 hertz appear to flicker and can cause eye strain.
➢ The faster the refresh rate (the more frequently images are
redrawn), the better the quality of images

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 57

 Aspect Ratio
➢ Gives the relationship of one side to the other,
it is widely used to describe the shape of a TV
or computer screen.

➢ Forexample, the aspect ratio of a standard-

definition (SD) screen is 4:3 (means "4 to 3” ),
which is a relatively square rectangle.

➢ Theratio of the width to the height of an

image or screen

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Aspect Ratio

High-definition TV (HDTV) has a 16:9 ratio,

which is a wide rectangle.

HD screens have resolution 1920x 1880 pixels.

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Aspect Ratio

➢ Problem :Viewing 16:9 content on 4:3 screen.

Called letterbox effect.

➢ Problem :Viewing 4:3 content on 16:9 screen.

pillerboxing :able to see black stripes on left

and right.

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Aspect Ratio

➢ The ratio of the rectangle’s width and height.

➢ If different in Orthogonal and Window Size

undesirable side effects caused by the independence
of object, viewing parameters and workstation
window specifications Concept of a VIEWPORT

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 61

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/
dip/concept_of_bits_per_pixel.h
tm

End of Part I

Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 62

Thank you !
Any ?
Prof. A.B. Gavali, SBPCOE,Indapur. 63