DIPRA Member Companies

1915

DIPRA Website DIPRA Computer Programs

(www.dipra.org)

Thickness Design of Ductile Iron PIpe

Hydraulic Analysis of Ductile Iron Pipe
Thrust Restraint Design for Ductile Iron PIpe
Design of Ductile Iron Pipe on Supports

AWWA Standards
ANSI/AWWA C104/A21.4 Cement-Mortar Linings
ANSI/AWWA C105/A21.5 Polyethylene Encasement
ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10 Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings
ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints Restraining
ANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15 Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe
ANSI/AWWA C116/A21.16 Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings for Fittings Thrust Forces
ANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50 Thickness Design
ANSI/AWWA C151/A21.51 Ductile-Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast
ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53 Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings
ANSI/AWWA C600 Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains

AWWA Manual M41 Ductile-Iron Pipe and Fittings

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 Forces Causing Thrust Thrust Force

Static forces Straight Run

(Internal pressure)
Dynamic forces PA PA
(Fluid velocity)

Thrust Force

Bend

2PA Sin(/2)

Resultant Thrust: 90° Bend Restraining Techniques

Pressure at 150 psi

Thrust blocks
Nominal Thrust
Pipe Size Force Restrained joint system
(in) (lbs)
6 7,932 Tie rods
12 29,030
24 110,901 Combined systems
36 244,396
48 429,956
64 718,506

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 Types of Thrust Blocks Bearing Thrust Block

Undisturbed Soil Bearing Area

45°
45°

Bearing
Gravity

Safety Factor • Thrust Force (lbs)

Bearing Area (ft2) =
Bearing Capacity of Undisturbed Soil (lbs/ft2)

Soil Bearing Strength SB Bearing Thrust Block

Soil SB (lb/ft2)
Muck 0
Soft clay 1,000
Ht
Silt 1,500
Sandy silt 3,000
T h
Sand 4,000
Sandy clay 6,000 h ≤ 1/2Ht
T
A = hb = (S )
Hard clay 9,000 SB f

Bearing Block Construction

Right Wrong

45°
45°

T T

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 Thrust Restraint

Gravity Thrust Block

Gravity Block

Safety Factor • Thrust Force (lb)

Gravity Block Size (ft3) =
Density of Block Material (lb/ft3)

Restrained Joint Force System

PA Tan(/2)
L=
Ff + ½ Rs
PA

L
PA Sin(/2)

Ff

Rs [Ff + ½ Rs]LCos(/2)

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 Restrained Joints

Mechanical Joint Retainer Glands

Set-Screw
Mechanical Joint
Retainer Gland

Wedge-action
Mechanical Joint
Retainer Gland

Restrained Joints

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 Designing Thrust Systems Restrained Joint Force System

PA Tan(/2)
L=
Ff + ½ Rs
Thrust Restraint Brochure PA

A brochure outlining design theory

L
and a design aid of restrained PA Sin(/2)
joint systems for ductile iron pipe.


Ff

Rs [Ff + ½ Rs]LCos(/2)

Suggested Values for Soil Properties

Restrained Length Dependant Upon and Reduction Constant

Kn
Soil  Cs γ
Pipe size Designation
Soil Description
(deg)
f
(psf)
fc
(deg)
A21.50 Laying
Condition
2* 3 4 5
Type of fitting Clay 1
Clay of medium to low plasticity,
LL<50, <25% coarse particles 0 0 300
.50
90 .20 .40 .60 .85
[CL & CL-ML] .80

Internal pressure
Depth of cover Coh-gran
Cohesive granular soils,
> 50% coarse particles [GC & SC]
20
.40
.65
200 .40 90 .40 .60 .85 1.0

Sand or gravel w/silt, .50

Soil characteristics Sand Silt
> 50% coarse particles [GM & SM]
30
.75
0 0 90 .40 .60 .85 1.0

Clean sand, >95% coarse particles, .75

Good Sand 36 0 0 100 .40 .60 .85 1.0
[SW & SP]
Laying conditions .80

Consult Table 3 of thrust brochure for pertinent notes.

Laying Conditions Thrust Restraint - Research

12” MJ Pipe and fittings

with DI retainer glands

Movement
sensing
probes
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Measurement Trench
Measuring
Railroad Cross Frame
Tie Bulkhead

Backfilled Approximately
3’ of cover
Probe

Bedding compaction
Type 4 Type 5 Section “A-A”
varied during test

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 Designing Thrust Systems Table B-5
A21.50 – Laying Conditions
Soil Type: Coh-gran
2 3 4 5
Soil Parameters
f 0.40 0.65 0.65 0.65
 = 20 degrees
fc 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
Cs = 200 psf
Thrust Restraint Computer Program  = 90 pcf Kn 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

t i A21.50 – Laying Conditions

Size Depth 2 3 4 5
(in) (ft) Restrained Restrained Restrained Restrained
A computer program to aid in Length (ft) Length (ft) Length (ft) Length (ft)
the design of restrained joint 30 2.5 97 (112) 69 (79) 56 (62) 50 (55)
systems for ductile iron pipe. 30 3.0 91 (105) 65 (74) 52 (58) 47 (51)

30 4.0 81 (93) 57 (65) 46 (51) 41 (45)

30 6.0 66 (76) 46 (52) 37 (41) 33 (36)

30 8.0 56 (64) 38 (44) 31 (34) 28 (30)

30 10.0 48 (56) 33 (38) 26 (30) 24 (26)

Horizontal Bend Multiplier Vertical Down Bend

/2 2PA Sin(/2)


F
Tan(/2) s

90° 1.000
45° 0.414 L
22½° 0.199
11¼° 0.098 PA Tan(/2)
L = Sf F
Ff s

Tee Extend Restrained Joints at:

PAb

Casings
Bridge crossings
Lr

Aboveground applications
Lb
PAb -1/2 RsLr
Lb = Sf Poor soil conditions
(Ff )b
Closely located fittings
Lb(Ff)b

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 Combined Horizontal Bends Vertical Offset
2PA Sin(/2) 2PA Sin(/2) 2PA Sin(/2)
2PA Tan(/2)
L2 = Sf -L
Ff Ff + 1/2Rs
Rs Rs

L1 L

Ff Ff L
L L L2

Known Known
L1 L1 2PA Tan(/2)
L1 = Sf -L Ff
2PA Tan(/2) Ff
L1 = Sf -L Rs
Ff + 1/2Rs

2PA Sin(/2)

Combined Vertical Equal Angle Offsets

Ff Ff

L1 L L L1

L L

2PA Tan(/2)
L1 = Sf -L
Ff

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 Thrust Restraint - Closures

L2

Closure
L2

Closure

L1 L1

Thrust Restraint – Deflected Joints Horizontal Bend / Vertical Up Bend

PA Tan(/2)
Second unrestrained joint L = Sf
begin deflect Ff + ½ Rs
PA

L
PA Sin(/2)


First unrestrained joint
Ff
do not deflect
Rs [Ff + ½ Rs]LCos(/2)

Tie
Rods

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Calculating Number of Tie Rods
F = SA
Sf T(X or Y)
N= Combined
F
Where: Systems
F = Force Developed per Rod (lbs.)
S = Tensile Strength of Rod Material (psi)
A = Cross Sectional Area of Rod (in.2)
N = Number of Rods Required
T(X or Y) = Thrust Force Component (lbs.)
Sf = Safety Factor (usually 1.5)

Installation

DUCTILE IRON PIPE

THE RIGHT DECISION

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