Lesson PLANT AND ANIMAL

2 DEVELOPMENT

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
K- describe the roles of growth, morphogenesis, and cellular
differentiation in the development of an organism;
S- give the stages of the human life cycle; and
A- recognize the importance of the growth and development
of an organism.

LEARNING COMPETENCY

Compare and contrast the following processes in plants

and animals: reproduction, development, and nutrition
(STEM_BIO11/12-Iva-h-1)

I. WHAT HAPPENED

PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST

IDENTIFICATION: Complete the sentence by supplying with the correct

word/words from the word pool. Write the answers on your notebook.
straightening; hypocotyl; water auxins
phytochrome radicle
maturation Scutellum primary apical meristems
thickening

A. PLANT DEVELOPMENT
1. In the grass seed, the cotyledon is a food-absorbing structure known as a
.
2. The portion of the seedling below the cotyledons is known as
. One of the structures included in it is the future root, or
.
3. The root hairs form in the zone of of the growing root
tip.
4. When the “hook” of a dicot seedling is exposed to light during germination, it
reacts by ; the receptor substance that initiates
this reaction is a pigment known as .

5. The growing nodes of embryonic tissue found at the shoot and root tips of
a plant are its .

B. ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
amniotic fluid morphogenesis; newborn inner cell placenta
cellular infant mass;
differentiation embryo
production of cleavage gestation gastrulation ectoderm;
milk endoderm

1. Movement of cells to form a tube such as the neural tube is an example of

; specialization of cells to form neurons or some other
cell types is called .
2. The rapid series of mitoses that converts the zygote to a morula is referred to as
.
3. The cluster of cells that projects into the cavity of the blastocyst is the
; it gives rise
to the .
4. The process by which the blastula becomes a three-layered embryo is called
.
5. The tissue layer that gives rise to the nervous system is the
; the germ layer that gives rise to the lining of the
digestive tract is the .

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION

A. Plant Development

Plants are the antennae by which the energy of sunlight is captured in the
ecosphere and then stored in food for later slow, catabolic release in the
living cells of both plants and animals. To many of us, plants are little more than
a green mass in the background of life. Yet more than 99% of our planet’s living
matter is composed of plants; this includes a tremendous variety of algae, vines,
shrubs, trees, grasses, and herbs. Almost all of these diverse plant shapes are
variations on a common theme, and almost all tracheophytes (vascular plants)
are composed of just three main parts: leaves, stems, and roots.
Although a plant begins life as a seed, the seed has a history of
development all its own. The fundamental body plan of a plant is laid down even
before a seed leaves the parent plant (Villee, Solomon & Davis).
Seeds

The seed plants are classified into two major groups, the gymnosperms (are
both male and female; that is, each reproductive organ is either male or female.
They are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads,
Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. Gymnosperm means “naked seeds” that is based
on the unenclosed condition of their seeds) and the angiosperms (a plant
that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. The
angiosperms are a large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses,
and most trees). The angiosperms are then divided into the monocots and the
dicots, mostly on the basis of their seed structure.

SEED STRUCTURE

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/61924563611781680/

The Monocot Seed

In a typical monocot such as a grass, the seed is surrounded with a

protective seed coat. The aleurone layer, which lies under the seed coat,
functions as a kind of digestive organ in seed germination. Most of the seeds
consist of starchy endosperm, a food storage tissue that forms separately from
the
embryo while the seed is still attached to the parent plant. In some monocots
the embryo proper is demarked from the endosperm by a tough scutellum, and
often by another layer known as the coleorhiza, which protects the future
root, or radicle, as it grows out of the seed into the surrounding soil. All of these
structures will be discarded once they have served their function, leaving only
the radicle, the mesocotyl (future stem), and the shoot apex, which by then
will have developed into the mature versions of these structures.
Monocot means “single leaf,” which refers to its only seed structure
that appears to be homologous with a leaf – the single cotyledon. The
monocot cotyledon absorbs digested food from the endosperm. In grass
embryos, a very large cotyledon develops, which is known as the scutellum
(Villee, Solomon & Davis).

The Dicot Seed

Dicots, as their name implies, have two cotyledons. Sometimes, as in

the castor bean plant, these do function as actual leaves. More typically, as in
beans, peas, and maple seeds, the cotyledons serve as food storage organs
in place of the endosperm.
Other dicot seed structures include the radicle and the plumule, which
corresponds to the shoot apex in monocots. In most dicot seeds, however, there
is nothing comparable to the aleurone or coleorhiza, although some do have
a functional endosperm.
The embryo and its cotyledon(s) are the result of one of two distinct
fertilizations: in one of these, the endosperm (if any) is produced. The other
fertilization process, which gives rise to the embryo, yields a zygote, which then
undergoes cleavage. The cell divisions that the zygote undergoes following
fertilization first produce a basal cell and a terminal cell. From the basal cell
develops a filament of cells called a suspensor. The terminal cell divides, forming
a rounded mass of cells; from this mass grow the two cotyledons and a central
axis. In dicots, the part of the axis below the point of attachment of the
cotyledons is called the hypocotyl and the part above it, is the epicotyl. The
embryo is in this state of development when the seed becomes dormant.

SEED GERMINATION

The embryonic plant is kept in a state of suspended development called

dormancy, which ends when germination takes place.

Breaking Dormancy
As a first step in breaking dormancy, the embryo emits a
hormone called gibberellin, which diffuses through the seed. In
monocots, the hormone then triggers the production of digestive
enzymes by the aleurone; in dicots, the digestive enzymes are produced
by the cotyledons. These enzymes then proceed to break down the
stored food in the
 endosperm or cotyledons. For example, amylase breaks down starch to
form maltose, which is then cleaved by maltase to yield glucose; and other
enzymes attack stored proteins, fats, and oils, mobilizing them for the
seedling’s use.

The Early Root and Emergence

Microscopic examination of the root tip will disclose a cap consisting
partly of dead or moribund cells at its apex, whose function is largely
to protect the tender tissues from abrasion by soil particles, and in
addition to serve as a source of growth hormones. The actual living tissue,
however, is undergoing vigorous mitosis. For that reason, this part of the root
tip is known as the zone of division. It is an apical meristem, a growing tip
of embryonic, differentiating tissue. By the time they have begun to
enlarge, they are left behind in a zone of elongation, which is
responsible for most of the lengthwise growth of the root tip. Since new
cells are constantly added to this zone by mitosis, however, growth
continues indefinitely. At the same time, the older portions of the zone
of elongation cease to grow and become incorporated into the zone of
maturation, where tissue differentiation now begins.

Meristems and Buds

PRIMARY MERISTEMS
For the most part, the primary meristems give rise to differentiated
tissues such as phloem and xylem. However, some tissues derived from
the primary meristem remain undifferentiated and form the cambium
layers of the stem and the similar pericycle layer of the root. These
eventually form differentiated tissues themselves, but in such a way as
to produce lateral growth and increase in girth.

THE LEAF BUD

Leaf Growth
Each leaf originates on the side of the meristem, growing upward as
it enlarges and begins to differentiate. Once its growth is well under way,
another group of cells next to it and somewhat above it begins to grow
outward and upward.

Leaf Fall
Leaves age and die in all plants, and in some cases the plant
senesces as a whole. As xylem ages, for example, it becomes clogged with
resins and turns to heartwood. As cells produced by the cork cambium
age, they die and become converted to cork.
The part of a perennial plant that ages most obviously – and
sometimes spectacularly – is the leaf. In deciduous trees, however, all
leaves age and
 die at about the same time in what happens to be basically a water
conservation measure.

The Ecology of Abscission

Abscission is the process by which plants shed one of their parts,
and an abscission layer is an adaptation that specifically permits loss of
leaves. The abscission layer also represents a point of weakness, so that in
due time, the yellowed leaves are swirled away by the winds of winter.

SECONDARY GROWTH

In Dicots
If root and shoot (stem) meristems give rise to all plant tissues,
a process of differentiation must occur behind the growing tips of the
stem and the root. In stems, the earliest trace of differentiation occurs
just behind the apical zone of active mitosis. In the center of the apical
bud is a cylinder that develops into the vascular tissues as it matures. It is
appropriately known as the provascular cylinder. On the exterior, potential
epidermis called the protoderm develops. Between the two lies a layer
called ground meristem or ground tissue, which becomes the cortex and
the pith.

In Monocots
Secondary growth usually does not occur in monocots. The trunk of
a treelike monocot such as bamboo or a palm tree remains roughly the
same diameter from base to crown.; in fact, the diameter of a palm
trunk can be somewhat smaller at the base than midway between it
and the crown. Yet the trunk of a palm seedling is obviously not nearly as
great as is that of the mature tree. What happens is a bit different than
what occurs in dicots. Immediately behind the apical meristem is a
primary thickening meristem that is as great in diameter as the trunk.
It is derived from the apical meristem, which continuously enlarges to
produce it. The primary thickening meristem then lays down vascular
and other differentiated tissues to form the stem of the palm tree.

Early Development

The Zygote
The zygote is a fertilized egg that has the potential to give rise to all
the diverse cell types of the complete individual.
In most vertebrate zygotes, the cytoplasm contains yolk, which serves as
food for the developing embryo. The amount and distribution of yolk vary among
different animal groups. Yolk is absent from the human zygote.
Cleavage: From One Cell to Many
Cleavage is a process wherein the zygote undergoes a rapid mitosis.
By about 24 hours after fertilization, the human zygote has completed the first
mitotic division and reached the two-cell stage. Each of the cells of the two-
cell stage embryo undergoes mitosis, bringing the number of cells to four.
Repeated divisions continue to increase the number of cells making up the
embryo. At about the 16- cell stage, the embryo consists of a tiny cluster of
cells called the morula. As cleavage takes place, the embryo is pushed along
the uterine tube by ciliary action and muscular contraction. By the time the
embryo reaches the uterus, on about the fifth day of development, it is in the
morula stage.

https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/a-morula-can-be-differentiated-form-blastula-in/

The Blastocyst
During this period, its cells arrange themselves into the form of hollow ball
called blastocyst (blastula), eventually forms and nutritive membranes (the
chorion and placenta) that surround the embryo. A little cluster of cells, the inner
cell mass, projects into the cavity of the blastocyst. These cells give rise to the
embryo itself.
 https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/embryology-week-1-cleavage-implantation/

Implantation
Implantation of embryo in the endometrium (lining) of the uterus begins
on the seventh day of embryonic development. During this period, enzymes
destroy some tiny maternal capillaries in the wall of the uterus. Blood from these
capillaries comes in direct contact with the trophoblast of the embryo,
temporarily providing a rich source of nutrition. Implantation is completed by
the ninth day of development.

Formation of Germ Layers

The cells of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst arrange themselves to
form a two-layered disk. The cells of the lower level then merge to line an inner
cavity, the primitive gut, or archenteron, which will eventually develop into the
digestive tract and certain other structures.
These cells make up the endoderm, while the cells that remain to cover
the embryo and become its outermost layer form the ectoderm. A third layer of
cells, the mesoderm, proliferates between the ectoderm and endoderm.
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are known as the three germ layers,
or embryonic tissue layers. Each gives rise to specific structures in all vertebrate
embryos (Villee, Solomon & Davis).
Stages in the Human Life Cycle

Activity 2:

Cite atlease 2 importance of the growth and development of plants and animals

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

POST-TEST

A. Multiple choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write on your
notebook.

1. It functions as a kind of digestive organ in seed germination.

A. Seed coat B. Aleurone layer C. Ectoderm Mesoderm

2. It is a food storage tissue that forms separately from the embryo while the seed
is still attached to the parent plant.
A. Endoderm B. Aleurone layer C. Ectoderm Mesoderm

3. It is a state of suspended development which ends when

germination takes place.
A. Suspension B. Implantation C. Dormancy D. Activation

4. It is a process wherein the zygote undergoes a rapid mitosis.

A. Mutation B. Diffusion C. Division D. Cleavage

5. Inner cell mass produces three germ layers known as the

following, except for one:
A. Endoderm B. Endosperm C. Mesoderm D. Ectoderm

B. Enumeration
List down the 9 stages of human life cycle, in order. Write on

your notebook. 6-14.