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Plant and Animal Development: Lesson 2
Plant and Animal Development: Lesson 2
2 DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
K- describe the roles of growth, morphogenesis, and cellular
differentiation in the development of an organism;
S- give the stages of the human life cycle; and
A- recognize the importance of the growth and development
of an organism.
LEARNING COMPETENCY
I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST
A. PLANT DEVELOPMENT
1. In the grass seed, the cotyledon is a food-absorbing structure known as a
.
2. The portion of the seedling below the cotyledons is known as
. One of the structures included in it is the future root, or
.
3. The root hairs form in the zone of of the growing root
tip.
4. When the “hook” of a dicot seedling is exposed to light during germination, it
reacts by ; the receptor substance that initiates
this reaction is a pigment known as .
5. The growing nodes of embryonic tissue found at the shoot and root tips of
a plant are its .
B. ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
amniotic fluid morphogenesis; newborn inner cell placenta
cellular infant mass;
differentiation embryo
production of cleavage gestation gastrulation ectoderm;
milk endoderm
A. Plant Development
Plants are the antennae by which the energy of sunlight is captured in the
ecosphere and then stored in food for later slow, catabolic release in the
living cells of both plants and animals. To many of us, plants are little more than
a green mass in the background of life. Yet more than 99% of our planet’s living
matter is composed of plants; this includes a tremendous variety of algae, vines,
shrubs, trees, grasses, and herbs. Almost all of these diverse plant shapes are
variations on a common theme, and almost all tracheophytes (vascular plants)
are composed of just three main parts: leaves, stems, and roots.
Although a plant begins life as a seed, the seed has a history of
development all its own. The fundamental body plan of a plant is laid down even
before a seed leaves the parent plant (Villee, Solomon & Davis).
Seeds
The seed plants are classified into two major groups, the gymnosperms (are
both male and female; that is, each reproductive organ is either male or female.
They are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads,
Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. Gymnosperm means “naked seeds” that is based
on the unenclosed condition of their seeds) and the angiosperms (a plant
that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. The
angiosperms are a large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses,
and most trees). The angiosperms are then divided into the monocots and the
dicots, mostly on the basis of their seed structure.
SEED STRUCTURE
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/61924563611781680/
SEED GERMINATION
Breaking Dormancy
As a first step in breaking dormancy, the embryo emits a
hormone called gibberellin, which diffuses through the seed. In
monocots, the hormone then triggers the production of digestive
enzymes by the aleurone; in dicots, the digestive enzymes are produced
by the cotyledons. These enzymes then proceed to break down the
stored food in the
endosperm or cotyledons. For example, amylase breaks down starch to
form maltose, which is then cleaved by maltase to yield glucose; and other
enzymes attack stored proteins, fats, and oils, mobilizing them for the
seedling’s use.
PRIMARY MERISTEMS
For the most part, the primary meristems give rise to differentiated
tissues such as phloem and xylem. However, some tissues derived from
the primary meristem remain undifferentiated and form the cambium
layers of the stem and the similar pericycle layer of the root. These
eventually form differentiated tissues themselves, but in such a way as
to produce lateral growth and increase in girth.
Leaf Growth
Each leaf originates on the side of the meristem, growing upward as
it enlarges and begins to differentiate. Once its growth is well under way,
another group of cells next to it and somewhat above it begins to grow
outward and upward.
Leaf Fall
Leaves age and die in all plants, and in some cases the plant
senesces as a whole. As xylem ages, for example, it becomes clogged with
resins and turns to heartwood. As cells produced by the cork cambium
age, they die and become converted to cork.
The part of a perennial plant that ages most obviously – and
sometimes spectacularly – is the leaf. In deciduous trees, however, all
leaves age and
die at about the same time in what happens to be basically a water
conservation measure.
SECONDARY GROWTH
In Dicots
If root and shoot (stem) meristems give rise to all plant tissues,
a process of differentiation must occur behind the growing tips of the
stem and the root. In stems, the earliest trace of differentiation occurs
just behind the apical zone of active mitosis. In the center of the apical
bud is a cylinder that develops into the vascular tissues as it matures. It is
appropriately known as the provascular cylinder. On the exterior, potential
epidermis called the protoderm develops. Between the two lies a layer
called ground meristem or ground tissue, which becomes the cortex and
the pith.
In Monocots
Secondary growth usually does not occur in monocots. The trunk of
a treelike monocot such as bamboo or a palm tree remains roughly the
same diameter from base to crown.; in fact, the diameter of a palm
trunk can be somewhat smaller at the base than midway between it
and the crown. Yet the trunk of a palm seedling is obviously not nearly as
great as is that of the mature tree. What happens is a bit different than
what occurs in dicots. Immediately behind the apical meristem is a
primary thickening meristem that is as great in diameter as the trunk.
It is derived from the apical meristem, which continuously enlarges to
produce it. The primary thickening meristem then lays down vascular
and other differentiated tissues to form the stem of the palm tree.
Early Development
The Zygote
The zygote is a fertilized egg that has the potential to give rise to all
the diverse cell types of the complete individual.
In most vertebrate zygotes, the cytoplasm contains yolk, which serves as
food for the developing embryo. The amount and distribution of yolk vary among
different animal groups. Yolk is absent from the human zygote.
Cleavage: From One Cell to Many
Cleavage is a process wherein the zygote undergoes a rapid mitosis.
By about 24 hours after fertilization, the human zygote has completed the first
mitotic division and reached the two-cell stage. Each of the cells of the two-
cell stage embryo undergoes mitosis, bringing the number of cells to four.
Repeated divisions continue to increase the number of cells making up the
embryo. At about the 16- cell stage, the embryo consists of a tiny cluster of
cells called the morula. As cleavage takes place, the embryo is pushed along
the uterine tube by ciliary action and muscular contraction. By the time the
embryo reaches the uterus, on about the fifth day of development, it is in the
morula stage.
https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/a-morula-can-be-differentiated-form-blastula-in/
The Blastocyst
During this period, its cells arrange themselves into the form of hollow ball
called blastocyst (blastula), eventually forms and nutritive membranes (the
chorion and placenta) that surround the embryo. A little cluster of cells, the inner
cell mass, projects into the cavity of the blastocyst. These cells give rise to the
embryo itself.
https://epomedicine.com/medical-students/embryology-week-1-cleavage-implantation/
Implantation
Implantation of embryo in the endometrium (lining) of the uterus begins
on the seventh day of embryonic development. During this period, enzymes
destroy some tiny maternal capillaries in the wall of the uterus. Blood from these
capillaries comes in direct contact with the trophoblast of the embryo,
temporarily providing a rich source of nutrition. Implantation is completed by
the ninth day of development.
Activity 2:
Cite atlease 2 importance of the growth and development of plants and animals
POST-TEST
A. Multiple choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write on your
notebook.
2. It is a food storage tissue that forms separately from the embryo while the seed
is still attached to the parent plant.
A. Endoderm B. Aleurone layer C. Ectoderm Mesoderm
B. Enumeration
List down the 9 stages of human life cycle, in order. Write on