ALLIA T.

TUBORO

BSME-III

1) How do you measure the bore and stroke? What are the modern instruments/methods in doing
it?
Bore and stroke are a combination of two measurements. The bore is determined by
the diameter of a cylinder and the stroke is determined by the distance a piston travels up and
down inside that cylinder.

Measuring cylinder bore will require you to use a dial bore gauge to find the diameter
of the cylinder at various points along its height. To measure the bore, one must calibrate the
tools to be used. The clearance specifications of the engine must be checked. The micrometer
must be set to the estimated diameter of the engine’s cylinders. The micrometer must be
clamped into a vice lightly. The dial bore gauge must be fit with a head that matches the size
of the cylinder. The dial bore gauge must then be zeroed to the micrometer. The
measurements will then be taken after the tools are calibrated. The dial bore gauge will be
inserted into the first cylinder in the block. Rock the gauge back and forth until the indicator
needle reverses its direction. Reset the gauge vertically and lower it by about an inch.
Continue measuring and lowering the gauge by 1-inch increments.

In measuring stroke of the cylinder, we first need to put markings on the top-dead-center of
the piston and the bottom-dead-center of it by rotating the crankshaft until it reaches the TDC
and BDC. Using a tape measure or Vernier caliper, measure the distance from the top-dead-
center of the piston to the bottom-dead-center of the piston of the cylinder.
2) How do you measure brake torque? What are the modern instruments/methods in doing it?

We measure brake torque using dynamometer, specifically the Pony Brake

Dynamometer. The term "brake horsepower" is one measurement of power derived from this
method of measuring torque. (Power is calculated by multiplying torque by rotational speed.)
The Prony brake is a simple type of dynamometer used to measure the amount of torque
produced by a motor or engine in order to determine its brake horsepower rating. A Prony brake
consists of a belt that is wrapped around the output shaft of an engine or motor. A series of
weights are then attached to the ends of the belt until the engine stalls under the friction created
by the load. The amount of weight needed to stall the engine determines the amount of torque or
pulling power that the engine is capable of producing.

3) How do you measure engine rpm speed? What are the modern instruments/methods in doing
it?

The strobe tachometer can be used to measure engine rpm speed. The Strobe Tachometer
is a stroboscope and tachometer combined, for maintenance and production. The strobe
tachometer is ideal to measure the rotational speed of centrifuges, engines, ventilators and many
more machineries and facilities in industry and research. Its characteristic is that it combines a
stroboscope and a tachometer, both in one device. The strobe tachometer covers a measuring
range of 100 ... 100.000 rpm. Due to the IC combined with bright orange LEDs the device has a
low power consumption rate and proves itself almost maintenance free. The set-up is performed
via two rotary switches (for rough and fine adjustment) at the strobe tachometer. Furthermore,
the strobe tachometer allows a remote measurement of rotational speeds between 0.5 and
100,000 rpm with a resolution of down to 0.1 (at n < 1,000 rpm).
4) How do you measure indicated power and mean effective pressure? What are the modern
instruments/methods in doing it?

The indicated power of an I.C engine is the total power developed within the cylinder in
one complete cycle neglecting any losses. It is the sum total of the brake power and the friction
power of an engine. In short, it is the maximum power available from the expanding gases
developed by combustion of fuel within the cylinder; neglecting frictional losses, mechanical
losses and loss due to heat and enthalpy. Which means this is the theoretical maximum and
actual power developed within the cylinder that never reach completely to the crankshaft. You
can measure the indicated power of an engine by using the indicator diagram or power card
diagram. An Indicator diagram is taken to access the performance of each cylinder unit for an
engine. The indicated power of an engine can change under varying conditions. Thus, indicator
diagram for an engine or particular cylinder is taken at a particular frequency or RPM. This can
then be mechanically represented as:

Where,

k = Number of cylinders or factor (1 for 2 stroke and 1/2 for 4 stroke)

Pm = Mean effective pressure in bar.
A = Area of the piston in meter square.
n = Rotational speed of the engine or RPM speed.
L = Length of stroke in meters.

The Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) is a theoretical parameter used to measure the
performance of an internal combustion engine (ICE). Even if it contains the word “pressure”, it’s
not an actual pressure measurement within the engine cylinder. The cylinder pressure in an ICE
is continuously changing during the combustion cycle. The mean effective pressure can be
 regarded as an average pressure in the cylinder for a complete engine cycle. By definition, mean
effective pressure is the ratio between the work and engine displacement:

Mean effective pressure is used for initial engine design calculations, with engine torque
and MEP as inputs, the engine designer can calculate what is the required engine volumetric
capacity. Remember that mean effective pressure is only a parameter to measure engine
performance and does not reflect the actual pressures inside an individual combustion chamber.
Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) is the mean effective pressure calculated with
indicated power (work). This parameter does not take into account the efficiency of the engine.
Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) is the mean effective pressure calculated from the
dynamometer power (torque). This is the actual output of the internal combustion engine, at the
crankshaft. Brake mean effective pressure takes into account the engine efficiency. Friction mean
effective pressure (FMEP) is an indicator of the mean effective pressure of the engine lost
through friction and it’s the difference between indicated mean effective pressure and brake
mean effective pressure.

5) How do you measure heating value of a liquid fuel? What are the modern
instruments/methods in doing it?

Bomb calorimeter is used in measuring heating value of a liquid fuel. Formula used is
Heat released by fuel = Heat gained by water + Calorimeter. Heat value is a measure of a
fuel’s energy density and is expressed in energy as joules or Btu per mass in kilogram or
pound.

6) What is an engineer's job in engine power plants?

 An engineer’s job in engine power plants is to maintain day-to-da operations. They
have the main duties that involves conducting of operational tests, providing preventative
maintenance on machines, inspecting thermal systems, and working closely with other
personnel.