KABRI FEEDER OF ARJUN SAHAYAK PARIYOJNA

Arjun Dam is an earthen type dam, 27 m high and 5200 m long, situated at
Charkhari, about 20 km from Mahoba. It was built across the Arjun River in
1957. An area of about 217 km is irrigated with the help of this dam. The main
canal of 42 km has been constructed here for irrigation. The government of
Uttar Pradesh took five years to complete this 27 m high dam. Mangal Garh
Fort and Govardhan Temple are easily accessible from here.

 Location: - Arjun Dam is situated in Charkhari in Distt. Mahoba

 Source River: - Arjun River Max. flood discharge 880 cumecs.

 Construction :-

Year of Start    1952

Year of Completion    1957
Cost of Project    Rs. 103.74 Lacs

 Water Distribution System: - Arjun Dam provides Irrigation to 59722

h.a. Land of Distt. Mahoba & Hamirpur through main canal of 42 k.m.
length and distribution system 217.3 k.m. long.

 Dam :-

Type    Earthen
Length    5200.00 mt
Height    27.43 mt
Gross Storage Capacity    68.35 [Link]
Live Storage Capacity    62.97 [Link]

 Spillway : -

Length    21.33 mt
Type of Gates    Free Flow
No. of Gates    7
Irrigable Command Area   59722 h.a.

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(CCA)
Annual Irrigation    10700 h.a.

 Actual Irrigation : -

1994-95    18264 h.a.

1995-96    18778 h.a.
1996-97    19501 h.a.
1997-98    8225 h.a.
1998-99    23244 h.a.
1998-100    -

ARJUN SAHAYAK PARIYOJNA

This feeder canal, off taking from Lahchura, will supply water to the existing
Arjun, Chandrawal and Kabrai reservoirs, to augment the existing irrigation and
also to provide irrigation in 57000 Hectares, new khaki area in the command of
Kabrai dam during Rabi and Kharif seasons by raising the existing Kabrai dam. It
is also proposed to utilise the whole storage of Arjun Chandrawal and Kabrai
dam for Rabi irrigation and providing storage for nursery for Kharif irrigation in
the dams and supply water from Arjun Sahayak pariyojna feeder channel for
Kharif irrigation for the subsequent watering. The total quantity of water which
will be utilised in the command area will be 31163 ha-m. This scheme is
proposed to provide Rabi and kharif irrigation to an area of 22049 hectares and
Rabi irrigation in 38967 hectares, total 61016 hectares.

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3
INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

Soils samples from the site of Kabrai Feeder Canal were sent to our college for
testing and suggesting the SBC of the soils at different chainages for different
depths. Standard penetration test was conducted at the site.

We took a part of this testing as our minor project and conducted laboratory
experiments to determine the index properties of the soil samples. We
henceforth predicted the bearing capacity of the soils from the results of the
box shear test and from the SPT values at different depths. We worked on soil
samples of chainages:--->

 15.34m
 17.51m
 19.74m

The following experiments were conducted for the determination of the

index properties:

 Free Swell Index

 Liquid Limit
 Plastic Limit
 Box Shear Test
 Grain Size Analysis

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DETERMINATION OF FREE SWELL INDEX OF
SOILS STANDARD
IS: 2720 (Part 40)

DEFINITION

Free Swell Index is the increase in volume of a soil, without any external
constraints, on submergence in water.

APPARATUS

* 425 micron IS sieve.

*Graduated glass cylinders 100 ml capacity 2Nos (IS: 878 -1956).
*Glass rod for stirring.
*Balance of capacity 500grams and sensitivity 0.01 gram.

PROCEDURE

1. Take two representative oven dried soil samples each of 10 grams

passing through 425 micron sieve.

2. Pour each soil sample in to each of the two glass graduated cylinders of
100ml capacity.

3. Fill one cylinder with kerosene and the other with the distilled water up
to the100ml mark.

4. Remove the entrapped air in the cylinder by gentle shaking and stirring
with a glass rod sample kept for free swell index

5. Allow the samples to settle in both the cylinders.

6. Sufficient time, not less than 24 hours shall be allowed for soil sample to
attain equilibrium state of volume without any further change in the
volume of the soils.

7. Record the final volume of the soils in each of the cylinders.

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CALCULATIONS

V d−Vk
Free Swell Index, (%) = ×100
Vk

Vd = Volume of the soil specimen read from the graduated cylinder containing
distilled water.
Vk = Volume of the soil specimen read from the graduated cylinder containing
kerosene.

REPORT

 Read the level of the soil in the kerosene graduated cylinder as the
original volume of the soil samples, kerosene being non polar liquid does
not cause swelling of the soil.
 Read the level of the soil in the distilled water cylinders as free swell
level.
 Record the individual and the mean results to the nearest second
decimal.

PRECAUTION

 In the case of highly expansive soils such as Sodium Betonites. The

sample size may be 5 grams or alternatively a cylinder of 250ml capacity
for 10 grams of sample may be used.

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 DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT- BY
CASAGRANDE APPARATUS STANDARD
IS: 2720 (Part 5)

DEFINITION

Liquid Limit is defined as the water content at which the soil changes from
liquid state to plastic state.

APPARATUS

1. Casagrande apparatus confirming to IS: 9259-1979.

2. Grooving tool.
3. Thermostatically controlled oven with capacity up to 2500 C.
4. Spatula flexible with blade about 8cm long and 2cm wide.
5. Wash bottle or beaker containing distilled water.
6. Containers airtight and non- corrodible for determination of moisture
content.

PROCEDURE

1) Take representative soil sample of approximately 120gms passing

through 425 micron IS sieve and mix thoroughly with distilled water
in the evaporating dish to a uniform paste

Divided soil cake before test Soil cake after test

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 2) Place a portion of the paste in the cup above the spot where the cup
rests on the base and at the same time trim to a depth of 1cm at the
point of maximum thickness.
3) Make a clean, sharp groove by a grooving tool along the diameter
through the centreline of the cam follower.
4) Drop the cup from a height of 10 + 0.25 mm by turning the crank at
the rate of two-revolutions/ sec, until the two halves of the soil cake
come in contact with the bottom of the groove along the distance of
about 12mm.
5) Record the number of drops required to cause the groove close for
the length of 12mm.
6) Collect a representative slice of sample of soil and keep in the oven
for 24hrs, maintained at a temperature of 1050 to 1100C and express
its moisture content as the percentage of the oven dried weight.
11) Repeat operation specified above for at least 3 more additional trials
(minimum of four in all) with soil collected in evaporating dish to
which sufficient water has been added to bring the soil to more fluid
condition.

REPORT

1. Plot a flow curve with the points obtained from each determination on
a semi logarithmic graph representing water content on the
arithmetical scale and the no of drops on the logarithmic scale.
2. The flow curve is a straight line drawn as nearly as possible through
the four or more plotted points.
3. The moisture content corresponding to 25 drops as read from the
curve shall be rounded off to the nearest second decimal and is
reported as liquid limit of the soil.

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 DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT AND
PLASTICITY INDEX STANDARDS

IS: 2720 (Part-5)

DEFINITION

 The plasticity Index is defined as the numerical difference between its

Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit.

APPARATUS

 Porcelain evaporating dishes about 12cm in diameter.

 Flat glass plate 10mm thick and about 45cm square or longer.
 Spatula flexible with the blade about 8cm long and 2cm in wide.
 Ground glass plate 20 x 15 cm.
 Airtight containers.
 Balance of capacity 500grams and sensitivity 0. 01gram.
 Thermostatically controlled oven with capacity up to 250 0C.
 Rod 3mm in diameter and about 10cm long.

PROCEDURE

1) Take representative soil sample of approximately 20g from the portion

of the material passing 425 micron IS sieve and mix thoroughly with
distilled water in an evaporating dish till the soil mass becomes plastic
enough to be easily moulded with fingers.
2) In the case of clayey soils, leave the soil mass to stand for 24 hours to
ensure uniform distribution of moisture throughout the soil.
3) Form a ball with about 8 grams of this soil mass and roll between the
fingers and the glass plate as shown in Fig: 2.7.1 with just sufficient
pressure to roll the mass into a thread of uniform diameter throughout
its length.
4) The rate of rolling shall be between 80 and 90 strokes/minute counting
the stroke as one complete motion of the hand forward and back to the
starting position gain.

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 5) Continue the rolling till the thread crumbles exactly at 3mm diameter.
6) If the soil thread doesn’t crumble exactly at 3mm knead the soil
together to a uniform mass and roll it again.
7) Continue this process of alternate rolling and kneading until the thread
crumble under the pressure exactly at 3mm diameter.
8) Collect the pieces of crumbled soil thread in an airtight container and
determine its moisture content.

9) Determine the plastic limit for at least two points of the soil passing 425
micron IS sieve.

REPORT

 Report the individual and the mean of the results as the plastic limit of
the soil the nearest second decimal.
 Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit - Plastic Limit.

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TO DETERMINE THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF A
SANDY SOIL SPECIMEN BY DIRECT SHEAR
TEST
ASTM D 3080

THEORY

Shear strength of a soil is its maximum resistance to shearing stresses.

The shear strength is expressed as

Where c’ = effective cohesion, = effective stress, = effective angle of

shearing resistance.

The shear tests can be conducted under three different drainage

conditions. The direct shear test is generally conducted on sandy soils as a
consolidated drained test.

EQUIPMENT

1. Shear box, divided into two halves by a horizontal plane, and fitted
with locking and spacing screws.
2. Box container to hold the shear box
3. Base plate having cross grooves on its top surface
4. Grid plates, perforated, 2 Nos.
5. Porous stones, 6mm thick, 2 Nos.
6. Loading pad
7. Loading frame
8. Loading yoke
9. Proving ring, capacity 2kN.
10. Dial gauges, accuracy 0.01mm, 2 Nos.
11. Static or dynamic compaction devices.
12. Spatula

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PROCEDURE

1. Measure the internal dimensions of the shear box. Also determine the
average thickness of the grid plates.

2. Fix the upper part of the box to the lower part using the locking
screws. Attach the base plate to the lower part.

3. Place the grid plate in the shear box keeping the serrations of the grid
at right angles to the direction of shear. Place the porous stone over the
grid plate.

4. Weigh the shear box with base plate, grid plate and porous stone.

5. Place the soil specimen in the box. Tamp it directly in the shear box at
the required density. When the soil in the top half of the shear box is
filled upto 10 to 15mm depth, level the soil surface.

6. Weigh the box with soil specimen.

7. Weigh the box inside the box contained and fixes the loading pad on
the box. Mount the box contained on the loading frame.

8. Bring the upper half of the box in contact with the proving ring. Check
the contact by giving a slight movement.

9. Fill the container with water if the soil is to be saturated, otherwise

omit this step.

10. Mount the loading yoke on the ball placed on the loading pad.

11. Mount the dial gauge on the loading yoke to record the vertical
displacement and another dial gauge on the container to record the
horizontal displacement.

12. Place the weights on the loading yoke to apply a normal stress of 25
. Allow the sample to consolidate under the applied normal
stress. Note the reading of the vertical displacement dial gauge.

13. Remove the locking screws. Using the spacing screws, raise the upper
part slightly above the lower part such that the gap is slightly larger than
the maximum particle size. Remove the spacing screws.

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 14. Adjust all the dial gauges to read zero. The proving ring should also
read zero.

15. Apply the horizontal shear load at a constant rate of strain of

0.2mm/minute.

16. Record the reading of the proving ring, the vertical displacement dial
gauge and the horizontal displacement dial gauge at regular time
intervals. Take the first few readings at closer intervals.

17. Continue the test till the specimen fails or till a strain of 20% is
reached.

18. At the end of the test, remove the specimen from the box and take a
representative sample for water content determination.

Repeat the test on identical specimens under the normal stresses of 50,
100, 200, 400 , etc. (The range of stresses selected should
correspond to the actual field stress conditions.)

Direct Shear Test Apparatus

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 GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
IS: 2720-(Part-4)

INTRODUCTION

Grain size analysis also known as mechanical analysis of soils is the

determination of the percent of individual grain sizes present in the
sample.

The mechanical analysis consists of two parts:

 The determination of the amount and proportion of coarse material by

the use of sieves.
 The analysis for the fine grained fraction by sedimentation method.

The sieve analysis is a simple test consisting of sieving a measured

quantity of material through successively smaller sieves. The weight
retained on each sieve is expressed as a percentage of the total sample.

APPARATUS

Various apparatus include set of standard sieves of different sieve sizes,

balance, rubber covered pestle and mortar, oven, riffle and sieves
shaker.

Standard sieves

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PROCEDURE

Sufficient quantity of the dry soil is weighed out. The quantity of the
sample taken may be increased when the maximum size of the particle is
higher. The sample is separated into various fractions by sieving through
the set of sieves of sizes 100, 63, 20, 6, 4.75 and 2mmIS sieves. Additional
sieve size may also be introduced if necessary. After initial sieving, the
material retained on each sieve is collected, the lumps are broken down
using mortar and rubber covered pestle and is re-sieved thus the soil
fraction retained on each sieve is carefully collected and weighed.

Wet sieving may be adopted in the case of clayey or cohesive soils.

Required quantity of sample taken by riffling is weighed. The sample is
spread in a tray or bucket and covered with water. In case of soils having
fractions that are likely to flocculate a dispersing agent like sodium
hexametaphosphate (2.0g) or sodium hydroxide (1.0g) and sodium
carbonate (1.0g) per litre of water may be added to the water. The mix is
stirred and left for soaking. The soaked soil specimen is placed over the
set of sieves of sizes with the finest sieve and pan at the bottom and
washed thoroughly. Washing is continued till the water passing each sieve
is substantially clean. The fraction of each sieve is emptied carefully
without loss of the material in separate trays, oven dried at 105° to 110° C
and each fraction weighed separately.

CALCULATIONS

The weight of dry soil fractions retained on each sieve is calculated as a

percentage of the total dry weight of the sample taken

RESULTS

The results are plotted on a semi logarithmic graph with the grain size or
sieve size on the X axis in log scale and the percentage finer of each sieve
on the Y axis in ordinary scale.

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 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST FOR SOILS
IS: 2131

Standard penetration test conducted by means of the split spoon, specified in

this standard, furnishes data about resistance of the soils to penetration which
can be used to evaluate standard strength data, such as .N values (number of
blows per 30 cm of penetration using standard split spoon) of the soil.
Methods of calculation of bearing capacity of soils based on N values are
covered in IS: 6403-1981*. For obtaining\ dependable and reproducible
samples, a standard procedure is necessary and this code is intended to furnish
necessary guidance to the soil explorer in this regard.

This standard specifies a standard procedure for conducting the

standard penetration test for soils.
EQUIPMENT

 Drilling Equipment

 Split-Spoon Sampler

 Drive Weight Assembly

 Lifting Rail, Tongs, Rope, Screw jack etc

PROCEDURE

1. Driving the Casing - Where casing is used, it shall not be driven below the
level at which the test is made or soil sample is taken. In the case of
cohesionless soils which cannot stand without casing, the advancement of the
casing pipe should be such that it does not disturb the soil to be tested or
sampled; the casing shall preferably be advanced by slowly turning the casing
rather than by driving, as the vibration caused by driving may alter the density
of such deposits immediately below the bottom of the borehole.

2. Obtaining the Samples - Tests shall be made at every change in stratum or at

intervals of not more than 1.5 m whichever is less. Tests may be made at lesser
intervals if specified or considered necessary. The intervals are increased to 3
m if in between vane shear test is performed.

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3. Corrections –

 Due to overburden-The N value for cohesionless soil shall be corrected

for overburden.

350
N1 = N × σ +70

 Due to Dilatancy - The value obtained in 3.6.1 shall be corrected for

dilatancy if the stratum consists of fine sand and silt below water table
for values of N’ greater than 15.

N` = 15 + 0.5(N1 – 15)

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