M.Sc.

Program

Two years M.Sc. Mathematics program consists of two parts namely Part-I and Part II.
The regulation, Syllabi and Courses of Reading for the M.Sc. (Mathematics) Part-I and
Part-II Scheme are given below.

Regulations
The following regulations will be observed by M.Sc. (Mathematics) Private students
i. There are a total of 1200 marks for M.Sc. (Mathematics) for Private students as is
the case with other M.Sc. subjects.
ii. There are five papers in Part-I and six papers in Part-II. Each paper carries 100
marks.
iii. There is a Viva Voce Examination at the end of M.Sc. Part II. The topics of Viva
Voce Examination shall be from the following courses of M.Sc. Part-I (carrying
100 marks):
a) Real Analysis
b) Algebra
c) Complex Analysis
d) Differential Equation
e) Topology and Functional Analysis

M.Sc. Part-I
The following five papers shall be studied in M.Sc. Part-I:

Paper I Real Analysis

Paper II Algebra
Paper III Complex Analysis and Differential Geometry
Paper IV Mechanics
Paper V Topology and Functional Analysis

Note: All the papers of M.Sc. Part-I given above are compulsory.

M.Sc. Part-II
In M.Sc. Part-II examinations, there are six written papers. The following three papers
are compulsory. Each paper carries 100 marks.

Paper I Advanced Analysis

Paper II Differential Equation
Paper III Numerical Analysis
Optional Papers

A student may select any three of the following optional courses:

Paper IV-VI option (i) Mathematical Statistics

Paper IV-VI option (ii) Methods of Mathematical Physics
Paper IV-VI option (iii) Group Theory
Paper IV-VI option (iv) Rings and Modules
Paper IV-VI option (v) Number Theory
Paper IV-VI option (vi) Fluid Mechanics
Paper IV-VI option (vii) Special Theory of Relativity and Analytical Mechanics
Paper IV-VI option (viii) Theory of Approximation and Splines
Paper IV-VI option (ix) Advanced Functional Analysis
Paper IV-VI option (x) Theory of Optimization
 Detailed Outline of Courses

M.Sc. Part I Papers

Paper I: Real Analysis

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (5/9)
Real Number System
Ordered sets, Fields, Completeness property of real numbers
The extended real number system, Euclidean spaces
Sequences and Series
Sequences, Subsequences, Convergent sequences, Cauchy sequences
Monotone and bounded sequences, Bolzano Weierstrass theorem
Series, Convergence of series, Series of non-negative terms, Cauchy condensation
test
Partial sums, The root and ratio tests, Integral test, Comparison test
Absolute and conditional convergence
Limit and Continuity
The limit of a function, Continuous functions, Types of discontinuity
Uniform continuity, Monotone functions
Differentiation
The derivative of a function
Mean value theorem, Continuity of derivatives
Properties of differentiable functions.
Functions of Several Variables
Partial derivatives and differentiability, Derivatives and differentials of composite
functions
Change in the order of partial derivative, Implicit functions, Inverse
functions, Jacobians
Maxima and minima, Lagrange multipliers

Section-II (4/9)
The Riemann-Stieltjes Integrals
Definition and existence of integrals, Properties of integrals
Fundamental theorem of calculus and its applications
Change of variable theorem
Integration by parts
Functions of Bounded Variation
Definition and examples
Properties of functions of bounded variation
Improper Integrals
Types of improper integrals
Tests for convergence of improper
integrals Beta and gamma functions
Absolute and conditional convergence of improper integrals
Sequences and Series of Functions
Definition of point-wise and uniform convergence
Uniform convergence and continuity
Uniform convergence and integration
Uniform convergence and differentiation

Recommended Books

1. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, (McGraw Hill, 1976)

2. R. G. Bartle, Introduction to Real Analysis, (John Wiley and Sons, 2000)
3. T. M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,
1974)
4. A. J. Kosmala, Introductory Mathematical Analysis, (WCB Company , 1995)
5. W. R. Parzynski and P. W. Zipse, Introduction to Mathematical
Analysis, (McGraw Hill Company, 1982)
6. H. S. Gaskill and P. P. Narayanaswami, Elements of Real Analysis, (Printice Hall,
1988)

Paper II: Algebra (Group Theory and Linear Algebra)

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (5/9)
Groups
Definition and examples of groups
Subgroups lattice, Lagrange’s theorem
Cyclic groups
Groups and symmetries, Cayley’s theorem
Complexes in Groups
Complexes and coset decomposition of groups
Centre of a group
Normalizer in a group
Centralizer in a group
Conjugacy classes and congruence relation in a group
Normal Subgroups
Normal subgroups
 Proper and improper normal subgroups
Factor groups
Isomorphism theorems
Automorphism group of a group
Commutator subgroups of a group

Permutation Groups
Symmetric or permutation group
Transpositions
Generators of the symmetric and alternating group
Cyclic permutations and orbits, The alternating group
Generators of the symmetric and alternating groups
Sylow Theorems
Double cosets
Cauchy’s theorem for Abelian and non-Abelian group
Sylow theorems (with proofs)
Applications of Sylow theory
Classification of groups with at most 7 elements

Section-II (4/9)

Ring Theory
Definition and examples of rings
Special classes of rings
Fields
Ideals and quotient rings
Ring Homomorphisms
Prime and maximal ideals
Field of quotients
Linear Algebra
Vector spaces, Subspaces
Linear combinations, Linearly independent vectors
Spanning set
Bases and dimension of a vector space
Homomorphism of vector spaces
Quotient spaces
Linear Mappings
Mappings, Linear mappings
Rank and nullity
Linear mappings and system of linear equations
Algebra of linear operators
Space L( X, Y) of all linear transformations
Matrices and Linear Operators
Matrix representation of a linear operator
 Change of basis
Similar matrices
Matrix and linear transformations
Orthogonal matrices and orthogonal transformations
Orthonormal basis and Gram Schmidt process

Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Polynomials of matrices and linear operators
Characteristic polynomial
Diagonalization of matrices
Recommended Books

1. J. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1978)

2. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company, 1964)
3. G. Birkhoff and S. Maclane, A Survey of Modern Algebra, (Macmillan, 1964)
4. Seymour Lipschutz, Linear Algebra, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 2001)
5. Humphreys, John F. A Course on Group Theory, (Oxford University Press, 2004)
6. P. M. Cohn, Algebra, (John Wiley and Sons, 1974)
7. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, (Pearson Education, 2002)

Paper III: Complex Analysis and Differential Geometry

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (5/9)
The Concept of Analytic Functions
Complex numbers, Complex planes, Complex functions
Analytic functions
Entire functions
Harmonic functions
Elementary functions: Trigonometric, Complex exponential, Logarithmic
and hyperbolic functions
Infinite Series
Power series, Derived series, Radius of convergence
Taylor series and Laurent series
Conformal Representation
Transformation, conformal
transformation Linear transformation
Möbius transformations
Complex Integration
Complex integrals
Cauchy-Goursat theorem
 Cauchy’s integral formula and their
consequences Liouville’s theorem
Morera’s theorem
Derivative of an analytic function
Singularity and Poles
Review of Laurent series
Zeros, Singularities
Poles and residues
Cauchy’s residue theorem
Contour Integration
Expansion of Functions and Analytic Continuation
Mittag-Leffler theorem
Weierstrass’s factorization theorem
Analytic continuation

Section-II (4/9)
Theory of Space Curves
Introduction, Index notation and summation convention
Space curves, Arc length, Tangent, Normal and binormal
Osculating, Normal and rectifying planes
Curvature and torsion
The Frenet-Serret theorem
Natural equation of a curve
Involutes and evolutes, Helices
Fundamental existence theorem of space curves
Theory of Surfaces
Coordinate transformation
Tangent plane and surface normal
The first fundamental form and the metric
tensor The second fundamental form
Principal, Gaussian, Mean, Geodesic and normal curvatures
Gauss and Weingarten equations
Gauss and Codazzi equations

Recommended Books
1. H. S. Kasana, Complex Variables: Theory and Applications, (Prentice Hall, 2005)
2. M. R. Spiegel, Complex Variables, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1974)
3. J. W. Brown, R. V. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications,
(McGraw Hill, 2009)
4. Louis L. Pennisi, Elements of Complex Variables, (Holt, Linehart and Winston,
1976)
5. W. Kaplan, Introduction to Analytic Functions, (Addison-Wesley, 1966)
 6. R. S. Millman and G.D. Parker, Elements of Differential Geometry, (Prentice-
Hall, 1977)
7. E. Kreyzig, Differential Geometry, (Dover Publications, 1991)
8. M. M. Lipschutz, Schaum's Outline of Differential Geometry, (McGraw Hill,
1969)
9. D. Somasundaram, Differential Geometry, (Narosa Publishing House, 2005)

Paper IV: Mechanics

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (5/9)
Vector Integration
Line integrals
Surface area and surface integrals
Volume integrals
Integral Theorems
Green’s theorem
Gauss divergence
theorem Stoke’s theorem
Curvilinear Coordinates
Orthogonal coordinates
Unit vectors in curvilinear systems
Arc length and volume elements
The gradient, Divergence and curl
Special orthogonal coordinate systems
Tensor Analysis
Coordinate transformations
Einstein summation convention
Tensors of different ranks
Contravariant, Covariant and mixed tensors
Symmetric and skew symmetric tensors
Addition, Subtraction, Inner and outer products of tensors
Contraction theorem, Quotient law
The line element and metric tensor
Christoffel symbols

Section-II (4/9)
Non Inertial Reference Systems
Accelerated coordinate systems and inertial forces
Rotating coordinate systems
Velocity and acceleration in moving system: Coriolis, Centripetal and
transverse acceleration
Dynamics of a particle in a rotating coordinate system
Planar Motion of Rigid Bodies
 Introduction to rigid and elastic bodies, Degrees of freedom, Translations,
Rotations, instantaneous axis and center of rotation, Motion of the center of mass
Euler’s theorem and Chasle’s theorem
Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: Moments and products of inertia of
various bodies including hoop or cylindrical shell, circular cylinder, spherical
shell
Parallel and perpendicular axis theorem
Radius of gyration of various bodies
Motion of Rigid Bodies in Three Dimensions
General motion of rigid bodies in space: Moments and products of inertia,
Inertia matrix
The momental ellipsoid and equimomental systems
Angular momentum vector and rotational kinetic energy
Principal axes and principal moments of inertia
Determination of principal axes by diagonalizing the inertia matrix
Euler Equations of Motion of a Rigid Body
Force free motion
Free rotation of a rigid body with an axis of symmetry
Free rotation of a rigid body with three different principal moments
Euler’s Equations
The Eulerian angles, Angular velocity and kinetic energy in terms of Euler
angles, Space cone
Motion of a spinning top and gyroscopes- steady precession, Sleeping top

Recommended Books
1. G. E. Hay, Vector and Tensor Analysis, (Dover Publications, Inc., 1979)
2. G. R. Fowles and G. L. Cassiday, Analytical Mechanics, (Thomson
Brooks/Cole, 2005)
3. H. Goldstein, C. P. Poole and J. L. Safko, Classical Mechanics, (Addison-Wesley
Publisihng Co., 2001)
4. M. R. Spiegel, Theoretical Mechanics, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1980)
5. M. R. Spiegel, Vector Analysis, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1981)
6. D. C. Kay, Tensor Calculus, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1988)
7. E. C. Young, Vector and Tensor Analysis, (Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1993)
8. L. N. Hand and J. D. Finch, Analytical Mechanics, (Cambridge University Press,
1998)

Paper V: Topology & Functional Analysis

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (4/9)
Topology
Definition and examples
Open and closed sets
 Subspaces
Neighborhoods
Limit points, Closure of a set
Interior, Exterior and boundary of a set

Bases and Sub-bases

Base and sub bases
Neighborhood bases
First and second axioms of countablility
Separable spaces, Lindelöf spaces
Continuous functions and homeomorphism
Weak topologies, Finite product spaces
Separation Axioms
Separation axioms
Regular spaces
Completely regular
spaces Normal spaces
Compact Spaces
Compact topological spaces
Countably compact spaces
Sequentially compact spaces
Connectedness
Connected spaces, Disconnected
spaces Totally disconnected spaces
Components of topological spaces

Section-II (5/9)
Metric Space
Review of metric spaces
Convergence in metric spaces
Complete metric spaces
Completeness proofs
Dense sets and separable spaces
No-where dense sets
Baire category theorem
Normed Spaces
Normed linear spaces
Banach spaces
Convex sets
Quotient spaces
Equivalent norms
Linear operators
Linear functionals
Finite dimensional normed spaces
 Continuous or bounded linear operators
Dual spaces

Inner Product Spaces

Definition and examples
Orthonormal sets and
bases Annihilators,
Projections Hilbert space
Linear functionals on Hilbert spaces
Reflexivity of Hilbert spaces

Recommended Books
1. J. Dugundji, Topology, (Allyn and Bacon Inc., 1966)
2. G. F. Simmon, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, (McGraw Hill
Book Company, 1963)
3. Stephen Willard, General Topology, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1970)
4. Seymour Lipschutz, General Topology, (Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw
Hill Book Company, 2004)
5. E. Kreyszig, Introduction to Functional Analysis with Applications, (John Wiley
and Sons, 2006)
6. A. L. Brown and A. Page, Elements of Functional Analysis, (Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1970)
7. G. Bachman and L. Narici, Functional Analysis, (Academic Press, 1966)
8. F. Riesz and B. Sz. Nagay, Functional Analysis, (Dover Publications, Inc., 1965)
 M.Sc. Part II Papers

Paper I: Advanced Analysis

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (4/9)

Advanced Set Theory

Equivalent Sets
Countable and Uncountable Sets
The concept of a cardinal number
The cardinals o and c
Addition and multiplication of cardinals
Cartesian product, Axiom of Choice, Multiplication of cardinal numbers
Order relation and order types, Well ordered sets, Transfinite induction
Addition and multiplication of ordinals
Statements of Zorn’s lemma, Maximality principle and their simple implications

Section-II (5/9)

Measure Theory
Outer measure, Lebesgue Measure, Measureable Sets and Lebesgue measure, Non
measurable sets, Measureable functions
The Lebesgue Integral
The Rieman Integral, The Lebesgue integral of a bounded
function The general Lebesgue integral
General Measure and Integration
Measure spaces, Measureable functions, Integration, General convergence
theorems
Signed measures, The Lp-spaces, Outer measure and
measurability The extension theorem
The Lebesgue Stieltjes integral, Product measures

Recommended Books
1. D. Smith, M. Eggen and R. ST. Andre, A transition to Advanced Mathematics,
(Brooks Cole, 2004)
2. Seymour Lipschutz, Set Theory and Related Topics, (McGraw Hill, 1964)
3. Frankel, A. Abstract Set theory, (North Holland Publishing Co., 1961)
4. Royden, H. L. Real Analysis, (Prentice Hall, 1988)
5. Suppes, P. Axiomatic Set Theory, (Dover Publications Inc.,May 1973)
6. Halmos, P. R. Naive Set Theory, (Springer, 1974)
7. Halmos, P. R. Measure Theory, (Springer, 1974)
8. Rudin, W. Real and Complex Analysis, (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 1987)
Paper II: Differential Equation (Ordinary and Partial Differential
Equation)
NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (5/9)
First Order Ordinary Differential Equation
Basic concepts, Formation and solution of differential equations,
Separation of variables,
Homogeneous equations,
Exact equations,
Solution of linear equations by integrating factor,
Some special non-linear first order differential equations like Bernoulli’s equations Ricatti
equations and Clairaut equations
System of Ordinary Differential Equation
Basic theory of system of first order linear differential equations,
Homogeneous linear system with constant coefficients
Second and Higher Order Differential Equation
Initial value and boundary value problems
Linearly independence and Wronskian
Superposition principle
Homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations
Reduction of order
Solution of homogeneous equations with constant coefficients
Particular solution of non-homogeneous equations
Method of Undetermined coefficients
Variation of Parameters and Cauchy-Euler equations
Section-II (4/9)
First Order Partial Differential Equation
Formation of PDEs
Solutions of First Order PDEs
The Cauchy’s problem for Quasi linear first order PDEs
First order nonlinear equations
Special types of first order equations
Second Order Partial Differential Equation
Basic concepts and definitions
Mathematical problems
Linear operators
Superposition
Canonical form: Hyperbolic, Parabolic and Elliptic equations,
PDEs of second order in two independent variables with constant and variable coefficients
Cauchy’s problem for second order PDEs in two independent variables
Laplace equation, Wave equation, Heat equation
Methods of separation of variables
Solutions of elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic PDEs in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates

Recommended Books
1 William E. Boyce and Richard C. Diprima, Elementary differential equations and
boundary value problems, (Seventh Edition John Wiley & Sons, Inc)
2 V. I. Arnold, Ordinary Differential Equations, (Springer, 1991)
 3 Dennis G. Zill, Michael R. Cullen, Differential equations with boundary value
problems, (Brooks Cole, 2008)
4 J. Wloka, Partial Differential Equations, (Cambridge University press, 1987)

Paper III: Numerical Analysis

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (5/9)
Error Analysis
Errors, Absolute errors, Rounding errors, Truncation errors
Inherent Errors, Major and Minor approximations in numbers
The Solution of Linear Systems
Gaussian elimination method with pivoting, LU Decomposition methods,
Algorithm and convergence of Jacobi iterative Method, Algorithm and
convergence of Gauss Seidel Method
Eigenvalue and eigenvector, Power method
The Solution of Non-Linear Equation
Bisection Method, Fixed point iterative method, Newton Raphson method, Secant
method, Method of false position, Algorithms and convergence of these methods
Difference Operators
Shift operators
Forward difference operators
Backward difference operators
Average and central difference operators

Ordinary Differential Equations

Euler’s, Improved Euler’s, Modified Euler’s methods with error analysis
Runge-Kutta methods with error analysis
Predictor-corrector methods for solving initial value problems
Finite Difference, Collocation and variational methods for boundary value
problems

Section-II (4/9)
Interpolation
Lagrange’s interpolation
Newton’s divided difference interpolation
Newton’s forward and backward difference interpolation, Central difference
interpolation
Hermit interpolation
Spline interpolation
Errors and algorithms of these interpolations
Numerical Differentiation
Newton’s Forward, Backward and central formulae for numerical differentiation
Numerical Integration
 Rectangular rule
Trapezoidal rule
Simpson rule
Boole’s rule
Weddle’s rule
Gaussian quadrature formulae
Errors in quadrature formulae
Newton-Cotes formulae
Difference Equations
Linear homogeneous and non-homogeneous difference equations with constant
coefficients
Recommended Books
1. Curtis F. Gerald and Patrick O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, (Addison-
Wesley Publishing Co. Pearson Education, 2003)
2. Richard L. Burden and J. Douglas Faires, Numerical Analysis, (Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company,1997)
3. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and
Engineering, (Prentice Hall International, 2003)
4. Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers,
(McGraw Hill International Edition, 1998)

Paper (IV-VI) option (i): Mathematical Statistics

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (4/9)

Probability Distributions
The postulates of probability
Some elementary theorems
Addition and multiplication rules
Baye’s rule and future Baye’s theorem
Random variables and probability functions
Discrete Probability Distributions
Uniform, Bernoulli and binomial distribution
Hypergeometric and geometric distribution
Negative binomial and Poisson distribution
Continuous Probability Distributions
Uniform and exponential distribution
Gamma and beta distributions
Normal distribution
Mathematical Expectations
Moments and moment generating functions
Moments of binomial, Hypergeometric, Poisson, Gamma, Beta and normal
distributions
Section-II (5/9)
Functions of Random Variables
Distribution function technique
Transformation technique: One variable, Several variables
Moment-generating function technique

Sampling Distributions
The distribution of mean and variance
The distribution of differences of means and variances
The Chi-Square distribution
The t distribution
The F distribution
Regression and Correlation
Linear regression
The methods of least squares
Normal regression analysis
Normal correlation analysis
Multiple linear regression (along with matrix notation)

Recommended Books

1. J. E. Freund, Mathematical Statistics, (Prentice Hall Inc., 1992)

2. Hogg and Craig, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, (Collier
Macmillan, 1958)
3. Mood, Greyill and Boes, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, (McGraw Hill)
4. R. E. Walpole, Introduction to Statistics, (Macmillan Publishing Company, 1982)
5. M. R. Spiegel and L. J. Stephens, Statistics, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1984)

Paper (IV-VI) option (ii): Methods of Mathematical Physics

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (5/9)
Sturm Liouville Systems
Some properties of Sturm-Liouville equations
Regular, Periodic and singular Sturm-Liouville systems and its applications
Series Solutions of Second Order Linear Differential Equations
Series solution near an ordinary point
Series solution near regular singular points
Series Solution of Some Special Differential Equations
Hypergeometric function F(a, b, c; x) and its evaluation
Series solution of Bessel equation
Expression for Jn(X) when n is half odd integer, Recurrence formulas for Jn(X)
Orthogonality of Bessel functions
Series solution of Legendre equation
Introduction to PDEs
Review of ordinary differential equation in more than one variables
Linear partial differential equations (PDEs) of the first order
Cauchy’s problem for quasi-linear first order PDEs
PDEs of Second Order
PDEs of second order in two independent variables with variable coefficients
Cauchy’s problem for second order PDEs in two independent variables
Boundary Value Problems
Laplace equation and its solution in Cartesian, Cylindrical and spherical polar
coordinates
Dirichlet problem for a circle
Poisson’s integral for a circle
Wave equation
Heat equation

Section-II (4/9)
Fourier Methods
The Fourier transform
Fourier analysis of generalized functions
The Laplace transform
Green’s Functions and Transform Methods
Expansion for Green’s
functions Transform methods
Closed form of Green’s functions
Variational Methods
Euler-Lagrange equations
Integrand involving one, two, three and n variables
Necessary conditions for existence of an extremum of a function
Constrained maxima and minima
Recommended Books
1. D.G. Zill and M.R. Cullen, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, (Jones and
Bartlett Publishers, 2006)
2. W.E. Boyce and R. C. Diprima, Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary
Value Problems, (John Wiley & Sons, 2005)
3. E.T. Whittaker, and G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis, (Cambridge
University Press, 1962)
4. I.N. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations, (Dover Publishing, Inc.,
2006)
5. R. Dennemyer, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations and Boundary
Value Problems, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1968)
6. D.L. Powers, Boundary Value Problems and Partial Differential Equations,
(Academic Press, 2005)
7. W.E. Boyce, Elementary Differential Equations, (John Wiley & Sons, 2008)
8. M.L. Krasnov, G.I. Makarenko and A.I. Kiselev, Problems and Exercises in the
Calculus of Variations, (Imported Publications, Inc., 1985)
9. J. Brown and R. Churchill, Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems,
(McGraw Hill, 2006)
Paper (IV-VI) option (iii): Advanced Group Theory
NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (4/9)
The Orbit Stablizer Theorem
2
Stablizer, Orbit, A group with p
elements Simplicity of An, n 5
Classification of Groups with at most 8 elements
Sylow Theorems
Sylow theorems (with proofs)
Applications of Sylow Theory
Products in Groups
Direct Products
Classification of Finite Abelian Groups
Characteristic and fully invariant subgroups
Normal products of groups
Holomorph of a group

Section-II (5/9)

Series in Groups
Series in groups
Zassenhaus lemma
Normal series and their refinements
Composition series
The Jordan Holder Theorem
Solvable Groups
Solvable groups, Definition and examples
Theorems on solvable groups
Nilpotent Groups
Characterisation of finite nilpotent
groups Frattini subgroups
Extensions
Central extensions
Cyclic extensions
Groups with at most 31 elements

Linear Groups
Linear groups, types of linear groups
Representation of linear groups
The projective special linear groups

Recommended Books
 1. J. Rotman, The Theory of Groups, (Allyn and Bacon, London, 1978)
2. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, (Addison-Wesley Publishing
Co., 2003)
3. H. Marshall, The Theory of Groups, (Macmillan, 1967)
4. J. A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, (Narosa 1998)
5. I.N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company Mass, 1972)
6. J. S. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Dover Publications, 1994)
7. Humphreys, John F. A Course on Group Theory, (Oxford University Press, 2004)
8. K. Hoffman, Linear Algebra, (Prentice Hall, 1971)
9. I.D. Macdonald, The Theory of Groups, (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1975)
Paper (IV-VI) option (iv): Rings and Modules
NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from
each section.

Section-I (5/9)

Ring Theory
Construction of new rings
Direct sums, Polynomial rings
Matrix rings
Divisors, units and associates
Unique factorisation domains
Principal ideal domains and Euclidean domains
Field Extensions
Algebraic and transcendental elements
Degree of extension

Algebraic extensions
Reducible and irreducible
polynomials Roots of polynomials

Section-II (4/9)
Modules
Definition and examples
Submodules
Homomorphisms
Quotient modules
Direct sums of modules
Finitely generated modules
Torsion modules
Free modules
Basis, Rank and endomorphisms of free modules
Matrices over rings and their connection with the basis of a free
module A module as the direct sum of a free and a torsion module

Recommended Books
 1. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company Mass, 1972)
2. B. Hartley and T. O. Hauvkes, Rings, Modules and Linear Algebra, (Chapmann
and Hall Ltd., 1970)
3. R. B. Allenly, Rings, Fields and Groups:An Introduction to Abstract
Algebra, (Edward Arnold, 1985)
4. J. Rose, A Course on Rings Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
5. G. Birkhoff and S. Maclane, A Survey of Modern Algebra, (Macmillan, 1964)
6. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, (Addison-Weseley Publishing
Co., 2003)
7. J. A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, (Narosa Publisihng House, 1998)
8. K. Hoffman, Linear Algebra, (Prentice Hall, 1971)

Paper (IV-VI) option (v): Number Theory

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section- I (5/9)
Congruences
Elementary properties of prime numbers
Residue classes and Euler’s function
Linear congruences and congruences of higher
degree Congruences with prime moduli
The theorems of Fermat, Euler and Wilson
Number-Theoretic Functions

Möbius function
The function [x], The symbols O and their basic properties
Primitive roots and indices
Integers belonging to a given exponent (mod p)
Primitive roots and composite moduli
Determination of integers having primitive roots
Indices, Solutions of Higher Congruences by Indices
Diophantine Equations
Equations and Fermat’s conjecture for n = 2, n = 4

Section-II (4/9)
Quadratic Residues
Composite moduli, Legendre symbol
Law of quadratic reciprocity
The Jacobi symbol
Algebraic Number Theory
Polynomials over a field
Divisibility properties of polynomials
Gauss’s lemma
The Eisenstein’s irreducibility criterion
Symmetric polynomials
 Extensions of a field
Algebraic and transcendental numbers
Bases and finite extensions, Properties of finite extensions
Conjugates and discriminants
Algebraic integers in a quadratic field, Integral bases
Units and primes in a quadratic field
Ideals, Arithmetic of ideals in an algebraic number field
The norm of an ideal, Prime ideals

Recommended Books

1. W. J. Leveque, Topics in Number Theory, (Vols. I and II, Addison-Wesley

Publishing Co., 1961, 1965)
2. Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, (Springer
International, 1998)
3. David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, (McGraw Hill Company, 2007)
4. A. Andrew, The Theory of Numbers, (Jones and Barlett Publishers, 1995)
5. Harry Pollard, The Theory of Algebraic Numbers, (The Mathematical Association
of America, 1975)

Paper (IV-VI) option (vi): Fluid Mechanics

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (5/9)
Conservation of Matter
Introduction
Fields and continuum concepts
Lagrangian and Eulerian specifications
Local, Convective and total rates of
change Conservation of mass
Equation of continuity
Boundary conditions
Nature of Forces and Fluid Flow
Surface and body
forces Stress at a point
Viscosity and Newton’s viscosity
law Viscous and inviscid flows
Laminar and turbulent flows
Compressible and incompressible flows
Irrotational Fluid Motion
Velocity potential from an irrotational velocity field
Streamlines
Vortex lines and vortex sheets
Kelvin’s minimum energy theorem
Conservation of linear momentum
 Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications
Circulation, Rate of change of circulation (Kelvin’s theorem)
Aaxially symmetric motion
Stokes’s stream function
Two-dimensional Motion
Stream function
Complex potential and complex velocity, Uniform
flows Sources, Sinks and vortex flows
Flow in a sector
Flow around a sharp edge
Flow due to a doublet

Section-II (4/9)
Two and Three-Dimensional Potential Flows
Circular cylinder without circulation
Circular cylinder with circulation

Blasius theorem
Kutta condition and the flat-plate airfoil
Joukowski airfoil
Vortex motion
Karman’s vortex street
Method of images
Velocity potential
Stoke’s stream function
Solution of the Potential
equation Uniform flow
Source and sink
Flow due to a doublet
Viscous Flows of Incompressible Fluids
Constitutive equations
Navier-Stokes equations and their exact solutions
Steady unidirectional flow
Poiseuille flow
Couette flow
Flow between rotating cylinders
Stokes’ first problem
Stokes’ second problem
Approach to Fluid Flow Problems
Similarity from a differential
equation Dimensional analysis
One dimensional, Steady compressible flow

Recommended Book
 1. T. Allen and I. L. Ditsworth: Fluid Mechanics, (McGraw Hill, 1972)
2. I. G. Currie: Fundamentals of Mechanics of Fluids, (CRC, 2002)
3. Chia-Shun Yeh: Fluid Mechanics: An Introduction to the Theory, (McGraw
Hill, 1974)
4. F. M. White: Fluid Mechanics, (McGraw Hill, 2003)
5. R. W. Fox, A. T. McDonald and P. J. Pritchard: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics,
(John Wiley and Sons Pte. Ltd., 2003)

Paper (IV -VI) optional (vii): Special Relativity and Analytical

Dynamics
NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (5/9)
Derivation of Special Relativity
Fundamental concepts
Einstein’s formulation of special
relativity The Lorentz transformations
Length contraction, Time dilation and simultaneity
The velocity addition formulae
Three dimensional Lorentz transformations
The Four-Vector Formulation of Special Relativity
The four-vector formalism
The Lorentz transformations in 4-vectors
The Lorentz and Poincare groups
The null cone structure
Proper time
Applications of Special Relativity
Relativistic kinematics
The Doppler shift in relativity
The Compton effect
Particle scattering
Binding energy, Particle production and particle decay
Electromagnetism in Special Relativity
Review of electromagnetism
The electric and magnetic field intensities
The electric current
Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves
The four-vector formulation of Maxwell’s equations

Section-II (4/9)
Lagrange’s Theory of Holonomic and Non-Holonomic Systems
Generalized coordinates
Holonomic and non-holonomic systems
D’Alembert’s principle, D-delta rule
 Lagrange equations
Generalization of Lagrange equations
Quasi-coordinates
Lagrange equations in quasi-coordinates
First integrals of Lagrange equations of motion
Energy integral
Lagrange equations for non-holonomic systems with and without Lagrange
multipliers
Hamilton’s Principle for non-holonomic systems
Hamilton’s Theory
Hamilton’s principle
Generalized momenta and phase space
Hamilton’s equations
Ignorable coordinates, Routhian function
Derivation of Hamilton’s equations from a variational principle
The principle of least action
Canonical Transformations
The equations of canonical transformations
Examples of canonical transformations
The Lagrange and Poisson brackets
Equations of motion, Infinitesimal canonical transformations and conservation
theorems in the Poisson bracket formulation
Hamilton-Jacobi Theory
The Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s principal function
The harmonic oscillator problem as an example of the Hamilton-Jacobi
method The Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s characteristic function
Separation of variables in the Hamilton-Jacobi equation

Recommended Books

1. A. Qadir, An Introduction to Special Theory of Relativity, (World Scientific,

1989)
2. M. Saleem and M. Rafique, Special Relativity: Applications to Particle and the
Classical Theory of Fields, (Prentice Hall, 1993)
3. J. Freund, Special Relativity for Beginners, (World Scientific, 2008)
4. W. Ringler, Introduction to Special Relativity, (Oxford University Press, 1991)
5. H. Goldstein, C.P. Poole and J.L. Safko, Classical Mechanics, (Addison-Wesley
Publishing Co., 2003)
6. W. Greiner, Classical Mechanics – Systems of Particles and Hamiltonian
Dynamics, (Springer-Verlag, 2004)
7. E.J. Saletan and J.V. Jose, Classical Dynamics: A Contemporary Approach,
(Cambridge University Press, 1998)
8. S.T. Thornton and J.B. Marion, Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems,
(Brooks Cole, 2003)
Paper (IV-VI) option (viii): Theory of Approximation and Splines
NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (4/9)
Euclidean Geometry
Basic concepts of Euclidean geometry
Scalar and vector functions
Barycentric coordinates
Convex hull
Affine maps: Translation, Rotation, Scaling, Reflection and shear
Approximation using Polynomials
Curve Fitting: Least squares line fitting, Least squares power fit, Data
linearization method for exponential functions, Nonlinear least-squares method
for exponential functions, Transformations for data linearization, Linear least
squares, Polynomial fitting
Chebyshev polynomials, Padé approximations

Section-II (5/9)
Parametric Curves (Scalar and Vector Case)
Cubic algebraic form
Cubic Hermite form
Cubic control point form
Bernstein Bezier cubic form
Bernstein Bezier general form
Uniform B-Spline cubic form
Matrix forms of parametric
curves Rational quadratic form
Rational cubic form
Tensor product surface, Bernstein Bezier cubic patch, Quadratic by
cubic Bernstein Bezier patch, Bernstein Bezier quartic patch
Properties of Bernstein Bezier form: Convex hull property, Affine invariance
property, Variation diminishing property
Algorithms to compute Bernstein Bezier form
Derivation of Uniform B-Spline form
Spline Functions
Introduction to splines
Cubic Hermite splines
End conditions of cubic splines: Clamped conditions, Natural conditions,
nd
2 Derivative conditions, Periodic conditions, Not a knot conditions
 General Splines: Natural splines, Periodic splines
Truncated power function, Representation of spline in terms of truncated power
functions, examples

Recommended Books
1. David A. Brannan, Geometry, (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
2. Gerald Farin, Curves and Surfaces for Computer Aided Geometric Design:
A Practical Guide, (Academic Press. Inc., 2002)
3. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and
Engineering, (Prentice-Hall International Editions, 1992)
4. Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers,
(McGraw Hill International Edition, 1998)
5. Richard H. Bartels, John C. Bealty, and John C. Beatty, An Introduction to Spline
for use in Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling, (Morgan Kaufmann
Publisher 2006)
6. I. D. Faux, Computational Geometry for Design and Manufacture, (Ellis
Horwood, 1979)
7. Carl de Boor, A Practical Guide to Splines, (Springer Verlag, 2001)
8. Larry L. Schumaker, Spline Functions: Basic Theory, (John Wiley and
Sons, 1993)

Paper (IV-VI) option (ix): Advanced Functional Analysis

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (4/9)
Compact Normed Spaces
Completion of metric spaces
Completion of normed spaces
Compactification
Nowhere and everywhere dense sets and category
Generated subspaces and closed subspaces
Factor Spaces
Completeness in the factor spaces
Complete Orthonormal set
Complete orthonormal sets
Total orthonormal sets
Parseval’s identity
Bessel’s inequality
The Specific geometry of Hilbert Spaces
Hilbert spaces
Bases of Hilbert spaces
Cardinality of Hilbert spaces
Linear manifolds and subspaces
Othogonal subspaces of Hilbert spaces
 Polynomial bases in L2 spaces

Section-II (5/9)
Fundamental Theorems
Hahn Banach theorems
Open mapping and closed graph
theorems Banach Steinhass theorem
Semi-norms
Semi norms, Locally convex
spaces Quasi normed linear spaces
Bounded linear functionals
Hahn Banach theorem
Dual or Conjugate spaces
First and second dual spaces
Second conjugate space of l p
The Riesz representation theorem for linear functionals on a Hilbert spaces
Conjugate space of C a ,b
A representation theorem for bounded linear functionals on C a,b
Uniform Boundedness
Weak convergence
The Principle of uniform boundedness
Consequences of the principle of uniform boundedness

Recommended Books
1. G. Bachman and L. Narici, Functional Analysis, (Academic Press, New
York, 1966)
2. A. E. Taylor, Functional Analysis, (John Wiley and Sons, Toppan, 1958)
3. G. Helmberg , Introduction to Spectral theory in Hilbert spaces, (N. H.
Publishing Company 1969)
4. E. Kreyszig, Introduction to Functional Analysis with Applications, (John Wiley
and Sons, 2004)
5. F. Riesz and B. Sz. Nagay, Functional Analysis, (Dover Publications, New York,
Ungar, 1965)

Paper (IV-VI) optional (x): Theory of Optimization

NOTE: Attempt any FIVE questions selecting at least TWO questions from each
section.
Section-I (5/9)

The Mathematical Programming Problem

Formal statement of the problem
Types of maxima, the Weierstrass Theorem and the Local-Global
theorem Geometry of the problem
Classical Programming
The unconstrained case
The method of Lagrange multipliers
 The interpretation of the Lagrange multipliers
Non-linear Programming
The case of no inequality constraints
The Kuhn-Tucker conditions
The Kuhn-Tucker theorem
The interpretation of the Lagrange multipliers
Solution algorithms
Linear Programming
The Dual problems of linear programming
The Lagrangian approach; Existence, Duality and complementary slackness
theorems
The interpretation of the dual
The simplex algorithm

Section-II (4/9)
The Control Problem
Formal statement of the
problem Some special cases
Types of Control
The Control problem as one of programming in on infinite dimensional space;
The generalized Weierstrass theorem
Calculus of Variations
Euler equations
Necessary conditions
Transversality condition
Constraints
Dynamic Programming
The principle of optimality and Bellman’s equation
Dynamic programming and the calculus of variations
Dynamic programming solution of multistage optimization problems
Maximum Principle
Co-state variables, The Hamiltonian and the maximum
principle The interpretation of the co-state variables
The maximum principle and the calculus of variations
The maximum principle and dynamic programming
Examples
Recommended Books
1. M.D. Intriligator, A Mathematical Optimization and Economic Theory
(Prentice Hall, 1989)
2. B.S. Gottfried & W. Joel, Introduction to Optimization Theory, (Prentice Hall,
1973)
3. R.K. Sudaram, A First Course in Optimization Theory, (Cambridge University
Press, 1996)
4. S. S. Rao, Optimization: Theory and Application, (John Wiley and Sons Ltd,
1978)
5. M. J. Fryer and J. V. Greenman, Optimization Theory: Applications in Operation
Research and Economics, (Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, 1987)
6. K. V. Mital and C. Mohan, Optimization Methods in Operation Research and
Systems Analysis, (New Age Publications, 2005)