1.2.

Removable partial denture

1.2.1. Classification of partially edentulous arch and
Applegate’s rules
Removable partial denture (figs 1.2.1.1 and 1.2.1.2)

• Definition
• Components
• Kennedy’s classification
• Applegate’s rules

FIG 1.2.1.1 Mandibular cast partial denture.

FIG 1.2.1.2 Maxillary cast partial denture.

Definition
Any prosthesis that replaces some teeth in a partially dentate arch. It can be
removed from the mouth and replaced at will, also called partial removable
dental prosthesis.
Components

Kennedy’s classification
Edward Kennedy in 1925 proposed the classification of partially edentulous
arches. Kennedy’s classification is the most widely accepted classification.
Requirements of a method of classification:

1. The classification should permit easy visualization of the type of

partially edentulous arch.
2. It should differentiate between tooth supported and tissue supported
partial denture.
3. The classification should help the clinician to design the partial denture.
4. It should be universally acceptable.

Class I
Bilateral edentulous areas located posterior to the remaining natural teeth (Fig.
1.2.1.3).

FIG 1.2.1.3 Kennedy’s class I situation.

Class II
Unilateral edentulous area located posterior to the remaining natural teeth
(Fig. 1.2.1.4).

FIG 1.2.1.4 Kennedy’s class II situation.

Class III
Unilateral edentulous area with natural teeth both anterior and posterior to it
(Fig. 1.2.1.5).

FIG 1.2.1.5 Kennedy’s class III situation.

Class IV
Single bilateral edentulous area located anterior to the remaining natural teeth
and crossing the midline (Fig. 1.2.1.6).
 FIG 1.2.1.6 Kennedy’s class IV situation.

Advantages

• It permits easy visualization of the partially edentulous state.

• It gives a clear distinction between tooth supported partial denture and
tissue supported partial denture.
• It gives a logical approach to the partial denture design.

Disadvantages

• The classification does not give a clear idea of the amount of available
support for the design of the prosthesis.

Applegate’s rules
Kennedy’s classification will be difficult to apply in every clinical situation.
Hence, OC Applegate put 48 rules for application of Kennedy’s classification
of partially edentulous arches. The rules are as follows:

Rule 1:
Classification should follow rather than precede extraction that might alter the
original classification.

Rule 2:
If the third molar is missing and not to be replaced, it is not considered in the
classification.

Rule 3:
If a third molar is present and is to be used as an abutment, it is considered in
the classification.
Rule 4:
If a second molar is missing and is not to be replaced, it is not considered in
the classification.

Rule 5:
The most posterior edentulous area or areas always determine the
classification.

Rule 6:
Edentulous areas other than those determining the classification are referred to
as modification spaces and are designated by their number.

Rule 7:
The extent of the modification is not considered, only the number of additional
edentulous areas.

Rule 8:
There can be no modification areas in class IV arches. Any edentulous area
lying posterior to the single bilateral area determines the classification.

1.2.2. Components of cast partial denture

• Classification
• Major connectors
• Minor connectors
• Definition
• Requirements
• Indication
• Types
Definition of major connector
It is that component that connects the parts of the prosthesis located on one
side of the arch with those on the opposite side.

Requirements

1. Be rigid
2. Provide vertical support and protect the soft tissue
3. Provide a means of obtaining indirect retention where indicated
4. Provide an opportunity for positioning denture bases where needed
5. Maintain patient comfort

Classification of maxillary major connectors

There are six types of maxillary major connectors:

1. Single posterior palatal bar

2. Anterior and posterior palatal strap
3. Palatal plate connector
4. U-shaped palatal connector
5. Single palatal strap
6. Anterior posterior palatal bar
Classification of mandibular major connectors
There are four types of mandibular major connector:

1. Mandibular labial bar

2. Double lingual bar
3. Linguoplate
4. Labial bar

Single posterior palatal bar major connector (fig. 1.2.2.1)

FIG 1.2.2.1 Single palatal bar major connector.

Indications Advantages Disadvantages

• Class I partially edentulous • Can be used as an interim • Too thick
arches with the residual ridges partial denture till the • Limited to replace one or two
that have undergone little more definite treatment is teeth on each side of the arch
vertical resorption planned • Should not be placed anteriorly
• V- or U-shaped palates to the second premolar as it
• Strong abutments interferes with the tongue
• Noninterfering tori movements

Single palatal strap major connector (fig. 1.2.2.2A and B)

 FIG 1.2.2.2 (A and B) Single palatal strap major connector.

Indications Advantages Disadvantages

• Bilateral edentulous space • Offers great degree of resistance • Excessive palatal

• Short span tooth supported • Offers little interference with the tongue coverage
prosthesis movements • Excessive tissue
• Helps to distribute the load evenly reaction
• Retention attained through the adhesion
and cohesion
• Helps in indirect retention

Anteroposterior or double palatal bar major connector (fig.

1.2.2.3)
 FIG 1.2.2.3 Anteroposterior double palatal bar.

Indications Advantages Disadvantages

• Class I partially edentulous arches with the residual • It offers • It offers little support
ridges that have undergone little vertical resorption excellent • The extra bulk of metal
• V or U shaped palates rigidity causes tongue
• Strong abutments • It offers less interference
• Noninterfering tori palatal • Not indicated in high
coverage vault palate

U-shaped palatal major connector (fig. 1.2.2.4A and B)

 FIG 1.2.2.4 (A and B) U-shaped palatal major connector.

Indications Advantages Disadvantages

• In case of inoperable tori that extends • Used when several anterior teeth • Great bulk of
to the posterior limit of the hard palate are being replaced metal in the
• Used in Kennedy’s class I and class IV • Derive some vertical support and tongue area
situation indirect retention from the palate • Problem in
phonetics

Anteroposterior strap type major connector (fig. 1.2.2.5A and B)

 FIG 1.2.2.5 (A and B) Anteroposterior palatal strap major
connector.

Indications Advantages Disadvantages

• Class I and II arches in which • The corrugated contour • Contraindicated in case
excellent abutment and residual provides more support of teeth with reduced
ridges resorption support exist • The circle effect by the periodontal support
• Long edentulous span in class II anterior and posterior strap • High narrow vault cases
modification 1 arch contribute to rigidity • Interfere with the
• Class IV arches in which anterior phonetics
teeth must be replaced with RPD
• Inoperable palatal tori that do not
extent posteriorly till the junction of
hard and soft palates

Complete palatal coverage major connector (fig. 1.2.2.6A and B)

 FIG 1.2.2.6 (A and B) Complete palatal major connector.

Indications Advantages Disadvantages

• Only if some anterior teeth remain • In individuals with the well-developed • Adverse
• Class II arch with large posterior muscles of mastication and full tissue
modification space complement of mandibular teeth reaction
• Class I arch with one to four premolars • Good • Problem
and some or all anterior teeth remaining in
with the poor abutment support phonetics
• In patients with palatal cleft

Review of indications for maxillary major connectors

1. If the periodontal support of remaining teeth is weak, more of the

palate should be covered thus a wide palatal strap or a complete palate
is indicated.
2. If the remaining teeth have adequate periodontal support and little
additional support is needed, a palatal strap and double palatal bar can
be used.
3. For long-span distal extension bases where rigidity is critical, a closed
horseshoe or complete palate is indicated.
4. When anterior teeth must be replaced, a horseshoe, closed horseshoe or
a complete palate may be used. The final selection is based on
modifying factors such as number and location of posterior teeth
missing, support of remaining teeth and type opposing occlusion.
5. If the torus is present and is not removed, a horseshoe, a closed
horseshoe or an anterior posterior palatal bar may be used.
6. A single palatal bar is rarely indicated.
Mandibular lingual bar major connector (fig. 1.2.2.7A and B)

FIG 1.2.2.7 (A and B) Mandibular lingual bar major connector.

Indications Advantages Disadvantages

• When 8 mm space exists between the slightly • Minimal • Proper care should be taken
elevated alveolar lingual sulcus and the lingual contact to in the laboratory not to make
gingival tissue tissue it thin
• In Kennedy’s class I and class II situation • Simple
to
construct

Double lingual bar/kennedy bar (fig. 1.2.2.8)

 FIG 1.2.2.8 Double lingual bar.

Indications Advantages Disadvantages

• When indirect retention is • Contribute horizontal stabilization • More
needed • Since gingival and interproximal space not tongue
• When periodontal disease covered free flowing of saliva is permitted interference
resulted in interproximal • Marginal gingiva receives natural stimulation • Food
embrasure entrapment
• In class I and class II situation

Mandibular lingual plate major connector (fig. 1.2.2.9A and B)

FIG 1.2.2.9 (A and B) Mandibular lingual plate major connector.

Indications Advantages Disadvantages

• When class I arch has a slight vertical resorption • Provides indirect •

• For periodontally weakened teeth retention Decalcification
• When future addition of teeth is needed in existing RPD • Provides more of enamel
(when less than 8 mm space exists between the active support and surface
lingual sulcus floor and the lingual gingival floor) stabilization • Irritation of
• Provides more soft tissue
tongue comfort
and ease in
phonetics

Mandibular labial bar (fig. 1.2.2.10)

FIG 1.2.2.10 Mandibular labial bar.

Indications Advantage Disadvantage

• Lingual inclined • When the lower anterior and premolars are tilted • The bulk of the
remaining teeth lingually, conventional lingual major connectors connector distorts
• When severe lingual cannot be used the lower lip
tori cannot be
removed
• When there is severe
abrupt lingual tissue
undercut
• In Kennedy’s class
IV situation

Minor connector

• Definition
• Functions
• Types

Definition
The connecting link between the major connector or base of a removable
partial denture and the other units of the prosthesis, such as the class
assembly, indirect retainers, occlusal rests or cingulum rests (Fig. 1.2.2.11).

FIG 1.2.2.11 Minor connectors.

Functions

• The primary function is to join other units of the prosthesis, such as

clasps, rests, indirect retainers and denture bases to the major
connector.
• It distributes the stresses that occur against certain components of the
partial denture to other components.

Types
There are four types. Those that:

• Join the clasp assembly to the major connector

• Join indirect retainers or auxiliary rests to the major connector
• Join the denture base to the major connector
Lattice work construction
Mesh construction
Beads, wire or nail-head minor connectors
• Serve as an approach arm for a vertical projection or bar-type clasp

Types of minor connector joining the denture base

I. Lattice work construction (fig. 1.2.2.12)

Lattice work construction consists of two struts of metal 12–16 gauge thick
extending longitudinally along the edentulous mandibular arch, positioned
buccal and lingual to the ridge crest (not on the ridge to avoid interference
with artificial teeth placement). It is commonly used in Kennedy’s
classification classes I and II.
 FIG 1.2.2.12 Lattice type minor connector.

Advantages

• It is used when multiple teeth are to be replaced.

• It provides the strongest attachment.
• Easy to reline.
• It gives more space for placement of artificial teeth.

II. Mesh construction (fig. 1.2.2.13)

• It is a thin sheet of metal with multiple small holes that extend over the
crest of the residual ridge.
• Used when multiple teeth are used.
• Used only when abundant inter-ridge space is available (as it is
bulkier).
• It is commonly used in Kennedy’s class I and class II.

FIG 1.2.2.13 Meshwork type of minor connector.

Disadvantages

• It does not provide strong attachment (smaller the openings weaker

the attachment).
 • It needs more pressure while packing the resin.

III. Bead, wire, nail head retention minor connectors (fig. 1.2.2.14)
It is used with a metal denture base that fits directly to the ridge without relief.

FIG 1.2.2.14 Nail head type of minor connector.

The denture base is attached only on the outer or superior surface and the
retention is gained by beads (acrylic beads were waxed, invested, burned
casting done) wire projecting from the metal base or nail heads. It is commonly
used in Kennedy’s class III partially edentulous arches.

Advantage

• Hygienic – due to better soft tissue response.

Disadvantages

• Difficult to reline.
• Weakest attachment between metal base and the acrylic resin.

1.2.3. Rests
• Definition
• Function
• Classification
• Forms of rest

Definition
The components of a removable partial denture that serve primarily to transfer
forces occurring against the prosthesis down the long axis of the abutment
teeth are called rests, and a rest seat is the prepared surface of the tooth or
fixed restoration into which a rest fits (Fig. 1.2.3.1).
 FIG 1.2.3.1 Rest (R, rest; MC, minor connector; GP, proximal
guiding plate).

When rest is used, stress can be absorbed by the fibres of the periodontal
ligament without damaging the ligament, or the supporting bone.

Functions of rest

1. It helps in transferring occlusal load to the abutment teeth.

2. It provides vertical support to the partial denture and resists movement
towards the tissue.
3. It prevents impingement of soft tissue.
4. It also maintains the retentive clasp in its proper position.

Classification of rest (fig. 1.2.3.2)

 FIG 1.2.3.2 Classification of rest.

Primary rest

• It is a part of a direct retainer unit.

• It prevents vertical movement of the prosthesis towards the tissue and
also helps transmit lateral or horizontal forces applied to the partial
denture during function to supporting teeth.
• For a distal extension partial denture, the rest seat should be shallow or
saucer-shaped so that the rest can move slightly, like a ball and socket
joint.

Secondary rest

• It is used for indirect retention or extra support in Kennedy’s

classification of class I and class II partially edentulous arches.
• It is also called auxiliary rest.
• These rests are placed anterior or posterior to the axis of rotation to
prevent the unsupported distal extension denture base from lifting
away from the edentulous ridge.

1. Occlusal rest (fig. 1.2.3.3)

• The outline form should be triangular.

 • The base of the triangle resting on the marginal ridge and rounded
apex directed towards the centre of the teeth.
• The floor of the occlusal rests must be towards the centre of the tooth.
• The floor of the rest seat must be less than 90 degrees so that the
transmitted occlusal forces can be directed along the vertical axis of the
tooth.
• It must be 0.5 mm thick at its thinnest point and should be between 1.0
and 1.5 mm thick when it crosses the marginal ridge.
• Occlusal rest will fail when there is insufficient reduction of the
marginal ridge.

FIG 1.2.3.3 Occlusal rest.

2. Lingual or cingulum rest (fig. 1.2.3.4)

• It is used primarily on maxillary canines.

• Lingual rests on incisor teeth are used when canines are missing. In
this instance, multiple incisor teeth must receive lingual rest to
distribute the stresses over a number of teeth because a single incisor
tooth seldom offers adequate support.
• Lingual rests are preferred over incisal rests because:
1. Lingual rest is close to the centre of rotation of the
supporting tooth, so it does not tend to tip the tooth.
2. The lingual rest is confined to the lingual surface of the
anterior tooth.
3. It is more acceptable aesthetically.
4. It is less subjected to breakage and distortion.
 FIG 1.2.3.4 Lingual rest.

3. Incisal rest (fig. 1.2.3.5)

• It is most frequently used on mandibular canines.

• It is positioned near the incisal angles of the abutment teeth.
• It is designed for the mesio-incisal or disto-incisal angle, depending on
the type of clasp planned for the teeth.
• If the tooth is not to be clasped, the rest is placed on the disto-incisal
surface for aesthetic reasons.

FIG 1.2.3.5 Incisal rest.

1.2.4. Direct retainers

• Definition
• Types
• Requirements
• Parts

Definition
Direct retainer is a component of removable partial prosthesis, which is used
to retain and prevent dislodgement, consisting of a clasp assembly or precision
attachment.

Parts of a clasp (figs 1.2.4.1 and 1.2.4.2)

1. Rest
2. Body
3. Shoulder
4. Reciprocal arm
5. Retentive arm
6. Minor connector
7. Approach arm

FIG 1.2.4.1 (A) Bar clasp (R, rest; MC, minor connector; RA,
approach arm; GP, guiding proximal plate).

FIG 1.2.4.1 (B) Bar clasp.

 FIG 1.2.4.2 (A) Circumferential clasp (RA, retentive arm; R, rest;
RBA, reciprocal arm).

FIG 1.2.4.2 (B) Circumferential clasp.

Requirements of a clasp design

1. Retention

a. The resistance in the movement of a denture away from its tissue

foundation especially in a vertical direction.
b. A quality of a denture that holds it to the tissue foundation and/or
abutment teeth. Retention is inversely proportional to flexibility of the
clasp arm. It is provided by the retentive clasp terminal by engaging
the specified undercut.

2. Support
 a. The foundation area on which a dental prosthesis rests. With respect to
dental prostheses, the resistance to displacement away from the basal
tissue or underlying structures.
b. Support is provided by the rest.

3. Stability

a. The resistance of a denture to movement on its tissue foundation,

especially to lateral (horizontal) forces as opposed to vertical
displacement.
b. A quality of a denture that permits it to maintain a state of equilibrium
in relation to its tissue foundation and/or abutment teeth. Rigid
components of the clasp assembly offer the stability.

4. Reciprocation

a. The mechanism by which lateral forces generated by a retentive clasp

passing over a height of contour are counterbalanced by a reciprocal
clasp passing along a reciprocal guiding plane.

5. Encirclement

a. Each clasp must be designed to encircle more than 180 degrees of the
abutment tooth.

6. Passivity

a. The quality or condition of inactivity or rest assumed by the teeth,

tissues and denture when a removable dental prosthesis is in place but
not under masticatory pressure.
Circumferential or akers clasp or occlusally approaching clasp

1. Simple circlet clasp (Fig. 1.2.4.3)

2. Reverse circlet clasp (Fig. 1.2.4.4)
3. Embrasure clasp or modified crib clasp (Fig. 1.2.4.5)
4. Ring clasp (Fig. 1.2.4.6)
5. Fish hook or hairpin clasp (Fig. 1.2.4.7)
6. Onlay clasp (Fig. 1.2.4.8)

FIG 1.2.4.3 Simple circle clasp.

FIG 1.2.4.4 Reverse approach clasp.

FIG 1.2.4.5 Embrasure clasp.

FIG 1.2.4.6 Ring clasp.

FIG 1.2.4.7 Fish hook clasp.

 FIG 1.2.4.8 Onlay clasp.

Circumferential clasp
Vertical projection or bar or roach clasp or gingivally
approaching clasp

1. I-clasp or I bar (Fig. 1.2.4.9)

2. T-clasp (Fig. 1.2.4.10)
3. Y-clasp (Fig. 1.2.4.11)
4. Modified T-clasp (Fig. 1.2.4.12)

FIG 1.2.4.9 I-clasp.

 FIG 1.2.4.10 T-clasp.

FIG 1.2.4.11 Y-clasp.

FIG 1.2.4.12 Modified T-clasp.

Bar clasps
Factors influencing the flexibility of clasp design
There are four factors which influence the flexibility of the clasp arm. They are
as follows:

1. Length of the clasp arm

2. Diameter of the arm
3. Cross-sectional form of the clasp arm
4. Material used

Factors Flexibility
Length of the clasp arm FαL flexibility is directly proportional to the length of the clasp arm
Diameter of the clasp arm Fα1/D flexibility is inversely proportional to the diameter of the clasp arm
Cross-sectional form Flexibility increases in round form, flexibility decreases in half round form
Material used 1. Cast gold alloys are more flexible than cast chromium-cobalt base alloys
2. Wrought alloys are more flexible than cast alloys

1.2.5. Indirect retainers

• Definition
• Factors influencing indirect retainers
• Forms of indirect retainers

Definition
The effect achieved by one or more indirect retainers of a partial removable
denture prosthesis that reduces the tendency for a denture base to move in an
occlusal direction or rotate about the fulcrum line.

Factors influencing the effectiveness of indirect retainers

1. The principal occlusal rests on the primary abutment teeth must be

reasonably held in their seats by the retentive arms of the direct
retainers.
2. Distance from the fulcrum line. The following three areas must be
considered:
a. Length of the distal extension base
b. Location of the fulcrum line
c. How far beyond the fulcrum line the indirect retainer is
placed
3. Connectors supporting the indirect retainers should be rigid.
4. Tooth inclines and weak teeth should never be used to support indirect
retainers

Forms of indirect retainer (fig. 1.2.5.1A–C)

a. Auxiliary occlusal rest

b. Canine rest
c. Canine extension from occlusal rests
d. Cingulum bars (continuous bars) and linguoplates
e. Rugae support
 FIG 1.2.5.1 (A–C) Forms of indirect retainer.

Tooth replacement

Types

1. Porcelain or plastic denture teeth on denture base

2. Facing
3. Tube teeth
4. Reinforced acrylic pontics

1.2.6. Surveyors
• Definition
• Types of surveyor
• Uses of surveyor

Definition
The surveyor is essentially a parallelometer, an instrument used to determine
the relative parallelism of the surfaces of the teeth or other areas on the cast.
Types

1. 1918 – A J Fortunati – Parallelometer

2. 1923 – Ney – surveyor
3. Wills surveyor

Parts of the surveyor (fig. 1.2.6.1A and B)

• Platform (P)
• Vertical arm (VA)
• Horizontal arm (HA)
• Surveying arm (SA)
• Cast holder (CH)
• Surveying tools
1. A level platform that is parallel to the bench top and on
which the cast holder is moved (Fig. 1.2.6.2).
2. A vertical arm that supports the superstructure (Fig.
1.2.6.3).
3. A horizontal arm that extends at a right angle from the
vertical column from which extends the other part of the
superstructure, the surveying arm (Fig. 1.2.6.4). (In the Ney
surveyor, the horizontal arm is fixed, whereas in the Wills
surveyor it may move horizontally around the vertical
column.)
4. A surveying arm that drops vertically from the horizontal
arm. The surveying arm is capable of movement in a
vertical direction (Fig. 1.2.6.5). (In the Wills surveyor, the
surveying arm is spring loaded. When the arm is not in use,
it is held at its most vertical position by spring tension. In
the Ney instrument, the arm is completely passive,
dropping to its lowest position unless secured at another
height by a locking device.) The lower end of the surveying
arm contains a mandrel, in which the special tools used in
the surveying procedure may be locked.
5. A cast holder, or surveying table, to which the cast to be
studied is attached (Fig. 1.2.6.6). The table, equipped with a
clamp to lock the cast in place, is mounted on a ball-and-
socket joint that permits the cast to be oriented in various
horizontal planes so that the axial surfaces of the teeth as
well as other areas of the cast can be analysed in relation to
the vertical plane.
6. An analysing rod or paralleling tool (Fig. 1.2.6.7A and B).
 This tool contacts the convex surface of the object being
studied in the same way a tangent contacts a curve. In this
way, the parallelism of one surface to another may be
determined. If a carbon rod or marker is substituted for the
analysing rod and the objects being studied are rotated in
contact with the marker, as the horizontal plane of the cast
is maintained by the cast holder, a survey line indicating the
height of contour will be transferred to those surfaces.
7. Additional tools that may be attached to the vertical
surveying arm and used in conjunction with the surveyor.
a. Undercut gauges: These gauges are used to
identify the specific amount and location of the
desired retentive undercut on the surface of an
abutment tooth.
b. Wax knife: This instrument is used in late
stages of removable partial denture
construction to eliminate or block out areas of
undesirable undercuts with wax on the cast
before the framework is made (Fig. 1.2.6.8).
c. Carbon marker: The marker may be used to
scribe the survey line and to delineate an
undercut area of the soft tissue or ridge.
FIG 1.2.6.1 (A and B) Parts of surveyor.

FIG 1.2.6.2 Platform of the surveyor.

FIG 1.2.6.3 Vertical arm of the surveyor.

FIG 1.2.6.4 Horizontal arm of the surveyor.

FIG 1.2.6.5 Surveying arm of the surveyor.

FIG 1.2.6.6 Holder of the surveyor.

FIG 1.2.6.7 (A) Undercut gauge.

 FIG 1.2.6.7 (B) Analysing rod in contact with the tooth surface.

FIG 1.2.6.8 Wax knife.

Uses
 1. Surveying diagnostic cast
2. Tripoding the cast
3. Transferring tripod marks to another cast
4. Contouring wax patterns
5. Contouring crowns and cast restorations
6. Placing internal attachments and rests
7. Surveying the master cast

1.3. Fixed partial denture

• Definition
• Parts of a fixed partial dental prosthesis

Fixed prosthodontics
The branch of prosthodontics pertaining to the replacement of teeth by
artificial substitutes that are not removed by the patient.

Crown
An artificial replacement that restores missing tooth structure by surrounding
part or all of the tooth structure with a material, such as cast metal, or a
combination of materials, such as metal and porcelain.

Fixed partial denture prosthesis or a fixed bridge

A partial denture that is cemented or otherwise securely retained to natural
teeth, tooth roots or dental implant abutments that provide primary support
for the prosthesis (Fig. 1.3.1.1).